Nerve Injuries and Conditions Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following conditions is primarily associated with the ulnar nerve?

  • Claw Hand Syndrome (correct)
  • Golfer's Elbow
  • Hand Benediction
  • Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

What is the primary nerve affected in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

  • Median Nerve (correct)
  • Radial Nerve
  • Ulnar Nerve
  • Axillary Nerve

What is the characteristic deformity associated with Erb-Duchenne Palsy?

  • Drop Wrist
  • Hand Benediction
  • Waiter's Tip (correct)
  • Claw Hand

Which of the following muscles is NOT affected in Golfer's Elbow?

<p>Brachioradialis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is characterized by difficulty making an 'OK' sign due to nerve injury?

<p>Anterossous Nerve Injury (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific bone is commonly affected in both a Scaphoid fracture and Colles' fracture?

<p>Radius (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is characterized by a sudden pull on an extended arm, affecting the Radial Nerve?

<p>Nurse's Elbow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions would NOT result in a characteristic 'claw hand' deformity?

<p>De Quervain's Tenosynovitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the deformity seen in a Colles' fracture?

<p>The distal fragment of the radius is displaced <em>dorsally</em> (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is responsible for sensation to the lateral 3½ digits (thumb, index, middle, and half of the ring finger) but not the fingertips?

<p>Radial nerve (Superficial Branch) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with difficulty flexing their wrist and abducting their hand. Which muscle is most likely impaired?

<p>Flexor carpi radialis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with weakness in wrist extension and numbness on the back of their hand. Which nerve is most likely affected?

<p>Radial nerve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is NOT innervated by the C5 myotome?

<p>Triceps brachii (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the main supplier of blood to the arm?

<p>Axillary artery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures forms the posterior boundary of the intervertebral foramina?

<p>Zygapophysial (facet) joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following movements is NOT associated with the sagittal plane?

<p>Abduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint is characterized by bones united by fibrocartilage?

<p>Cartilaginous joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Following a fall on an outstretched arm, a patient is diagnosed with an anterior shoulder dislocation. Which nerve is most susceptible to injury in this condition?

<p>Axillary nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a major terminal branch of the brachial plexus?

<p>Phrenic nerve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the humerus contributes to forming the lateral wall of the axilla?

<p>Greater tubercle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the radial pulse typically palpated in the wrist?

<p>Lateral to the tendon of the flexor carpi radialis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common clinical condition associated with the radial nerve?

<p>Saturday night palsy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical position of the arm in an upper brachial plexus injury (Erb-Duchenne palsy)?

<p>Adduction and internal rotation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nerves is NOT considered an upper brachial plexus nerve?

<p>Ulnar nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a topic of emphasis on orthopedic exams based on the content provided?

<p>Femoral triangle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specialized type of joint is formed between the superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae?

<p>Synovial (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is NOT involved in the movement of the scapula?

<p>Biceps brachii (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific type of spinal curvature is seen in the thoracic region?

<p>Kyphosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions involves an incomplete fusion of the vertebral arch?

<p>Spina bifida (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Damage to which nerve would result in weakness of the shoulder's retraction movement?

<p>Spinal accessory nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is crucial for preventing the dens of the axis from slipping forward on the atlas?

<p>Transverse ligament (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What layer of fascia separates the skin from the subcutaneous fat?

<p>Superficial fascia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine?

<p>Scoliosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nerves would be LEAST LIKELY to be affected by an injury below C5?

<p>Radial nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the joint that connects the acromion process to the clavicle?

<p>Acromioclavicular joint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is most commonly fractured in the body?

<p>Clavicle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is commonly injured with a midshaft fracture of the humerus?

<p>Radial nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the deep fascia that surrounds individual muscles?

<p>Epimysium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a herniated disc occurs at the L5-S1 level, which spinal nerve root is most likely to be compressed?

<p>S1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is directly involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid?

<p>Choroid plexus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT located within the subarachnoid space?

<p>Dura mater (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the location and importance of the dentate ligament?

<p>It is a ligament that separates dorsal and ventral roots, aiding in surgical procedures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which anatomical location does the axillary artery transition into the brachial artery?

<p>At the lower border of teres major (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nerves innervates BOTH pectoral major and pectoral minor muscles?

<p>Medial pectoral nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is associated with injury to the thoracodorsal nerve?

<p>Weakness in latissimus dorsi muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens as a result of radial nerve injury?

<p>Loss of wrist extension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is innervated by the median nerve?

<p>Flexor pollicis brevis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary motion allowed by a condyloid joint?

