Upper GI Pathologies and Physiology

What is the primary function of the gastric mucosal mechanisms in the stomach?

Which of the following GI pathologies is characterized by the narrowing of the pyloric sphincter, leading to vomiting and dehydration?

What is the primary function of the secretory functions of the liver in the GI tract?

Which of the following is NOT a pathology related to the function of the stomach?

What is the primary mechanism of digestion and absorption in the GI tract?

What is the main cause of abdominal pain in gastrointestinal disorders?

Which of the following is NOT a type of gastrointestinal bleeding?

What is the term for the subjective experience associated with a number of conditions, including hypersalivation and tachycardia?

Which of the following is a characteristic of vomiting?

What is the term for the type of pain felt in the organs themselves?

Which of the following is a common culprit in stimulating afferent nociceptor fibers, leading to abdominal pain?

What is the term for the bleeding that is not visible to the eye but can be detected with tests for heme?

What is the term for the abnormal connection between the stomach/lower esophagus and the lower trachea?

Which of the following is a disorder that can cause esophageal inflammation/esophagitis?

What is the main function of the esophagus?

What is the pathway by which amniotic fluid is reabsorbed in a fetus?

What is the term for the abnormalities that occur in conjunction with esophageal atresia?

What is the primary cause of esophageal stricture?

What is the underlying physiological problem in esophageal achalasia?

What is the most common cause of esophagitis?

What is Barrett's esophagus?

What is the function of gastric mucous?

What is the term for the abnormal growth of columnar epithelium in the esophagus?

What is the term for the abnormal passage of stomach contents into the esophagus?

What is the term for the inability of the stomach to empty properly?

What is the primary cause of malabsorption and 'paradoxical diarrhea' in patients with gastroparesis?

What is the term for a mass of hardened, undigested food or other material trapped in the digestive system?

What is the primary treatment for pyloric obstruction/GOO?

What is the result of prolonged pyloric obstruction/GOO?

What is the response of the kidneys to pyloric stenosis?

What is the physical sign of pyloric stenosis?

What stimulates acid release in the stomach?

What is the effect of H. Pylori on the stomach when the antrum is significantly affected?

What is the name of the syndrome characterized by the presence of multiple endocrine tumors, particularly in the pancreas, parathyroid, and pituitary?

What is the name of the enzyme produced by H. Pylori that converts urea into ammonia?

What is the result of inflammation in the GI tract?

What is the name of the condition characterized by delayed gastric emptying?

What is the effect of immunotherapy directed against Gastrin receptors?

What is the name of the tumor that can occur in the pancreas or duodenum and causes an overproduction of gastrin?

What is the clinical combination of duodenal ulcers and a pancreatic gastrin tumor?

What is the effect of anticholinergics on HCL production?

What is the primary mechanism of digestion and absorption in the GI tract?

What is the function of the gastric mucosal mechanisms in the stomach?

What is the term for the abnormal passage of stomach contents into the esophagus?

What is the primary cause of esophageal stricture?

What is the name of the enzyme produced by H. Pylori that converts urea into ammonia?

What is the primary mechanism by which pain is generated in the gastrointestinal tract?

What is the term for vomiting that occurs without a preceding nausea or retching?

Which of the following is NOT a common culprit in stimulating afferent nociceptor fibers, leading to abdominal pain?

What is the term for the bleeding that is not visible to the eye but can be detected with tests for heme?

What is the primary mechanism by which abdominal pain is generated in the gastrointestinal tract?

What is the term for the subjective experience associated with a number of conditions, including hypersalivation and tachycardia?

What is the term for the abnormal connection between the stomach/lower esophagus and the lower trachea?

What is the term for the inability of the stomach to empty properly?

What is the term for the abnormal growth of columnar epithelium in the esophagus?

What is the primary function of the esophagus?

What is the primary mechanism of amniotic fluid reabsorption in a fetus?

What is the underlying physiological problem in esophageal achalasia?

What is the term for the abnormal growth of columnar epithelium in the esophagus?

What is the most common cause of esophagitis?

What is the term for the inability of the stomach to empty properly?

What is the primary cause of peptic ulcer disease?

What is the term for the inflammatory response to gastric acid reflux?

What is the term for the abnormal connection between the stomach/lower esophagus and the lower trachea?

What is the result of prolonged pyloric obstruction?

What is the term for the bleeding that is not visible to the eye but can be detected with tests for heme?

What is the main cause of malabsorption and 'paradoxical diarrhea' in patients with gastroparesis?

What is the physical sign of pyloric stenosis?

What is the underlying mechanism of Coca Cola dissolution therapy?

What is the response of the kidneys to pyloric stenosis?

What is the primary cause of pyloric obstruction/GOO?

What is the term for a mass of hardened, undigested food or other material trapped in the digestive system?

What is the primary mechanism by which cephalic phase production of HCL is stimulated?

What is the effect of somatostatin on HCL production?

What is the primary source of histamine in the stomach?

What is the most common complication of H. pylori infection?

What is the effect of anticholinergics on HCL production?

What is the result of H. pylori infection on the antrum?

What is the term for the condition characterized by delayed gastric emptying?

What is the primary function of the gastric mucosal mechanisms?

What is the term for the bleeding that occurs in the GI tract?

What is the clinical combination of duodenal ulcers and a pancreatic gastrin tumor?

What is the primary function of the spleen in regards to red blood cells?

What is the location where the stomach, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder deliver their contents?

What is the consequence of inadequate neutralization of acidic chyme in the duodenum?

What is the anatomic feature of the duodenum that distinguishes it from the jejunum and ileum?

What is the location of the pancreatic head in relation to the duodenum?

What is the approximate length of the duodenum?

