Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following conditions is primarily associated with the ulnar nerve?
Which of the following conditions is primarily associated with the ulnar nerve?
What is the primary nerve affected in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?
What is the primary nerve affected in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?
What is the characteristic deformity associated with Erb-Duchenne Palsy?
What is the characteristic deformity associated with Erb-Duchenne Palsy?
Which of the following muscles is NOT affected in Golfer's Elbow?
Which of the following muscles is NOT affected in Golfer's Elbow?
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Which of the following conditions is characterized by difficulty making an 'OK' sign due to nerve injury?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by difficulty making an 'OK' sign due to nerve injury?
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What specific bone is commonly affected in both a Scaphoid fracture and Colles' fracture?
What specific bone is commonly affected in both a Scaphoid fracture and Colles' fracture?
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Which of the following conditions is characterized by a sudden pull on an extended arm, affecting the Radial Nerve?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by a sudden pull on an extended arm, affecting the Radial Nerve?
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Which of the following conditions would NOT result in a characteristic 'claw hand' deformity?
Which of the following conditions would NOT result in a characteristic 'claw hand' deformity?
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Which of the following correctly describes the deformity seen in a Colles' fracture?
Which of the following correctly describes the deformity seen in a Colles' fracture?
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Which nerve is responsible for sensation to the lateral 3½ digits (thumb, index, middle, and half of the ring finger) but not the fingertips?
Which nerve is responsible for sensation to the lateral 3½ digits (thumb, index, middle, and half of the ring finger) but not the fingertips?
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A patient presents with difficulty flexing their wrist and abducting their hand. Which muscle is most likely impaired?
A patient presents with difficulty flexing their wrist and abducting their hand. Which muscle is most likely impaired?
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A patient presents with weakness in wrist extension and numbness on the back of their hand. Which nerve is most likely affected?
A patient presents with weakness in wrist extension and numbness on the back of their hand. Which nerve is most likely affected?
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Which of the following muscles is NOT innervated by the C5 myotome?
Which of the following muscles is NOT innervated by the C5 myotome?
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Which of the following is the main supplier of blood to the arm?
Which of the following is the main supplier of blood to the arm?
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Which of the following structures forms the posterior boundary of the intervertebral foramina?
Which of the following structures forms the posterior boundary of the intervertebral foramina?
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Which of the following movements is NOT associated with the sagittal plane?
Which of the following movements is NOT associated with the sagittal plane?
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Which type of joint is characterized by bones united by fibrocartilage?
Which type of joint is characterized by bones united by fibrocartilage?
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Following a fall on an outstretched arm, a patient is diagnosed with an anterior shoulder dislocation. Which nerve is most susceptible to injury in this condition?
Following a fall on an outstretched arm, a patient is diagnosed with an anterior shoulder dislocation. Which nerve is most susceptible to injury in this condition?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a major terminal branch of the brachial plexus?
Which of the following is NOT considered a major terminal branch of the brachial plexus?
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Which part of the humerus contributes to forming the lateral wall of the axilla?
Which part of the humerus contributes to forming the lateral wall of the axilla?
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Where is the radial pulse typically palpated in the wrist?
Where is the radial pulse typically palpated in the wrist?
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Which of the following is a common clinical condition associated with the radial nerve?
Which of the following is a common clinical condition associated with the radial nerve?
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What is the typical position of the arm in an upper brachial plexus injury (Erb-Duchenne palsy)?
What is the typical position of the arm in an upper brachial plexus injury (Erb-Duchenne palsy)?
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Which of the following nerves is NOT considered an upper brachial plexus nerve?
Which of the following nerves is NOT considered an upper brachial plexus nerve?
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Which of the following is NOT a topic of emphasis on orthopedic exams based on the content provided?
Which of the following is NOT a topic of emphasis on orthopedic exams based on the content provided?
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What specialized type of joint is formed between the superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae?
What specialized type of joint is formed between the superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae?
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Which of the following muscles is NOT involved in the movement of the scapula?
Which of the following muscles is NOT involved in the movement of the scapula?
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What specific type of spinal curvature is seen in the thoracic region?
What specific type of spinal curvature is seen in the thoracic region?
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Which of the following conditions involves an incomplete fusion of the vertebral arch?
Which of the following conditions involves an incomplete fusion of the vertebral arch?