<p>Flexion and extension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nerves innervates the supraspinatus muscle?

<p>Suprascapular nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which joint allows for pronation and supination?

<p>Radioulnar joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Colle's fracture?

<p>Fracture of the distal radius (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is opposition in hand movements?

<p>Movement of the thumb to touch fingertips (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is responsible for the hand of benediction?

<p>Median nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common fracture in the wrist?

<p>Scaphoid fracture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with pain and tenderness at the medial epicondyle, weakness in wrist flexion, and difficulty making a fist. Which of the following conditions is most likely the cause of these symptoms?

<p>Golfer's Elbow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with numbness and tingling in the lateral 3 ½ digits, weakness in thumb opposition, and difficulty making an 'OK' sign. What nerve is most likely affected?

<p>Median Nerve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with a characteristic 'claw hand' deformity. What nerve is most likely affected, and what is the typical presentation of this deformity?

<p>Ulnar Nerve - Hyperextension of the MCP joints and flexion of the DIP joints (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with a Colles' fracture presents with a characteristic 'dinner fork' deformity. What anatomical structure is being affected, and what is the mechanism of the deformity?

<p>Distal radius - The fracture causes a dorsal angulation of the distal fragment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is associated with pain and tenderness at the medial epicondyle, but does NOT involve weakness in the wrist extensors?

<p>Golfer's Elbow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with weakness in wrist flexion, difficulty making a fist, and numbness in the palmar aspect of the hand, particularly involving the thumb, index, and middle fingers. Which of the following conditions is most likely the cause of these symptoms?

<p>Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient complains of pain and numbness in the little finger and the ulnar side of the ring finger, and difficulty with fine motor skills in the hand. Which of the following conditions is most likely the cause?

<p>Ulnar Nerve Entrapment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with a history of a recent fall onto an outstretched hand presents with wrist pain, swelling, and difficulty with forearm rotation. Which of the following conditions is most likely, and what is the mechanism of injury?

<p>Colles' Fracture - A fall on an outstretched hand causes a dorsally angulated fracture of the distal radius (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with weakness in wrist extension and a characteristic 'wrist drop'. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this condition?

<p>Injury to the radial nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient has difficulty abducting their arm, particularly in the initial 15 degrees of motion. Which nerve is most likely involved in this limitation?

<p>Suprascapular nerve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT directly involved in the movement of opposition of the thumb?

<p>Flexor pollicis longus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with a 'winging' of the scapula. Which nerve is most likely affected?

<p>Long thoracic nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with difficulty flexing their wrist, particularly when making a fist. Which nerve is most likely involved?

<p>Median nerve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the joint type that permits the unique movement of opposition in the thumb.

<p>Saddle joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient is unable to extend their wrist and experiences numbness on the back of their hand. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these symptoms?

<p>Injury to the radial nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following movements is NOT a primary motion allowed by a condyloid joint?

<p>Rotation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with a 'dinner fork' deformity of their wrist. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

<p>Colles' fracture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with pain and tenderness in the anatomical snuffbox. Which specific bone is most likely injured?

<p>Scaphoid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is MOST directly responsible for the 'dinner fork deformity' seen in a Colles' fracture?

<p>Annular ligament (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Following a fall on an outstretched hand, a patient experiences pain and weakness in their shoulder. Which of the following muscles is most likely affected?

<p>Infraspinatus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient is diagnosed with an injury to the axillary nerve. Based on the content provided, what muscle function is most likely to be compromised?

<p>Abduction of the arm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nerves is NOT a major branch of the brachial plexus?

<p>Phrenic nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient is unable to flex their wrist and abduct their hand. Which of the following muscles is most likely impaired?

<p>Flexor carpi radialis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the intervertebral discs?

<p>To act as shock absorbers between vertebrae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure forms the posterior boundary of the intervertebral foramina?

<p>Zygapophysial (facet) joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with difficulty in flexing their elbow and supinating their forearm. Which nerve is most likely affected?

<p>Musculocutaneous nerve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the vertebral canal?

<p>To protect the spinal cord (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nerves does NOT provide sensory innervation to the hand?

<p>Musculocutaneous nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with a nerve injury?

<p>Colles' fracture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between the location of a spinal nerve root and the vertebral level where it exits?

<p>Cervical spinal nerves emerge superiorly to their corresponding vertebrae, while thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves emerge inferiorly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient experiences weakness in scapular retraction. Which nerve is MOST likely affected?

<p>Spinal accessory nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the cauda equina?

