Upper GI Pathologies and Physiology
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the gastric mucosal mechanisms in the stomach?

  • To produce mucin for lubrication
  • To absorb nutrients from ingested food
  • To regulate acid secretion and provide mucosal protection (correct)
  • To aid in the digestion of proteins

    • Which of the following GI pathologies is characterized by the narrowing of the pyloric sphincter, leading to vomiting and dehydration?

  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
  • Acute gastritis
  • Peptic ulcer
  • Pyloric stenosis (correct)

    • What is the primary function of the secretory functions of the liver in the GI tract?

  • To produce antibodies for immune response
  • To produce hormones for gut motility
  • To produce bile salts for fat digestion (correct)
  • To produce enzymes for protein digestion

    • Which of the following is NOT a pathology related to the function of the stomach?

    <p>Pancreatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of digestion and absorption in the GI tract?

    <p>Enzymatic digestion of food in the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of abdominal pain in gastrointestinal disorders?

    <p>Mediators of the inflammatory response stimulating afferent nociceptor fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of gastrointestinal bleeding?

    <p>Hemorrhagic bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the subjective experience associated with a number of conditions, including hypersalivation and tachycardia?

    <p>Nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of vomiting?

    <p>Forceful emptying of the stomach and intestinal contents through the mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of pain felt in the organs themselves?

    <p>Visceral pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common culprit in stimulating afferent nociceptor fibers, leading to abdominal pain?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the bleeding that is not visible to the eye but can be detected with tests for heme?

    <p>Occult bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the abnormal connection between the stomach/lower esophagus and the lower trachea?

    <p>Tracheo-Esophageal Fistula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disorder that can cause esophageal inflammation/esophagitis?

    <p>GERD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the esophagus?

    <p>To act as a conduit for food, facilitating mechanical digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathway by which amniotic fluid is reabsorbed in a fetus?

    <p>From the fetal GI tract to the bloodstream, then to the kidneys and bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the abnormalities that occur in conjunction with esophageal atresia?

    <p>VACTERL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of esophageal stricture?

    <p>Mucosal inflammation and scarring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying physiological problem in esophageal achalasia?

    <p>Neurologic problem causing defective inhibition of the lower esophageal sphincter muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of esophagitis?

    <p>Regurgitant stomach acid (GERD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Barrett's esophagus?

    <p>A premalignant lesion caused by chronic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of gastric mucous?

    <p>To protect against acidic pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the abnormal growth of columnar epithelium in the esophagus?

    <p>Barrett's esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the abnormal passage of stomach contents into the esophagus?

    <p>Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inability of the stomach to empty properly?

    <p>Gastroparesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of malabsorption and 'paradoxical diarrhea' in patients with gastroparesis?

    <p>Bacterial overgrowth of retained gastric contents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a mass of hardened, undigested food or other material trapped in the digestive system?

    <p>Bezoar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for pyloric obstruction/GOO?

    <p>Gastric drainage (NG Tube) and intravenous (IV) fluid and electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of prolonged pyloric obstruction/GOO?

    <p>Malnutrition and dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the response of the kidneys to pyloric stenosis?

    <p>Release of renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical sign of pyloric stenosis?

    <p>Mass in the epigastric region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates acid release in the stomach?

    <p>Acetylcholine, Histamine, and Gastrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of H. Pylori on the stomach when the antrum is significantly affected?

    <p>Increased gastrin production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the syndrome characterized by the presence of multiple endocrine tumors, particularly in the pancreas, parathyroid, and pituitary?

    <p>MEN1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the enzyme produced by H. Pylori that converts urea into ammonia?

    <p>Urease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of inflammation in the GI tract?

    <p>Neovascularization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the condition characterized by delayed gastric emptying?

    <p>Gastroparesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of immunotherapy directed against Gastrin receptors?

    <p>Decreased HCL production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the tumor that can occur in the pancreas or duodenum and causes an overproduction of gastrin?

    <p>Gastrinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical combination of duodenal ulcers and a pancreatic gastrin tumor?