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Damage to which nerve would result in weakness of the shoulder's retraction movement?
Damage to which nerve would result in weakness of the shoulder's retraction movement?
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Which ligament is crucial for preventing the dens of the axis from slipping forward on the atlas?
Which ligament is crucial for preventing the dens of the axis from slipping forward on the atlas?
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What layer of fascia separates the skin from the subcutaneous fat?
What layer of fascia separates the skin from the subcutaneous fat?
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What condition is characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine?
What condition is characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine?
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Which of the following nerves would be LEAST LIKELY to be affected by an injury below C5?
Which of the following nerves would be LEAST LIKELY to be affected by an injury below C5?
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What is the name of the joint that connects the acromion process to the clavicle?
What is the name of the joint that connects the acromion process to the clavicle?
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Which bone is most commonly fractured in the body?
Which bone is most commonly fractured in the body?
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Which nerve is commonly injured with a midshaft fracture of the humerus?
Which nerve is commonly injured with a midshaft fracture of the humerus?
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What is the name of the deep fascia that surrounds individual muscles?
What is the name of the deep fascia that surrounds individual muscles?
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If a herniated disc occurs at the L5-S1 level, which spinal nerve root is most likely to be compressed?
If a herniated disc occurs at the L5-S1 level, which spinal nerve root is most likely to be compressed?
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Which structure is directly involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid?
Which structure is directly involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid?
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Which of the following is NOT located within the subarachnoid space?
Which of the following is NOT located within the subarachnoid space?
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Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the location and importance of the dentate ligament?
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the location and importance of the dentate ligament?
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At which anatomical location does the axillary artery transition into the brachial artery?
At which anatomical location does the axillary artery transition into the brachial artery?
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Which of the following nerves innervates BOTH pectoral major and pectoral minor muscles?
Which of the following nerves innervates BOTH pectoral major and pectoral minor muscles?
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What condition is associated with injury to the thoracodorsal nerve?
What condition is associated with injury to the thoracodorsal nerve?
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What happens as a result of radial nerve injury?
What happens as a result of radial nerve injury?
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Which muscle is innervated by the median nerve?
Which muscle is innervated by the median nerve?
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What is the primary motion allowed by a condyloid joint?
What is the primary motion allowed by a condyloid joint?
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Which of the following nerves innervates the supraspinatus muscle?
Which of the following nerves innervates the supraspinatus muscle?
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Which joint allows for pronation and supination?
Which joint allows for pronation and supination?
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What is Colle's fracture?
What is Colle's fracture?
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What is opposition in hand movements?
What is opposition in hand movements?
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Which nerve is responsible for the hand of benediction?
Which nerve is responsible for the hand of benediction?
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What is the most common fracture in the wrist?
What is the most common fracture in the wrist?
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A patient presents with pain and tenderness at the medial epicondyle, weakness in wrist flexion, and difficulty making a fist. Which of the following conditions is most likely the cause of these symptoms?
A patient presents with pain and tenderness at the medial epicondyle, weakness in wrist flexion, and difficulty making a fist. Which of the following conditions is most likely the cause of these symptoms?
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A patient presents with numbness and tingling in the lateral 3 ½ digits, weakness in thumb opposition, and difficulty making an 'OK' sign. What nerve is most likely affected?
A patient presents with numbness and tingling in the lateral 3 ½ digits, weakness in thumb opposition, and difficulty making an 'OK' sign. What nerve is most likely affected?
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A patient presents with a characteristic 'claw hand' deformity. What nerve is most likely affected, and what is the typical presentation of this deformity?
A patient presents with a characteristic 'claw hand' deformity. What nerve is most likely affected, and what is the typical presentation of this deformity?
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A patient with a Colles' fracture presents with a characteristic 'dinner fork' deformity. What anatomical structure is being affected, and what is the mechanism of the deformity?
A patient with a Colles' fracture presents with a characteristic 'dinner fork' deformity. What anatomical structure is being affected, and what is the mechanism of the deformity?
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Which of the following conditions is associated with pain and tenderness at the medial epicondyle, but does NOT involve weakness in the wrist extensors?
Which of the following conditions is associated with pain and tenderness at the medial epicondyle, but does NOT involve weakness in the wrist extensors?
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A patient presents with weakness in wrist flexion, difficulty making a fist, and numbness in the palmar aspect of the hand, particularly involving the thumb, index, and middle fingers. Which of the following conditions is most likely the cause of these symptoms?
