160 Questions
Which of the following nerves is responsible for holding the scapula onto the posterior part of the ribcage?
Long thoracic nerve
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Erb-Duchenne Palsy?
Claw hand paralysis
Which of the following spinal nerve roots is responsible for sensation in the middle finger?
C7
What is the primary function of the radial nerve in the upper limb?
Innervates the extensors of the upper limb
Which of the following activities is a common cause of Brachial Plexus Injuries?
Hitting the shoulder after a fall
Which of the following nerves is responsible for extending the elbow?
Radial nerve
Which nerve is most commonly injured as a result of a fracture of the medial epicondyle?
Ulnar nerve
What is the result of paralysis of the musculocutaneous nerve?
Paralysis of the biceps, brachialis, and coracobrachialis muscles
Which of the following is NOT a branch of the brachial plexus?
Phrenic nerve
What is the result of damage to the axillary nerve?
Loss of sensation in the lateral arm
What is the primary function of the wrist extensors during a power grip?
To provide a stable base for finger movement
Which nerve is responsible for innervating the extensors of the posterior compartment?
Radial nerve
What is the name of the condition that occurs when the radial nerve is compressed or stretched in the armpit or upper arm?
Saturday night palsy
At what age is the precision grip typically developed in children?
Around 9 months after birth
Which muscle group is responsible for stabilizing the medial side of the palm during a power grip?
Hypothenar muscles
What is the main function of the interosseous membrane in the upper limb?
Separates the anterior and posterior compartments
Which of the following arteries is NOT a continuation of the subclavian artery?
Carotid artery
Which nerve is at risk of injury in a medial epicondyle fracture?
Ulnar nerve
What is the main purpose of the collateral circulation around the joints?
To provide an alternative route for blood flow in case of arterial injury
Which of the following is a common complication of a fractured olecranon?
Delayed healing
What is the origin of the posterior interosseous artery?
Ulnar artery
What is the main consequence of untreated compartment syndrome?
Ischemia
Which artery splits into the radial and ulnar arteries at the cubital fossa?
Brachial artery
What is the treatment for compartment syndrome?
Fasciotomy
Which vein is located medial to the cubital fossa?
Medial antecubital vein
What is the primary action of the popliteus muscle in relation to the knee joint?
Rotates the femur laterally
Which of the following arteries gives rise to the profunda femoris branch?
Femoral artery
What is the level at which the abdominal aorta bifurcates?
L4
Which of the following muscles is NOT innervated by the femoral nerve?
Popliteus
Which of the following is a branch of the internal iliac artery?
Obturator artery
Which nerve is responsible for motor innervation of the quadriceps?
Femoral nerve
Which nerve is responsible for sensory innervation of the lateral thigh?
Lateral Cutaneous nerve
Which muscle group is innervated by the Obturator nerve?
Adductor group
Which nerve is responsible for motor innervation of the gluteus maximus?
Inferior gluteal nerve
Which nerve is responsible for sensory innervation of the medial thigh?
Obturator nerve
Which portion of the Sciatic nerve is responsible for motor innervation of the muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg?
Tibial portion
Which movement is allowed by the Ankle joint?
Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
Which ligament is responsible for stopping the talus from moving out?
Medial ligament
What is the shape of the Medial ligament?
Triangular
Which nerve is responsible for motor innervation of the gluteus medius and minimus?
Superior gluteal nerve
What is the outcome if there is paralysis of the radial nerve?
Loss of sensation in the skin between the thumb and index finger
Which nerve is responsible for innervating the flexors in the forearm and intrinsic muscles of the hand?
Ulnar nerve
What is the outcome if there is paralysis of the musculocutaneous nerve?
Paralysis of the biceps, brachialis, and coracobrachialis
What is the outcome if there is damage to the axillary nerve?
Paralysis of the deltoid
What is the outcome if there is paralysis of the median nerve?
Paralysis of the thenar muscles and flexors of the forearm
Which of the following spinal nerve roots is responsible for sensation in the lateral part of the arm?
C6
What is the main muscle affected in Klumpke Palsy?
Small muscles in the hand
What is the boundary of the cubital fossa superiorly?