    <p>Zollinger-Ellison syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of anticholinergics on HCL production?

    <p>Decrease HCL production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of digestion and absorption in the GI tract?

    <p>Enzymatic degradation of food by digestive enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the gastric mucosal mechanisms in the stomach?

    <p>Protection of the gastric mucosa from acid damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the abnormal passage of stomach contents into the esophagus?

    <p>Gastroesophageal reflux</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of esophageal stricture?

    <p>Gastroesophageal reflux</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the enzyme produced by H. Pylori that converts urea into ammonia?

    <p>Urease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which pain is generated in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Stimulation of afferent nociceptor fibers by histamine, bradykinin, and serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for vomiting that occurs without a preceding nausea or retching?

    <p>Spontaneous vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common culprit in stimulating afferent nociceptor fibers, leading to abdominal pain?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the bleeding that is not visible to the eye but can be detected with tests for heme?

    <p>Occult bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which abdominal pain is generated in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Stimulation of afferent nociceptor fibers by mediators of the inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the subjective experience associated with a number of conditions, including hypersalivation and tachycardia?

    <p>Nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the abnormal connection between the stomach/lower esophagus and the lower trachea?

    <p>Tracheo-Esophageal Fistula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inability of the stomach to empty properly?

    <p>Gastroparesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the abnormal growth of columnar epithelium in the esophagus?

    <p>Barrett's esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the esophagus?

    <p>Conduit for food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of amniotic fluid reabsorption in a fetus?

    <p>Through the fetal GI tract, bloodstream, and kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying physiological problem in esophageal achalasia?

    <p>Defective inhibition of the lower esophageal sphincter muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the abnormal growth of columnar epithelium in the esophagus?

    <p>Barrett's esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of esophagitis?

    <p>Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inability of the stomach to empty properly?

    <p>Gastroparesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of peptic ulcer disease?

    <p>Decreased mucus production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inflammatory response to gastric acid reflux?

    <p>Esophagitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the abnormal connection between the stomach/lower esophagus and the lower trachea?

    <p>Tracheoesophageal fistula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of prolonged pyloric obstruction?

    <p>Gastric outlet obstruction (GOO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the bleeding that is not visible to the eye but can be detected with tests for heme?

    <p>Occult bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of malabsorption and 'paradoxical diarrhea' in patients with gastroparesis?

    <p>Bacterial overgrowth of retained gastric contents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical sign of pyloric stenosis?

    <p>Mass in the epigastric region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying mechanism of Coca Cola dissolution therapy?

    <p>Acidic pH of Coca Cola</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the response of the kidneys to pyloric stenosis?

    <p>Increased renin production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of pyloric obstruction/GOO?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a mass of hardened, undigested food or other material trapped in the digestive system?

    <p>Bezoar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which cephalic phase production of HCL is stimulated?

    <p>Sight, smell, or taste of food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of somatostatin on HCL production?

    <p>Inhibits HCL production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of histamine in the stomach?

    <p>Enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL cells) in the gastric mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common complication of H. pylori infection?

    <p>Duodenal ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of anticholinergics on HCL production?

    <p>Decrease HCL production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of H. pylori infection on the antrum?

    <p>Increased gastrin production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition characterized by delayed gastric emptying?

    <p>Gastroparesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the gastric mucosal mechanisms?

    <p>To produce mucus and protect the stomach lining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the bleeding that occurs in the GI tract?

    <p>Gastrointestinal bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical combination of duodenal ulcers and a pancreatic gastrin tumor?

    <p>Zollinger-Ellison syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the spleen in regards to red blood cells?

    <p>Mechanical filtration of aging or injured erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location where the stomach, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder deliver their contents?

    <p>Duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of inadequate neutralization of acidic chyme in the duodenum?

    <p>Duodenal ulcer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomic feature of the duodenum that distinguishes it from the jejunum and ileum?

    <p>It's almost completely retroperitoneal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the pancreatic head in relation to the duodenum?

    <p>It's nestled within the 'C' curve of the duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate length of the duodenum?