<p>It includes intrinsic muscles of the vertebral column. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the transver ligament?

<p>To stabilize the atlantoaxial joint by preventing the dens from slipping forward. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT a component of the subarachnoid space?

<p>Dura mater (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient suffers an injury below C5, which of the following nerves would be UNAFFECTED?

<p>T1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the gray matter of the spinal cord?

<p>It contains the cell bodies of motor neurons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the dentate ligament?

<p>To separate the dorsal and ventral roots, facilitating surgical procedures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nerves is MOST likely to be injured in a fracture of the midshaft of the humerus?

<p>Radial nerve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the order of structures pierced during a lumbar puncture?

<p>Epidural space, dura mater, subarachnoid space (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the trapezius muscle?

<p>Elevation, depression, retraction, and rotation of the scapula (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is directly involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

<p>Choroid plexus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following spinal regions is characterized by a kyphotic curve?

<p>Thoracic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a branch of the axillary artery?

<p>Median nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an injury occurs below C5, which of the following nerves would be UNAFFECTED?

<p>T1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Guoyoun Canal

A condition affecting the ulnar nerve at the median epicondyle.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel causing pain in 3½ fingers.

Golfer’s Elbow

Condition resulting from repetitive stress to wrist flexors at the medial epicondyle.

Hand Benediction

Posture resulting from median nerve injury, causing flexion of the PIP and DIP joints in fingers 1-3.

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Aintersous Nerve Injury

Injury where the individual can't make an 'OK' sign due to affected flexor muscles.

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Claw Hand Syndrome

Condition caused by ulnar nerve damage, resulting in a claw-like hand appearance.

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Scaphoid Bone Injury

Injury leading to avascular necrosis, commonly associated with wrist fractures.

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Nurse’s Elbow

Injury caused by a sudden pull on an extended child's arm affecting the radial nerve.

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Radial Nerve

The nerve responsible for supplying all extensors of the upper limb.

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Wrist Drop

Loss of wrist flexion and finger extension due to radial nerve injury.

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Suprascapular Nerve

Innervates the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles.

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Condyloid Joint

Allows flexion/extension and side-to-side motion; examples include the wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints.

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Opposition Movement

Movement of the thumb touching the fingertips, crucial for grasping.

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Colle's Fracture

Fracture of distal radius resulting in a 'dinner fork deformity'.

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Flexor Pollicis Brevis

Muscle supplied by the median nerve, involved in thumb flexion.

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Glenohumeral Joint

Most mobile joint in the body, associated with the shoulder.

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Lumbricals

Muscles that flex at the metacarpophalangeal joints and extend at the interphalangeal joints.

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Zygopophyseal joint

Joint formed by superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae, allowing gliding movements.

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Spinal region size

Lower spine vertebrae are larger to support increasing weight.

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Spondylolisthesis

An anterior displacement of a vertebra, typically between L4 and L5.

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Kyphotic curve

A spinal curve characterized by posterior bending, found in the thoracic region.

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Scoliosis

Condition characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.

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Acromioclavicular joint

Joint that connects the acromion process to the clavicle.

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Cerebrospinal fluid production

Produced by the choroid plexus within the brain.

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Meninges

Three protective layers surrounding the spinal cord: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater.

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Cauda equina

Bundle of spinal nerves and roots located in the intervertebral foramina.

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Lumbar puncture sequence

Correct procedure involves going through the epidural space, dura space, and then subarachnoid space.

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Axillary artery to brachial artery

The axillary artery changes to the brachial artery at the lower border of teres major.

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Lateral pectoral nerve function

Innervates the pectoralis major muscle only.

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Gray matter vs. White matter

Gray matter contains cell bodies; white matter surrounds and carries axon fibers.

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Long thoracic nerve damage

Affects the serratus anterior muscle, impairing scapula elevation.

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Nursemaid's elbow

A condition where the radial head slips out of the annular ligament, often due to pulling on an extended arm.

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Colles’ fracture

A fracture of the distal radius, typically occurring from a fall on an outstretched hand, resulting in dorsal displacement of the distal fragment.

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Radial nerve function

Responsible for elbow extension.

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Biceps brachii

Muscle responsible for elbow flexion and forearm supination.

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Medial pectoral nerve

Innervates pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles.

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Saturday night palsy

Condition linked to radial nerve dysfunction causing wrist drop.

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Radial pulse location

Palpated lateral to the tendon of the flexor carpi radialis at the wrist.

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Klumpke's Palsy

Affects ulnar nerve, leading to dysfunction in intrinsic hand muscles.