Imaginary line between the medial and lateral epicondyles
Which muscle is part of the anterior compartment of the forearm?
Pronator teres
Which nerve is responsible for holding the scapula onto the posterior part of the ribcage?
Long thoracic nerve
What is the typical appearance of a person with Erb-Duchenne Palsy?
Adducted shoulder, medially rotated arm, extended elbow
Which nerve is at risk of injury in a medial epicondyle fracture?
Ulnar nerve
What is the primary role of the hypothenar muscles during a power grip?
To stabilize the medial side of the palm
What is the origin of the axillary artery?
Subclavian artery
Which of the following muscles is NOT innervated by the brachial plexus?
Gluteus medius
What is the consequence of a supracondylar fracture if the humerus moves forward?
Damage to the median nerve
What is the clinical symptom of radial nerve injury in terms of finger movement?
Weak flexion at the DIP joint
What is the common cause of radial nerve palsy in newborns?
Prolonged pressure on the inferior arm by the pelvic brim
What is the main difference between power grip and precision grip?
The type of muscles involved
What is the name of the condition that occurs when the radial nerve is compressed or stretched in the armpit or upper arm?
Saturday night palsy
What is the main function of the quadriceps muscle group?
Extends the knee
What is the origin of the femoral artery?
External iliac artery
What is the function of the popliteus muscle?
Unlocks the knee by rotating the femur laterally
What is the branch of the femoral artery that gives blood supply to the quadriceps and hamstrings?
Profunda femoris branch
What is the level at which the abdominal aorta bifurcates?
L4
What is the main branch of the subclavian artery that supplies the upper limb?
Brachial artery
Which of the following arteries is responsible for supplying the posterior compartment of the forearm?
Posterior interosseous artery
What is the result of increased pressure in a compartment due to damage to an artery or buildup of fluid?
Paresthesia and ischemia
Which of the following veins is responsible for draining blood from the superficial tissues of the medial side of the arm?
Basilic vein
What is the treatment for compartment syndrome?
Fasciotomy
What is the main function of the Femoral nerve in relation to the quadriceps?
Motor innervation of the quadriceps
What is the main function of the Superior gluteal nerve?
Innervate the gluteus medius and minimus
Which nerve is responsible for sensory innervation of the postolateral and medial surfaces of the foot?
Tibial nerve
What is the main function of the Lateral Cutaneous nerve?
Sensory innervation of the lateral thigh
Which nerve is responsible for motor innervation of the gluteus maximus?
Inferior gluteal nerve
What is the primary function of the Obturator nerve?
Motor innervation of the adductor group of muscles
What is the main function of the Sciatic nerve?
Motor innervation of the muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg
What is the main function of the Tibial nerve?
Motor innervation of the muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg
What is the primary function of the Fibular nerve?
Motor innervation of the muscles in the anterior and lateral compartments of the leg
What is the primary function of the ankle joint?
Allows for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
Which branch of the brachial plexus is responsible for innervating the deltoid muscle?
Axillary nerve
Which muscle is NOT innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve?
Triceps
What is the consequence of long-term paralysis of the median nerve?
Atrophy of the thenar muscles
Which branch of the brachial plexus is the largest?
Radial nerve
Which nerve is responsible for innervating the flexors in the forearm and intrinsic muscles of the hand?
Ulnar nerve
What is the primary function of the Long Thoracic nerve?
Holds the scapula onto the posterior part of the ribcage
What is the characteristic symptom of Erb-Duchenne Palsy?
Adducted shoulder, medially rotated arm, extended elbow
Which spinal nerve roots contribute to the formation of the brachial plexus?
C5-T1
What is the result of a Klumpke Palsy?
Paralysis of the small muscles in the hand
What is the region supplied by the C5 spinal nerve root?
Shoulder region
What is the primary function of the wrist extensors during a power grip?
To provide a stable base
What is the characteristic of the radial nerve in the posterior compartment of the arm?
It runs in the radial groove at the back of the humerus
What is the typical consequence of radial nerve injury?
Wrist drop and loss of sensation at the back of the forearm
What is the primary function of the hypothenar muscles during a power grip?
To stabilize the medial side of the palm
What is the typical age at which precision grip develops in humans?