A patient presents with weakness in wrist flexion, difficulty making a fist, and numbness in the palmar aspect of the hand, particularly involving the thumb, index, and middle fingers. Which of the following conditions is most likely the cause of these symptoms?
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A patient complains of pain and numbness in the little finger and the ulnar side of the ring finger, and difficulty with fine motor skills in the hand. Which of the following conditions is most likely the cause?
A patient complains of pain and numbness in the little finger and the ulnar side of the ring finger, and difficulty with fine motor skills in the hand. Which of the following conditions is most likely the cause?
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A patient with a history of a recent fall onto an outstretched hand presents with wrist pain, swelling, and difficulty with forearm rotation. Which of the following conditions is most likely, and what is the mechanism of injury?
A patient with a history of a recent fall onto an outstretched hand presents with wrist pain, swelling, and difficulty with forearm rotation. Which of the following conditions is most likely, and what is the mechanism of injury?
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A patient presents with weakness in wrist extension and a characteristic 'wrist drop'. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this condition?
A patient presents with weakness in wrist extension and a characteristic 'wrist drop'. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this condition?
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A patient has difficulty abducting their arm, particularly in the initial 15 degrees of motion. Which nerve is most likely involved in this limitation?
A patient has difficulty abducting their arm, particularly in the initial 15 degrees of motion. Which nerve is most likely involved in this limitation?
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Which of the following structures is NOT directly involved in the movement of opposition of the thumb?
Which of the following structures is NOT directly involved in the movement of opposition of the thumb?
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A patient presents with a 'winging' of the scapula. Which nerve is most likely affected?
A patient presents with a 'winging' of the scapula. Which nerve is most likely affected?
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A patient presents with difficulty flexing their wrist, particularly when making a fist. Which nerve is most likely involved?
A patient presents with difficulty flexing their wrist, particularly when making a fist. Which nerve is most likely involved?
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Identify the joint type that permits the unique movement of opposition in the thumb.
Identify the joint type that permits the unique movement of opposition in the thumb.
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A patient is unable to extend their wrist and experiences numbness on the back of their hand. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
A patient is unable to extend their wrist and experiences numbness on the back of their hand. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
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Which of the following movements is NOT a primary motion allowed by a condyloid joint?
Which of the following movements is NOT a primary motion allowed by a condyloid joint?
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A patient presents with a 'dinner fork' deformity of their wrist. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A patient presents with a 'dinner fork' deformity of their wrist. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
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A patient presents with pain and tenderness in the anatomical snuffbox. Which specific bone is most likely injured?
A patient presents with pain and tenderness in the anatomical snuffbox. Which specific bone is most likely injured?
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Which of the following structures is MOST directly responsible for the 'dinner fork deformity' seen in a Colles' fracture?
Which of the following structures is MOST directly responsible for the 'dinner fork deformity' seen in a Colles' fracture?
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Following a fall on an outstretched hand, a patient experiences pain and weakness in their shoulder. Which of the following muscles is most likely affected?
Following a fall on an outstretched hand, a patient experiences pain and weakness in their shoulder. Which of the following muscles is most likely affected?
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A patient is diagnosed with an injury to the axillary nerve. Based on the content provided, what muscle function is most likely to be compromised?
A patient is diagnosed with an injury to the axillary nerve. Based on the content provided, what muscle function is most likely to be compromised?
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Which of the following nerves is NOT a major branch of the brachial plexus?
Which of the following nerves is NOT a major branch of the brachial plexus?
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A patient is unable to flex their wrist and abduct their hand. Which of the following muscles is most likely impaired?
A patient is unable to flex their wrist and abduct their hand. Which of the following muscles is most likely impaired?
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What is the primary function of the intervertebral discs?
What is the primary function of the intervertebral discs?
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Which structure forms the posterior boundary of the intervertebral foramina?
Which structure forms the posterior boundary of the intervertebral foramina?
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A patient presents with difficulty in flexing their elbow and supinating their forearm. Which nerve is most likely affected?
A patient presents with difficulty in flexing their elbow and supinating their forearm. Which nerve is most likely affected?
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What is the primary function of the vertebral canal?
What is the primary function of the vertebral canal?
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Which of the following nerves does NOT provide sensory innervation to the hand?
