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Questions and Answers
What is the primary aim of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy?
What is the primary aim of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy?
To investigate and diagnose the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, as well as any other abnormality in the area.
The patient must be sedated before a gastrointestinal endoscopy.
The patient must be sedated before a gastrointestinal endoscopy.
False
What must be avoided during intubation?
What must be avoided during intubation?
Which of these is not a component of the basic procedure for a gastrointestinal endoscopy?
Which of these is not a component of the basic procedure for a gastrointestinal endoscopy?
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Which of these could be an abnormality found in the esophagus?
Which of these could be an abnormality found in the esophagus?
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What is the common name for the squamo-columnar junction in the esophagus?
What is the common name for the squamo-columnar junction in the esophagus?
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What is the name for the procedure used in neoplastic diagnosis that involves injecting a substance into the submucosal layer?
What is the name for the procedure used in neoplastic diagnosis that involves injecting a substance into the submucosal layer?
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Which of these are used in neoplastic therapy?
Which of these are used in neoplastic therapy?
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What is the procedure called where a small piece of tissue is removed for examination under a microscope?
What is the procedure called where a small piece of tissue is removed for examination under a microscope?
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What imaging technique involves using a special probe that emits sound waves to provide detailed images and information about the layers and structures of the digestive tract?
What imaging technique involves using a special probe that emits sound waves to provide detailed images and information about the layers and structures of the digestive tract?
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Study Notes
Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
- Aim: The aim of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is to put patients' minds at ease, aid surveillance, identify diseases early, and allow for treatment.
Basics
- Patient Preparation: Patients typically fast before the procedure and a medical history of comorbidities is documented.
- Anesthesia: Endoscopy can be performed with various levels of anesthesia, including awake patients with good throat or nasal anesthesia (trans-nasal), or sedation with medication like midazolam or propofol.
- Monitoring: Oxygen, pulse oximetry, and blood pressure are monitored during the procedure.
Intubation
- Visual Guidance: Intubation is performed under direct vision.
- Airway Examination: The procedure involves examining the pharynx, upper airways, epiglottis, and cricopharyngeus muscle.
- Avoidance: The valleculae should be avoided during the procedure.
Oesophagus
- Mucosal Features: The mucosa is typically pearly white with visible, vascular markings and possible glycogen granules.
- Indentations: Indentations from surrounding structures like the left bronchus and left atrium may be present.
- Junction: The squamo-columnar junction (Z-line), and the oesophagic-gastric junction (OJG or TGF) are key anatomical regions.
Abnormalities
- Structural Problems: Webs, diverticula, strictures (including achalasia), inflammation, Barrett's, ulcers, and tumours are potential abnormalities.
- Vascular Conditions: Varices and vascular lesions, such as Dieulafoy lesions, are also relevant.
- Other Concerns: Food boluses and foreign bodies might be discovered.
Stomach
- Common Issues: Hiatal hernia, varices, gastritis, ulcers, and tumours are observed in the stomach's lining.
- Vascular Lesions: Vascular lesions, like Dieulafoy lesions, are of concern.
Neoplastic Diagnosis
- Diagnostic Techniques: Scope features (using methods like AF, NBI, FICE, iScan), dyes (like methylene blue, Lugol's, and acetic acid), submucosal injection, magnification, and confocal endoscopy can be utilized.
- Biopsy: An optical biopsy and EUS are important procedures.
Neoplastic Therapy
- Treatment: Procedures like dilatation, EMR (Endoscopic mucosal resection), ESD (Endoscopic submucosal dissection), stenting, and ablation are available treatment options.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy including patient preparation, anesthesia options, and intubation techniques. It aims to familiarize participants with the procedure's goals, monitoring requirements, and specific focus areas such as the esophagus. Perfect for medical students or healthcare professionals looking to reinforce their knowledge.