What is the primary function of Brunner's glands in the duodenum?

What is the name of the duct that empties the pancreas into the duodenum?

What is the term for the pain felt in the mid-epigastric region and back due to the retroperitoneal location of the pancreas?

What is the result of a duct being blocked in the pancreas?

What is the term for the inflammation of the pancreas?

What is the function of the gallbladder?

What is the term for the pancreatic duct that empties into the Ampulla of Santorini?

What is the result of pancreatic enzymes activating prior to arriving at the duodenum?

What is the term for the alkaline mucousy liquid produced by the pancreatic ductal cells?

What is the location of the pancreas in the abdominal cavity?

What is the main function of the Muscularis externa in the gallbladder?

What is the term for crystallized or solidified stones of gallbladder content?

What is the term for the condition where the bile in the gallbladder is more highly concentrated than normal or less motile than normal?

What is the result of prolonged blockage of the bile duct?

What is the primary cause of malabsorption in patients with pancreatic insufficiency?

What is the term for the inability to break down lactose into glucose and galactose?

What is the primary symptom of pancreatic insufficiency?

What is the effect of estrogen on the gallbladder?

What is the primary reason for treating symptomatic gallstones?

What is the term for the abnormal connection between the biliary tree and the pancreatic duct?

What is a common complication of diverticulosis?

What is the primary mechanism of action of attapulgite and polycarbophil in treating diarrhea?

What is a risk factor for developing diverticulosis?

What is a characteristic of diarrhea due to malabsorption syndromes?

What percentage of people of African or Asian descent continue to produce lactase as long as milk products are present?

What is the primary function of loperamide in treating diarrhea?

What is a common site for diverticulosis?

What is the primary consequence of bile salt deficiency in the digestive system?

What is the primary mechanism of dumping syndrome?

What is the primary characteristic of Crohn disease?

What is the primary treatment for dumping syndrome?

What is the primary consequence of malabsorption in inflammatory bowel disease?

What is the primary characteristic of ulcerative colitis?

What is the primary cause of malabsorption in Crohn disease?

What is the primary treatment for bile salt deficiency?

What is the primary consequence of rapid emptying of hypertonic chyme into the small intestine?

What is the primary location of lesions in Ulcerative Colitis?

What is the characteristic of the intestinal wall affected in Crohn Disease?

What is the common feature of Granuloma in Crohn Disease?

What is the characteristic of abdominal pain in Ulcerative Colitis?

What is the risk factor for Mechanical Bowel Obstruction?

What is the definition of Constipation?

What is the type of diarrhea that is caused by nonabsorbable substances in the intestine?

What is the treatment for dyssynergic defecation?

What is the characteristic of Bloody stools in Ulcerative Colitis?

What is the risk factor for Mechanical Bowel Obstruction in the small intestine?

What is the approximate weight of a normal spleen?

What is the primary function of the spleen in relation to red blood cells?

Where does the duodenum start?

What is the main location of digestion in the small intestine?

What is the anatomic feature of the duodenum?

What is the purpose of the duodenum in relation to the stomach?

What is the primary function of Brunner's glands in the proximal duodenum?

What is the term for the pain felt in the mid-epigastric region and back due to the retroperitoneal location of the pancreas?

What is the result of a duct being blocked in the pancreas?

What is the term for the inflammation of the pancreas?

What is the primary location of the pancreas in the abdominal cavity?

What is the function of the gallbladder?

What is the term for the condition characterized by delayed gastric emptying?

What is the result of enzymes being activated prior to arriving at the duodenum?

What is the primary function of pancreatic ductal cells?

What is the term for the pancreatic duct that empties into the Ampulla of Santorini?

What percentage of people of African or Asian descent continue to produce lactase as long as milk products are present?

What is the primary consequence of bile salt deficiency in the digestive system?

What is the characteristic of lesions in Crohn disease?

What is the primary mechanism of treatment for dumping syndrome?

What is the primary cause of malabsorption in inflammatory bowel disease?

What is the primary characteristic of ulcerative colitis?

What is the primary consequence of rapid emptying of hypertonic chyme from the stomach into the small intestine?

What is the primary treatment for bile salt deficiency in the diet?

What is the primary cause of anemia in Crohn disease?

What is the primary characteristic of lesions in ulcerative colitis?

What is the primary treatment for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea?

What is the primary cause of diverticulosis?

What is the primary complication of diverticulosis?

What is the primary function of attapulgite and polycarbophil in treating diarrhea?

What is the primary characteristic of diarrhea due to inflammatory bowel disease?

What is the primary risk factor for developing diverticulosis?

What is the primary difference in the area affected between Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn Disease?

What is the characteristic of Mechanical Bowel Obstruction?

What is the definition of Constipation?

What is the primary difference in the presence of Granuloma between Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn Disease?

What is the primary treatment for Diarrhea?

What is the primary characteristic of Osmotic Diarrhea?

What is the primary risk factor for Mechanical Bowel Obstruction?

What is the primary characteristic of Bloody stools in Ulcerative Colitis?

What is the primary definition of Dysynergic Defecation?

What is the primary characteristic of Abdominal Pain in Ulcerative Colitis?

What is the primary function of the muscularis externa in the gallbladder?

What is the term for the crystallized or solidified stones of gallbladder content?

What is the primary cause of malabsorption in individuals with pancreatic insufficiency?

What is the primary characteristic of lactose intolerance?

What is the term for the inflammation of the gallbladder?

What is the primary cause of gallstone formation?

What is the primary consequence of gallbladder sludge?

What is the term for the diseases that interfere with nutrient absorption?

What is the primary cause of fatty stools in individuals with pancreatic insufficiency?

What is the primary treatment for lactose intolerance?