Which of the following nerves does NOT provide sensory innervation to the hand?
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Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with a nerve injury?
Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with a nerve injury?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between the location of a spinal nerve root and the vertebral level where it exits?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between the location of a spinal nerve root and the vertebral level where it exits?
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A patient experiences weakness in scapular retraction. Which nerve is MOST likely affected?
A patient experiences weakness in scapular retraction. Which nerve is MOST likely affected?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the cauda equina?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the cauda equina?
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What is the primary function of the transver ligament?
What is the primary function of the transver ligament?
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Which of the following structures is NOT a component of the subarachnoid space?
Which of the following structures is NOT a component of the subarachnoid space?
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If a patient suffers an injury below C5, which of the following nerves would be UNAFFECTED?
If a patient suffers an injury below C5, which of the following nerves would be UNAFFECTED?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the gray matter of the spinal cord?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the gray matter of the spinal cord?
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What is the primary function of the dentate ligament?
What is the primary function of the dentate ligament?
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Which of the following nerves is MOST likely to be injured in a fracture of the midshaft of the humerus?
Which of the following nerves is MOST likely to be injured in a fracture of the midshaft of the humerus?
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What is the order of structures pierced during a lumbar puncture?
What is the order of structures pierced during a lumbar puncture?
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What is the primary function of the trapezius muscle?
What is the primary function of the trapezius muscle?
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Which of the following structures is directly involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Which of the following structures is directly involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
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Which of the following spinal regions is characterized by a kyphotic curve?
Which of the following spinal regions is characterized by a kyphotic curve?
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Which of the following is NOT a branch of the axillary artery?
Which of the following is NOT a branch of the axillary artery?
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If an injury occurs below C5, which of the following nerves would be UNAFFECTED?
If an injury occurs below C5, which of the following nerves would be UNAFFECTED?
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Study Notes
Upper Limb Nerves and Muscles
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Median Nerve: Associated with carpal tunnel syndrome, affecting 3½ digits. Also involved in hand benediction (flexion of PIP and DIP joints of fingers 1-3), anterior interosseous nerve injury (inability to make an "OK" sign), pronator teres pain/tenderness. Innervates flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor digitorum superficialis, and thenar muscles. Provides sensory innervation to the tips of lateral 3½ digits. Affected in carpal tunnel syndrome due to compression by flexor retinaculum. 4 FDP, 4 FDS and 1 FPL muscles gets affected.
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Ulnar Nerve: Involved in claw hand syndrome (wrist and hand), also affecting intrinsic hand muscles. Provides sensation to the medial 1½ digits (pinky and half of ring finger). Affected in Guyon's canal syndrome.
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Radial Nerve: Associated with wrist drop (loss of wrist flexion and finger extension), and wrist extension weakness and numbness on the back of the hand. Supplies all extensors of the arm and forearm. The only muscle supplied in the extensor compartment by radial nerve is abductor pollicis longus. A mid-shaft/transverse fracture in the posterior humerus also affects this particular nerve. Saturday night palsy is associated with radial nerve related injury.
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Axillary Nerve: Involved in anterior shoulder dislocation. Supplies the deltoid muscle. Injury can lead to weakness in abduction of the arm.
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Musculocutaneous Nerve: Responsible for elbow flexion and forearm supination (C5-C6).
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Suprascapular Nerve: Innervates supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles. Initiates shoulder abduction and external shoulder rotation.
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Thoracodorsal Nerve: Involved in latissimus dorsi muscle action. Damage may lead to difficulty in adducting/extending the arm. Serratus anterior(long thoracic nerve) mentioned.
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Long Thoracic Nerve: Innervates serratus anterior muscle; its damage can lead to winging of the scapula.
Specific Conditions
- Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel, often due to flexor retinaculum. Affects 3½ digits and the muscles innervated by median nerve.
- Golfer's Elbow (Medial Epicondylitis): Overuse injury of wrist flexor muscles; pain at the medial elbow. Specifically affects the pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, and palmaris longus.
- Nursemaid's Elbow (Radial Head Subluxation): Radial head slips out of the annular ligament due to pulling on the child's extended arm.
- Colles' Fracture: Fracture of the distal radius, often resulting in a "dinner fork" deformity from fall on an outstretched hand. Associated with scaphoid bone fractures as well.
- Erb-Duchenne Palsy: Upper brachial plexus injury resulting in adducted and medially rotated arm position (C5-C6).
