32 Questions
What region of the brain is responsible for initiating the vomiting reflex?
Medulla oblongata
What type of pain is caused by stretching, inflammation, or ischemia in the organs themselves?
Visceral pain
What is the term for the nerve endings that respond to mediators of the inflammatory response to stimulate pain perception?
Nociceptors
What is the electrolyte imbalance that can occur as a result of vomiting?
Hypokalemia
What is the term for the forceful emptying of the stomach and intestinal contents through the mouth?
Vomiting
What is the term for the common symptoms of nausea, including increased salivation and rapid heart rate?
Prodromal symptoms
What is the effect of H. pylori on signal transduction in gastric mucosal cells?
It changes G protein-mediated signal transduction
What is the consequence of decreased somatostatin production in the antrum?
Increased gastrin production and acid secretion
What is a common predisposing factor for gastroparesis?
Poorly-controlled diabetes
What is a common symptom of pyloric obstruction or stenosis?
Succussion splash
What is the effect of vomiting on serum pH in pyloric stenosis?
It increases serum pH
What is the kidney's response to decreased blood volume in pyloric stenosis?
Increased renin release
What is the primary function of the esophagus?
Mechanical digestion and conduit for food
What is the most common cause of esophageal stricture?
Mucosal inflammation and scarring
What is the primary pathology underlying esophageal achalasia?
Neurological problem due to degeneration of myenteric plexus
What is the name of the abnormality of development of the upper airway and esophagus that creates an inability for food to travel from the mouth to the stomach?
Tracheo-esophageal fistula
What is the name of the condition that presents with polyhydramnios in utero and aspiration pneumonia in infancy?
Tracheo-esophageal fistula
What is the term for the group of congenital anomalies that includes tracheo-esophageal fistula?
VACTERL
What is the treatment for esophageal stricture?
Esophageal dilation
What is the most common symptom of esophageal achalasia?
Dysphagia
What is the primary layer of the GI tract affected by inflammation and trauma?
Mucosa
What is the term for bleeding from the upper GI tract, specifically from the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum?
Foregut bleeding
What is the primary function of mucous cells in the stomach?
To produce mucus to protect against acidic pH
What is the clinical combination of duodenal ulcers and a pancreatic gastrin tumor?
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
What is the most common cause of esophagitis?
Regurgitant stomach acid (GERD)
What is the type of epithelium that grows in the lower esophagus in Barrett's esophagus?
Columnar epithelium with goblet cells
What is the primary function of parietal cells in the stomach?
To produce HCl
What is the result of a decrease in mucus production in the stomach?
Peptic ulcer disease
What is the term for the inflammation of the esophagus?
Esophagitis
What is the primary function of H.Pylori in the stomach?
To break down the stomach's mucus layer
What stimulates the production of HCl in the stomach?
Acetylcholine
What is the term for the delayed emptying of the stomach?
Gastroparesis
Study Notes
GI Pathophysiology
- Normal physiology of the GI tract involves neural control, processing of food, GI blood flow, secretory functions, digestion, and absorption.
- The GI tract can be affected by various pathologies, including stenosis, regurgitation, abnormalities of movement, and inflammation.
Gastric Mucosal Mechanisms
- Gastric mucosal mechanisms involve acid secretion and mucosal protection.
- Acid secretion is controlled by the vagus nerve, histamine, and gastrin.
- Mucosal protection is provided by mucus production, which can be affected by chronic inflammation, NSAID use, and cigarette smoking.
Gastric Problems
- Pyloric stenosis: a narrowing of the pyloric sphincter, which can be acquired or congenital.
- Acute gastritis: inflammation of the stomach lining, which can be caused by various factors, including infection, NSAID use, and stress.
- Peptic ulcers: lesions in the stomach or duodenum, which can be caused by a decrease in mucus production, increase in acid production, or H. pylori infection.
GI Symptoms
- Vomiting: forceful emptying of the stomach and intestinal contents through the mouth, which can lead to fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disturbances.
- Nausea: a common symptom of gastrointestinal dysfunction, which can be caused by various factors, including inflammation, ischemia, and stretching of the stomach or intestines.
- GI bleeding: bleeding from the upper or lower GI tract, which can be caused by various factors, including ulceration, inflammation, and trauma.
GI Pathophysiology
- Most GI symptoms are caused by at least one of the following: stenosis, regurgitation, abnormalities of movement, and inflammation.
- The GI tract is composed of several layers, including the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and nervous system, which can be affected by various pathologies.
Esophagus
- The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach, and its main function is to transport food to the stomach.
- The esophagus has several layers, including the mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis, which can be affected by various pathologies.
- Disorders of the esophagus include stenosis, regurgitation, abnormalities of movement, and inflammation.
Esophageal Disorders
- Esophageal stricture: a narrowing of the esophagus, which can be caused by chronic inflammation, scarring, and other factors.
- Esophageal achalasia: a motility disorder characterized by defective relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter, leading to dysphagia, regurgitation, and chest pain.
- Esophagitis: inflammation of the esophagus, which can be caused by various factors, including acid reflux, infection, and trauma.
Stomach
- The stomach is a muscular sac that secretes digestive enzymes and acid, and its main function is to digest food.
- The stomach has several layers, including the mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis, which can be affected by various pathologies.
- Disorders of the stomach include stenosis, regurgitation, abnormalities of movement, and inflammation.
Gastric Disorders
- Pyloric stenosis: a narrowing of the pyloric sphincter, which can be acquired or congenital.
- Gastroparesis: a motility disorder characterized by delayed gastric emptying, leading to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
- Peptic ulcers: lesions in the stomach or duodenum, which can be caused by a decrease in mucus production, increase in acid production, or H. pylori infection.
This quiz covers the normal physiology of the GI tract, including neural control, food processing, blood flow, secretory functions, and digestion. It also explores related pathologies, including stomach function and disorders.
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