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Vertebral canal function

Protects the spinal cord.

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Intervertebral discs

Provide cushioning between vertebrae and prevent bone-on-bone contact.

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Herniated disc

Occurs when the nucleus pulposus protrudes through the annulus, causing nerve pressure.

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C5 myotome

Associated with shoulder and elbow muscles, including deltoid and biceps brachii.

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Scapula involvement in axilla

The lateral wall of the axilla is formed by the intertubercular groove of the humerus.

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Upper brachial plexus injury

Typically presents with the arm adducted and medially rotated.

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Anterossous Nerve Injury

Condition preventing the formation of an 'OK' sign due to affected flexor muscles.

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Pronator Teres Syndrome

Condition causing pain and tenderness in the forearm due to median nerve involvement.

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Golfer's Elbow

Condition caused by repetitive stress to the wrist flexors at the medial epicondyle.

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Erb-Duchenne Palsy

Upper plexus injury leading to the characteristic 'waiter's tip' arm position.

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Anterior shoulder dislocation

Injury common with a fall on an outstretched arm, often injuring the axillary nerve.

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Vertebral canal

Protects the spinal cord within the vertebral column.

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Flexor carpi radialis

A muscle that flexes the wrist and abducts the hand, located in the forearm.

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Radial Nerve Injury

Causes wrist drop due to loss of wrist flexion and finger extension.

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Winging of Scapula

Caused by long thoracic nerve injury affecting serratus anterior muscle.

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Suprascapular Nerve Function

Innervates supraspinatus and infraspinatus for shoulder movement.

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Biceps Brachii Function

Responsible for elbow flexion and forearm supination.

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Pronation

Caused by pronator teres and quadratus, turning palm down.

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Supination

Involves biceps brachii and supinator, turning palm up.

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Lumbar Puncture

Procedure to collect CSF through lumbar space.

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Spinal accessory nerve damage

Results in weakness of scapula retraction, affecting shoulder movement.

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Choroid plexus

Structure within the ventricles of the brain responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

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Dentate ligament

Provides a clear landmark for separating the dorsal and ventral roots during surgeries.

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Transverse ligament

Holds the dens of the axis against the atlas, ensuring stability for head rotation.

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Study Notes

Upper Limb Nerves and Muscles

  • Median Nerve: Associated with carpal tunnel syndrome, affecting 3½ digits. Also involved in hand benediction (flexion of PIP and DIP joints of fingers 1-3), anterior interosseous nerve injury (inability to make an "OK" sign), pronator teres pain/tenderness. Innervates flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor digitorum superficialis, and thenar muscles. Provides sensory innervation to the tips of lateral 3½ digits. Affected in carpal tunnel syndrome due to compression by flexor retinaculum. 4 FDP, 4 FDS and 1 FPL muscles gets affected.

  • Ulnar Nerve: Involved in claw hand syndrome (wrist and hand), also affecting intrinsic hand muscles. Provides sensation to the medial 1½ digits (pinky and half of ring finger). Affected in Guyon's canal syndrome.

  • Radial Nerve: Associated with wrist drop (loss of wrist flexion and finger extension), and wrist extension weakness and numbness on the back of the hand. Supplies all extensors of the arm and forearm. The only muscle supplied in the extensor compartment by radial nerve is abductor pollicis longus. A mid-shaft/transverse fracture in the posterior humerus also affects this particular nerve. Saturday night palsy is associated with radial nerve related injury.

  • Axillary Nerve: Involved in anterior shoulder dislocation. Supplies the deltoid muscle. Injury can lead to weakness in abduction of the arm.

  • Musculocutaneous Nerve: Responsible for elbow flexion and forearm supination (C5-C6).

  • Suprascapular Nerve: Innervates supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles. Initiates shoulder abduction and external shoulder rotation.

  • Thoracodorsal Nerve: Involved in latissimus dorsi muscle action. Damage may lead to difficulty in adducting/extending the arm. Serratus anterior(long thoracic nerve) mentioned.

  • Long Thoracic Nerve: Innervates serratus anterior muscle; its damage can lead to winging of the scapula.