    <p>10-15 inches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Brunner's glands in the duodenum?

    <p>To release bicarbonate and mucous to neutralize chyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the duct that empties the pancreas into the duodenum?

    <p>Main pancreatic duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the pain felt in the mid-epigastric region and back due to the retroperitoneal location of the pancreas?

    <p>Pancreatic pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a duct being blocked in the pancreas?

    <p>Pancreatic enzymes are activated prior to arriving at the duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inflammation of the pancreas?

    <p>Pancreatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the gallbladder?

    <p>To store and release bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the pancreatic duct that empties into the Ampulla of Santorini?

    <p>Accessory pancreatic duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of pancreatic enzymes activating prior to arriving at the duodenum?

    <p>Pancreatic injury and/or pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the alkaline mucousy liquid produced by the pancreatic ductal cells?

    <p>Pancreatic juice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the pancreas in the abdominal cavity?

    <p>Retroperitoneal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Muscularis externa in the gallbladder?

    <p>To facilitate contraction and relaxation of the gallbladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for crystallized or solidified stones of gallbladder content?

    <p>Gallstones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition where the bile in the gallbladder is more highly concentrated than normal or less motile than normal?

    <p>Gallbladder sludge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of prolonged blockage of the bile duct?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of malabsorption in patients with pancreatic insufficiency?

    <p>Insufficient production of pancreatic enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inability to break down lactose into glucose and galactose?

    <p>Lactose intolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of pancreatic insufficiency?

    <p>Fatty stools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of estrogen on the gallbladder?

    <p>Increases cholesterol composition of bile and decreases gallbladder motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for treating symptomatic gallstones?

    <p>To prevent gallstone pancreatitis and liver inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the abnormal connection between the biliary tree and the pancreatic duct?

    <p>Pancreaticobiliary malfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication of diverticulosis?

    <p>Inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of attapulgite and polycarbophil in treating diarrhea?

    <p>Binding toxins and bacteria in the colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor for developing diverticulosis?

    <p>Low-residue diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of diarrhea due to malabsorption syndromes?

    <p>Steatorrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of people of African or Asian descent continue to produce lactase as long as milk products are present?

    <p>5-15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of loperamide in treating diarrhea?

    <p>Reducing gut motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common site for diverticulosis?

    <p>Distal colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of bile salt deficiency in the digestive system?

    <p>Poor absorption of lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of dumping syndrome?

    <p>Rapid emptying of hypertonic chyme into the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Crohn disease?

    <p>Skip lesions that are transmural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for dumping syndrome?

    <p>Eat frequent small meals, high in protein and low in carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of malabsorption in inflammatory bowel disease?

    <p>Development of anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of ulcerative colitis?

    <p>Continuous lesions limited to the mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of malabsorption in Crohn disease?

    <p>Inflammation of the intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for bile salt deficiency?

    <p>Increase medium-chain triglycerides in the diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of rapid emptying of hypertonic chyme into the small intestine?

    <p>Diarrhea and cramping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location of lesions in Ulcerative Colitis?

    <p>Colon and rectum, with no skip lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the intestinal wall affected in Crohn Disease?

    <p>The entire intestinal wall is affected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common feature of Granuloma in Crohn Disease?

    <p>It is common in Crohn Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of abdominal pain in Ulcerative Colitis?

    <p>It is an occasional symptom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk factor for Mechanical Bowel Obstruction?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of Constipation?

    <p>Infrequent or difficult defecation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of diarrhea that is caused by nonabsorbable substances in the intestine?

    <p>Osmotic diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for dyssynergic defecation?

    <p>Biofeedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Bloody stools in Ulcerative Colitis?

    <p>It is a common symptom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk factor for Mechanical Bowel Obstruction in the small intestine?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate weight of a normal spleen?

    <p>150 gm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the spleen in relation to red blood cells?

    <p>Mechanical filtration of aging red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the duodenum start?

    <p>At the pyloric sphincter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main location of digestion in the small intestine?

    <p>Duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomic feature of the duodenum?