9 months after birth
What is the main purpose of the deep and palmar arches in the forearm?
To supply the anterior compartment of the forearm
Which artery is responsible for supplying the humerus head?
Circumflex humeral artery
What is the origin of the posterior interosseous artery?
Ulnar artery
What is the consequence of increased pressure in a compartment due to damage to an artery or buildup of fluid?
Ischemia and necrosis
What is the primary function of the quadriceps muscle group?
Extension of the knee joint
What is the level at which the abdominal aorta bifurcates?
L4
Which of the following veins is responsible for draining blood from the superficial tissues of the medial side of the arm?
Basilic vein
What forms the floor of the cubital fossa?
Brachialis and supinator
What is the consequence of a supracondylar fracture if the humerus moves forward?
Damage to the medial nerve
Which nerve is responsible for innervating the popliteus muscle?
Tibial nerve
What is the arrangement of muscles within the upper limb?
Muscles of similar purpose and innervation are grouped within the same fascial compartment
What is the mechanism by which blood returns from the veins of the lower limb to the heart?
Skeletal muscle pump
What is the relationship between the axillary and brachial arteries?
The brachial artery is a continuation of the axillary artery
What is the purpose of the lumbar and sacral plexi?
To innervate the lower limb
What is the arrangement of the fascial compartments in the upper limb?
The anterior compartment contains flexor muscles, and the posterior compartment contains extensor muscles
Which nerve is responsible for motor innervation of the quadriceps?
Femoral nerve
What is the primary function of the ankle joint?
To allow for plantarflexion and dorsiflexion
Which nerve is responsible for sensory innervation of the lateral thigh?
Lateral Cutaneous nerve
What is the primary function of the Sciatic nerve?
To innervate the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg
What is the shape of the Medial ligament?
Triangular
Which nerve is responsible for motor innervation of the gluteus maximus?
Inferior gluteal nerve
What is the primary function of the Ankle joint?
To allow for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
Which nerve is responsible for sensory innervation of the postolateral and medial surfaces of the foot?
Tibial nerve
What is the primary function of the Tibial nerve?
To innervate the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg
Which nerve is responsible for motor innervation of the adductor group of muscles?
Obturator nerve
What is the primary motor function of the nerve innervating serratus anterior, and what movement does it allow for?
The primary motor function of the Long Thoracic nerve is to innervate the serratus anterior. This allows for abduction and stabilization of the scapula onto the posterior part of the ribcage.
Describe the symptoms of Erb-Duchenne Palsy, including the affected nerve roots and the resulting paralysis.
Erb-Duchenne Palsy is characterized by loss of sensation in the lateral aspect of the arm (C5-C6) and paralysis of muscles of the shoulder and arm, including the biceps, brachialis, deltoid, and infraspinatus.
What are the differences between Erb-Duchenne Palsy and Klumpke Palsy in terms of the affected nerve roots and resulting paralysis?
Erb-Duchenne Palsy affects C5-C6 nerve roots, resulting in paralysis of shoulder and arm muscles, while Klumpke Palsy affects C8-T1 nerve roots, resulting in paralysis of small muscles in the hand.
What is the primary function of the Long Thoracic nerve, and how does it contribute to upper limb movement?
The primary function of the Long Thoracic nerve is to innervate the serratus anterior, which allows for abduction and stabilization of the scapula onto the posterior part of the ribcage, enabling upper limb movement.
What are the consequences of Klumpke Palsy, including the affected nerve roots and resulting paralysis?
Klumpke Palsy is characterized by paralysis of the ulnar nerve, affecting C8-T1 nerve roots, and resulting in claw hand and paralysis of small muscles in the hand.
What is the significance of the radial nerve in the posterior compartment of the upper limb, and how does injury to this nerve affect the function of the hand?
The radial nerve is responsible for innervating the extensors in the posterior compartment. Injury to this nerve, such as in radial nerve palsy, results in wrist drop, loss of extension of the wrist and digits, and weak flexion at the distal interphalangeal joint.
What is the difference between power grip and precision grip, and what muscle groups are involved in each type of grip?