- Klumpke's Palsy: Injury to lower brachial plexus, potentially affecting the ulnar nerve. Presentation with claw hand is observed(hyperextension of MCP joints and flexion of IP joints.)
- Saturday Night Palsy: A radial nerve injury often following compression.
Bones and Joints
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Scaphoid Bone: Can lead to avascular necrosis and Colles' fracture. Important in the anatomical snuff box.
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Distal Radius: Crucial part in Colles' fracture and scaphoid fracture.
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Intercarpal Joints: Plane joints facilitating gliding movements between carpal bones.
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Glenohumeral Joint: Ball and socket joint, most mobile joint. Axillary nerve is close to this joint and gets damaged in dislocation.
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Radiocarpal Joint: Condyloid joint allowing flexion/extension and side-to-side motion (radial and ulnar deviation).
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Acromioclavicular Joint: Connects acromion process to the clavicle.
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Clavicle: Commonly fractured bone.
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Cranial Sutures: Fibrous joints with little to no movement.
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Symphysis Joint: Cartilaginous joint binding bones with fibrocartilage.
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Zygapophyseal Joint (Facet Joint): Joint formed between superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae.
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Atlantoaxial Joint: Allows head rotation (e.g., shaking head 'no').
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Radio-ulnar joint: Allows supination and pronation(rotational) movement of hands.
Additional Anatomical Details
- Intervertebral Discs: Act as shock absorbers between vertebrae.
- Vertebral Canal: Protects the spinal cord.
- Spinal Nerves: emerge from intervertebral foramina.
- Cauda Equina: Spinal nerve roots caudal to the end of the spinal cord.
- Dentate Ligament: Landmark separating dorsal and ventral roots in the spinal cord.
- Meninges: Protective layers surrounding the spinal cord.
- Spinal Cord: Protected by vertebral canal; its location is within and supported by dural sac.
- Gray Matter: Contains cell bodies; white matter surrounds (myelinated axons).
- Sympathetic Nervous System: Runs along the spinal cord in the thoracic and lumbar region. White ramus carries preganglionic fibers, gray ramus carries postganglionic fibers.
- Choroid Plexus: Structure producing cerebrospinal fluid.
Artery Relation
- Axillary Artery: Main artery to the upper limb branching into brachial artery at the lower border of teres major muscle. First branch is the superior thoracic artery.
- Ulnar Artery: Branches to posterior interosseous nerve. and gives supply to radial artery.
- Venae Comitantes: Deep veins accompanying arteries
Upper Limbs Muscles:
- Pectoralis major & minor: Innervated by medial and lateral pectoral nerves
- Trapezius: Elevates, depresses, rotates, and retracts the scapula
- Serratus anterior: Involved in scapula elevation and preventing winging.
- Deltoid: Innervated by the axillary nerve.
- Infraspinatus: External rotation of the shoulder (suprascapular nerve).
- Supraspinatus: Initiates shoulder abduction (suprascapular nerve)
- Biceps brachii: Flexion and supination of forearm (musculocutaneous nerve).
- Brachialis: Flexion (musculocutaneous nerve).
- Triceps brachii: Extension of the elbow. (Radial nerve)
Movements/Muscle Actions
- Flexion: Bending a body part.
- Extension: Straightening a body part.
- Abduction: Movement away from the midline.
- Adduction: Movement toward the midline.
- Pronation: Rotation of forearm to turn palm downward.
- Supination: Rotation of forearm to turn palm upward.
- Opposition: Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips of other fingers.
- Rotation: Turning a body part around its axis.
Joint Types
- Ball and socket: Shoulder, hip joint.
- Condyloid: Radiocarpal (wrist joint), metacarpophalangeal joint, atlantoaxial joint. Allows flexion/extension and side-to-side motion.
- Plane: Intercarpal joints.
Misc
- Spinal Cord Injuries, Lumbar Puncture: Procedure steps and anatomical locations related to spinal column.
- Rhizotomy: Procedure to eliminate pain.
- Muscle attachments; proximal vs. distal, direction of muscle attachment and movements, and function.
- Common upper limb fractures and their causes.
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Description
Test your knowledge on various nerve injuries and conditions associated with the upper limb. This quiz covers topics such as ulnar nerve conditions, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, and more. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand these common medical issues.