    <p>It is retroperitoneal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the duodenum in relation to the stomach?

    <p>It neutralizes acidic chyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Brunner's glands in the proximal duodenum?

    <p>To release bicarbonate and mucous to neutralize chyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the pain felt in the mid-epigastric region and back due to the retroperitoneal location of the pancreas?

    <p>Pancreatic pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a duct being blocked in the pancreas?

    <p>Pancreatic enzymes are activated early, causing pancreatic injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inflammation of the pancreas?

    <p>Pancreatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location of the pancreas in the abdominal cavity?

    <p>Retroperitoneal, at the level of L1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the gallbladder?

    <p>To store and release bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition characterized by delayed gastric emptying?

    <p>Gastroparesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of enzymes being activated prior to arriving at the duodenum?

    <p>Pancreatic injury or pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pancreatic ductal cells?

    <p>To produce an alkaline mucous liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the pancreatic duct that empties into the Ampulla of Santorini?

    <p>Accessory pancreatic duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of people of African or Asian descent continue to produce lactase as long as milk products are present?

    <p>5-15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of bile salt deficiency in the digestive system?

    <p>Poor absorption of lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of lesions in Crohn disease?

    <p>Multilayer and often transmural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of treatment for dumping syndrome?

    <p>Eat frequent small meals, high in protein and low in carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of malabsorption in inflammatory bowel disease?

    <p>Inflammation of the intestine or colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of ulcerative colitis?

    <p>Ulceration of the colonic mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of rapid emptying of hypertonic chyme from the stomach into the small intestine?

    <p>Diarrhea and osmotic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for bile salt deficiency in the diet?

    <p>Increase medium-chain triglycerides in the diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of anemia in Crohn disease?

    <p>Malabsorption of vitamin B12 and folic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of lesions in ulcerative colitis?

    <p>Limited to the mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea?

    <p>Probiotics and fecal transplantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of diverticulosis?

    <p>Low-residue diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary complication of diverticulosis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of attapulgite and polycarbophil in treating diarrhea?

    <p>To bind toxins and bacteria in the colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of diarrhea due to inflammatory bowel disease?

    <p>Fever and bloody stools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk factor for developing diverticulosis?

    <p>Low-residue diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference in the area affected between Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn Disease?

    <p>The entire intestinal wall is affected in Crohn Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Mechanical Bowel Obstruction?

    <p>Small bowel contents cannot travel downstream, causing bowel distension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of Constipation?

    <p>Infrequent or difficult defecation, with normal transit times and small hard stools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference in the presence of Granuloma between Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn Disease?

    <p>Granuloma is rare in Ulcerative Colitis and common in Crohn Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for Diarrhea?

    <p>Eat right, exercise, and moderate fiber intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Osmotic Diarrhea?

    <p>Non-absorbable substance in the intestine draws water into the lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk factor for Mechanical Bowel Obstruction?

    <p>Prior surgery and diseases causing gut inflammation/stricture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Bloody stools in Ulcerative Colitis?

    <p>Common</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary definition of Dysynergic Defecation?

    <p>Failure of the pelvic floor muscles or anal sphincter to relax with defecation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Abdominal Pain in Ulcerative Colitis?

    <p>Occasional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the muscularis externa in the gallbladder?

    <p>To enable the contraction of the gallbladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the crystallized or solidified stones of gallbladder content?

    <p>Cholelithiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of malabsorption in individuals with pancreatic insufficiency?

    <p>Insufficient production of pancreatic enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of lactose intolerance?

    <p>Inability to break down lactose into glucose and galactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inflammation of the gallbladder?

    <p>Cholecystitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of gallstone formation?

    <p>Increased production of cholesterol in bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of gallbladder sludge?

    <p>Increased risk of gallstones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the diseases that interfere with nutrient absorption?

    <p>Malabsorption syndromes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of fatty stools in individuals with pancreatic insufficiency?

    <p>Insufficient production of pancreatic enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for lactose intolerance?

    <p>Lactase enzyme supplements</p> Signup and view all the answers

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