Power grip involves all fingers flexed around an object, with all muscles closing the hand active, and the hypothenar muscles stabilizing the medial side of the palm. Precision grip involves holding an object between the tip of the thumb and one or more fingers, with intrinsic muscles involved and cooperating with long flexors and extensor muscles.
How does median nerve palsy affect the function of the hand, and what are the possible causes of this type of palsy?
Median nerve palsy results in loss of sensation in the palmar surface of the hand and weakness of the thenar muscles, affecting the ability to grasp and manipulate objects. Possible causes of median nerve palsy include compression or injury to the nerve, such as in Saturday night palsy.
What is the role of the wrist extensors during a power grip, and how do they contribute to the stabilization of the hand?
The wrist extensors are active during a power grip, providing a stable base for the hand and allowing for firm grasping of an object.
What is the significance of the posterior interosseous artery in the upper limb, and how does it relate to the radial nerve?
The posterior interosseous artery is a branch of the radial artery and supplies the posterior compartment of the forearm. The radial nerve runs in the radial groove at the back of the humerus, closely related to the posterior interosseous artery.
What is the effect of damage to the suprascapular nerve, and which spinal nerves are involved in its formation?
The suprascapular nerve is responsible for the motor supply of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles. Damage to this nerve would result in weakness or paralysis of these muscles. The suprascapular nerve is formed from the C5, C6, and C7 spinal nerves.
What is the motor function of the radial nerve, and what is the effect of its paralysis on the upper limb?
The radial nerve is responsible for the motor supply of the extensors of the upper limb. Paralysis of the radial nerve would result in the loss of extension of the wrist, fingers, and thumb, as well as loss of sensation in the skin between the thumb and index finger.
What is the difference between the anterior and posterior chords of the brachial plexus, and which nerves are formed from each?
The anterior chords of the brachial plexus give rise to the median, ulnar, and musculocutaneous nerves, which are responsible for the motor and sensory supply of the anterior compartment of the upper limb. The posterior chords give rise to the axillary and radial nerves, which are responsible for the motor and sensory supply of the posterior compartment of the upper limb.
What is the effect of damage to the ulnar nerve, and which muscles are affected?
Damage to the ulnar nerve would result in the loss of sensation in the little finger and the motor supply of the flexors in the forearm and intrinsic muscles of the hand. The muscles affected include the flexor carpi ulnaris and the medial half of the flexor digitorum profundus, as well as the intrinsic muscles of the hand.
What is the difference between the median and musculocutaneous nerves, and which muscles are innervated by each?
The median nerve is responsible for the motor supply of the pronators and flexors of the forearm, as well as the thenar muscles. The musculocutaneous nerve is responsible for the motor supply of the biceps, brachialis, and coracobrachialis muscles. The median nerve is also responsible for the sensory supply of the lateral aspect of the hand, while the musculocutaneous nerve is responsible for the sensory supply of the lateral aspect of the forearm.
What is the significance of the collateral circulation around the joints in the upper limb?
It allows for continued blood supply even when major arteries are damaged or occluded.
What is the result of a supracondylar fracture if the humerus moves forward, and which nerve is at risk of damage?
The medial nerve is at risk of damage, and movement forward of the humerus can cause nerve damage.
What is the difference between the anterior and posterior compartments of the upper limb, and how do they relate to muscle function?
The anterior compartment contains flexor-pronator muscles, while the posterior compartment contains extensor-supinator muscles.
What are the two main compartments of the upper limb, and what is the interosseous membrane's role in separating them?
The two main compartments are the anterior (flexor-pronator) and posterior (extensor-supinator) compartments, separated by the interosseous membrane.
What is the consequence of damage to the axillary nerve, and which muscle is affected?
Damage to the axillary nerve results in weakened deltoid muscle function.
Describe the course of the major arteries in the lower limb, including their bifurcation points and key branches.
The abdominal aorta bifurcates at L4, splitting into internal and external iliac arteries. The internal iliac gives off the obturator and superior gluteal arteries, while the external iliac becomes the femoral artery as it passes under the inguinal ligament, giving off the profunda femoris branch.
What is the functional significance of the popliteus muscle in knee movement, and which nerve innervates it?
The popliteus muscle weakly flexes the knee by rotating the femur laterally and rotating the tibia medially, and is innervated by the tibial nerve.