Specific Conditions

  • Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel, often due to flexor retinaculum. Affects 3½ digits and the muscles innervated by median nerve.
  • Golfer's Elbow (Medial Epicondylitis): Overuse injury of wrist flexor muscles; pain at the medial elbow. Specifically affects the pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, and palmaris longus.
  • Nursemaid's Elbow (Radial Head Subluxation): Radial head slips out of the annular ligament due to pulling on the child's extended arm.
  • Colles' Fracture: Fracture of the distal radius, often resulting in a "dinner fork" deformity from fall on an outstretched hand. Associated with scaphoid bone fractures as well.
  • Erb-Duchenne Palsy: Upper brachial plexus injury resulting in adducted and medially rotated arm position (C5-C6).
  • Klumpke's Palsy: Injury to lower brachial plexus, potentially affecting the ulnar nerve. Presentation with claw hand is observed(hyperextension of MCP joints and flexion of IP joints.)
  • Saturday Night Palsy: A radial nerve injury often following compression.

Bones and Joints

  • Scaphoid Bone: Can lead to avascular necrosis and Colles' fracture. Important in the anatomical snuff box.

  • Distal Radius: Crucial part in Colles' fracture and scaphoid fracture.

  • Intercarpal Joints: Plane joints facilitating gliding movements between carpal bones.

  • Glenohumeral Joint: Ball and socket joint, most mobile joint. Axillary nerve is close to this joint and gets damaged in dislocation.

  • Radiocarpal Joint: Condyloid joint allowing flexion/extension and side-to-side motion (radial and ulnar deviation).

  • Acromioclavicular Joint: Connects acromion process to the clavicle.

  • Clavicle: Commonly fractured bone.

  • Cranial Sutures: Fibrous joints with little to no movement.

  • Symphysis Joint: Cartilaginous joint binding bones with fibrocartilage.

  • Zygapophyseal Joint (Facet Joint): Joint formed between superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae.

  • Atlantoaxial Joint: Allows head rotation (e.g., shaking head 'no').

  • Radio-ulnar joint: Allows supination and pronation(rotational) movement of hands.

Additional Anatomical Details

  • Intervertebral Discs: Act as shock absorbers between vertebrae.
  • Vertebral Canal: Protects the spinal cord.
  • Spinal Nerves: emerge from intervertebral foramina.
  • Cauda Equina: Spinal nerve roots caudal to the end of the spinal cord.
  • Dentate Ligament: Landmark separating dorsal and ventral roots in the spinal cord.
  • Meninges: Protective layers surrounding the spinal cord.
  • Spinal Cord: Protected by vertebral canal; its location is within and supported by dural sac.
  • Gray Matter: Contains cell bodies; white matter surrounds (myelinated axons).
  • Sympathetic Nervous System: Runs along the spinal cord in the thoracic and lumbar region. White ramus carries preganglionic fibers, gray ramus carries postganglionic fibers.
  • Choroid Plexus: Structure producing cerebrospinal fluid.

Artery Relation

  • Axillary Artery: Main artery to the upper limb branching into brachial artery at the lower border of teres major muscle. First branch is the superior thoracic artery.
  • Ulnar Artery: Branches to posterior interosseous nerve. and gives supply to radial artery.
  • Venae Comitantes: Deep veins accompanying arteries

Upper Limbs Muscles:

  • Pectoralis major & minor: Innervated by medial and lateral pectoral nerves
  • Trapezius: Elevates, depresses, rotates, and retracts the scapula
  • Serratus anterior: Involved in scapula elevation and preventing winging.
  • Deltoid: Innervated by the axillary nerve.
  • Infraspinatus: External rotation of the shoulder (suprascapular nerve).
  • Supraspinatus: Initiates shoulder abduction (suprascapular nerve)
  • Biceps brachii: Flexion and supination of forearm (musculocutaneous nerve).
  • Brachialis: Flexion (musculocutaneous nerve).
  • Triceps brachii: Extension of the elbow. (Radial nerve)

Movements/Muscle Actions

  • Flexion: Bending a body part.
  • Extension: Straightening a body part.
  • Abduction: Movement away from the midline.
  • Adduction: Movement toward the midline.
  • Pronation: Rotation of forearm to turn palm downward.
  • Supination: Rotation of forearm to turn palm upward.
  • Opposition: Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips of other fingers.
  • Rotation: Turning a body part around its axis.

Joint Types

  • Ball and socket: Shoulder, hip joint.
  • Condyloid: Radiocarpal (wrist joint), metacarpophalangeal joint, atlantoaxial joint. Allows flexion/extension and side-to-side motion.
  • Plane: Intercarpal joints.

Misc

  • Spinal Cord Injuries, Lumbar Puncture: Procedure steps and anatomical locations related to spinal column.
  • Rhizotomy: Procedure to eliminate pain.
  • Muscle attachments; proximal vs. distal, direction of muscle attachment and movements, and function.
  • Common upper limb fractures and their causes.

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