What are the consequences of damage to the nerves in the lower limb and the lumbar and sacral plexi, and how do they impact functional movements?
Damage to the nerves in the lower limb and the lumbar and sacral plexi can result in various functional problems, including weakness, paralysis, and loss of motor control, affecting movements such as flexion, extension, and rotation.
Describe the mechanisms by which blood returns from the veins of the lower limb to the heart, and the significance of this process.
Blood returns from the veins of the lower limb to the heart through a network of veins, including the femoral and iliac veins, which eventually drain into the inferior vena cava. This process is crucial for maintaining blood pressure and circulation.
Compare and contrast the functional problems arising from damage to the lumbar and sacral plexi, and how they impact lower limb movements.
Damage to the lumbar and sacral plexi can result in various functional problems, including weakened or paralyzed muscles, affecting movements such as flexion, extension, and rotation. The lumbar plexus primarily affects the hip and thigh, while the sacral plexus affects the lower leg and foot.
What is the origin of the circumflex humeral artery, and what structure does it supply?
The circumflex humeral artery originates from the axillary artery and supplies the head of the humerus.
What is the consequence of increased pressure in a compartment due to damage to an artery or buildup of fluid, and what is the treatment for this condition?
The consequence is compartment syndrome, which can lead to ischemia, and the treatment is fasciotomy, which involves cutting the fascia to release pressure.
What is the significance of the radial and ulnar arteries in the forearm, and how do they contribute to the blood supply of the hand?
The radial and ulnar arteries are the two main arteries of the forearm, and they supply the hand through the deep and palmar arches, with the radial artery supplying mainly the superficial tissues and the ulnar artery supplying mainly the deep tissues.
What is the significance of the interosseous membrane in the forearm, and how does it relate to the posterior interosseous artery?
The interosseous membrane is a fascial compartment in the forearm that separates the anterior and posterior compartments, and the posterior interosseous artery passes through it to supply the posterior compartment.
What is the relationship between the brachial artery and its branches, including the radial and ulnar arteries, and how do they contribute to the blood supply of the forearm and hand?
The brachial artery splits into the radial and ulnar arteries at the cubital fossa, and these arteries supply the forearm and hand through the deep and palmar arches.
What is the primary function of the Obturator nerve?
MOTOR: all adductor group of muscles, SENSORY: innervates skin over medial thigh.
What is the difference between the two portions of the Sciatic nerve?
Tibial portion: MOTOR: all muscles in posterior compartment of thigh, posterior compartment of leg, all muscles in the sole of the foot, SENSORY: postolateral, medial surfaces of foot, as well as sole of foot. Fibular (common peroneal): MOTOR: all muscles in anterior and lateral compartments of the leg and the extensor digitorum brevis. SENSORY: anterolateral of leg, dorsal aspect of foot.
Which nerve is responsible for motor innervation of the gluteus maximus?
Inferior gluteal nerve.
What is the primary function of the Lateral Cutaneous nerve?
Purely sensory to lateral thigh.
What is the primary function of the Femoral nerve?
MOTOR: innervate the quadriceps, SENSORY: skin on anterior thigh and medial leg.
What is the primary function of the Superior gluteal nerve?
MOTOR: gluteus medius, minimus and tensor fascia lata (abductors).
Which nerve is responsible for sensory innervation of the postolateral and medial surfaces of the foot?
Tibial portion of the Sciatic nerve.
What is the primary function of the Tibial nerve?
MOTOR: all muscles in posterior compartment of thigh, posterior compartment of leg, all muscles in the sole of the foot. SENSORY: postolateral, medial surfaces of foot, as well as sole of foot.
What is the primary function of the Fibular (common peroneal) nerve?
MOTOR: all muscles in anterior and lateral compartments of the leg and the extensor digitorum brevis. SENSORY: anterolateral of leg, dorsal aspect of foot.
What is the primary function of the ankle joint?
Allows for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion.
Test your knowledge of nerve injuries affecting the upper limb, including thoracodorsal and suprascapular nerves, and their related symptoms. Identify the causes and effects of nerve damage, such as loss of sensation and paralysis.
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