399 Questions
Which fish species are not suitable for producing fish silage?
Sharks, skates, rays and chimaeras
What is 'fish bycatch' in the context of fish silage production?
Unintentionally caught fish or marine species
What type of waste can be utilized in making fish silage?
Seafood processing waste
What is the potential use of non-indigenous species in fish silage production?
To reduce environmental harm and utilize 'unwanted' species
What is the nutritional value of fish silage comparable to?
Fishmeal
What is the method used to produce fish silage in the study by Vidotti et al. (2003)?
Acid digestion and anaerobic fermentation
What is the benefit of using non-indigenous species in fish silage production?
Reduced environmental harm and utilization of 'unwanted' species
What is the primary concern related to the increase in seafood trade activities?
Overharvesting or overexploitation of fisheries resources
What is the potential risk associated with fish silage production?
Risks associated with the product
What is the raw material used in studies on fish silage production in the Philippines?
Milkfish processing waste and sardine trimmings
What is the main reason for fish losses during production, storage, processing, and distribution?
Improper post-harvest handling and processing practices
What is the goal of further research in fish silage production?
To explore other potential raw materials and functionalities of LAB
What is fish waste typically composed of?
Whole fish or part thereof that is not utilized or consumed
What is the impact of fish losses on the nutritional value of fish?
Decreases the nutritional value of fish
What is the main challenge in assessing fish waste and losses in the Philippines?
Difficulty in quantifying and qualifying fish waste and losses
What is the primary goal of efforts to decrease fishing pressure?
To maintain the supply of fish and fishery products to the consuming public
What is the result of fish spoilage on its market value?
Decreases its market value
What is the significance of seafood in international trade?
It is one of the most important internationally traded food commodities
What is the potential risk if spoiled raw materials are used in ensiling?
Production of aflatoxins
What is a potential use of fermented fish silage?
As a feed ingredient for animal feeds and fish diets
What is the name of the programme under which the Community Fish Landing Centers (CFLC) project was implemented?
Targeted Actions to Reduce Poverty and Generate Economic Transformation (TARGET)
How many Community Fish Landing Centers (CFLCs) are targeted to be constructed under the CFLC project?
725
What is the purpose of the second level of the Community Fish Landing Center (CFLC)?
Drying fish
What is the name of the microalgae that can be grown using fish silage?
Scenedesmus sp.
What is the benefit of using fish silage as an organic fertilizer?
Reduced soil degradation
What is the total number of municipal fish ports in the Philippines?
86
What is the role of the BFAR regional training and research stations?
Setting up fish silage facilities in target communities
What is the benefit of using fish silage to enhance the growth of Scenedesmus sp.?
Removal of inorganic salts of nitrogen and phosphorous
What percentage of total fish production in the Philippines is lost due to improper handling during the early post-harvest stages?
25-30 percent
According to Kamari and Sayers (1979), what percentage of fish landings are lost due to physical damage in Navotas Fish Port?
30 percent
Why is it important to quantify post-harvest losses and wastes in the Philippines?
To devise mechanisms for the strategic reduction of post-harvest losses and to provide recommendations on the proper utilization of fish wastes
What is the aim of using fish waste to produce fishmeal and fish silage?
To increase food availability without increasing the pressure to the existing resources
What is fish silage?
An excellent protein product of high biological value for animal feeding and for increased plant growth
What are the raw materials used to produce fish silage?
Dead fish, underutilized fish species, invasive fish species, bycatch from marine fishing, commercial fish waste and industrial residues
What is the advantage of fish silage technology in cases where the quantity of fish waste involved is large and the transport distance and costs are high?
It enables maximum use of fish waste
What is a potential use of the liquid product of fish silage?
Both a and b
What is the objective of the present report?
All of the above
Why is there a need to reduce post-harvest losses and wastes in the Philippines?
To increase food availability and reduce the pressure to the existing resources
What is the main purpose of assessing the degree of utilization of raw materials in a particular area?
To identify the existing practices of utilizing or not utilizing raw materials and waste in the area
What is the contribution of the aquaculture sector to the total fish production volume in the Philippines in 2017?
52 percent
What is the trend of total fisheries production in the Philippines from 2003 to 2010?
Steadily increasing
What is the importance of identifying areas with pig/poultry farming?
To identify potential markets for fish silage
What is the purpose of evaluating the presence of government-owned facilities in an area?
To assess the presence of support systems for fish silage production
What percentage of fish production in the Philippines has been reported as lost or wasted due to improper post-harvest handling?
20-80%
What is the average weight percentage of the liver in cod, according to Waterman (2001)?
2-7%
What is the trend of total fish production volume in the Philippines from 2010 onwards?
Steadily decreasing
What is the average percentage of fish utilized as feeds and waste in the Philippines, according to PSA (2018)?
1.5-3.0%
What is the reason for the relatively low values of aquaculture commodities?
High production volumes of cultured seaweed
What is the purpose of considering the accessibility of input materials in an area?
To ensure economical production of fish silage
What is the potential amount of fish waste in the Philippines, in tonnes, based on the 2017 data?
123 715
What is the purpose of conducting focus group discussions and key informant interviews?
To complement secondary data with primary data from stakeholders
What is the value of fish waste in the Philippines, in PHP, based on the 2017 data?
PHP 7 billion
What is the purpose of identifying potential sites for fish silage production?
To determine the feasibility of fish silage production
What is the value of fish waste in the Philippines, in USD, based on the 2017 data?
USD 140 million
What is the primary use of fishmeal produced from tuna canning wastes in the Philippines?
Feed manufacturing
What is the by-product of fish skin processing in the Philippines?
Leather
What is the type of fish waste utilized to produce fish crackers in the Philippines?
Tuna skin
What is the name of the author who reported on the history of solid fish waste processing and utilization in the Philippines?
Yap
What is the title of the law that was enacted in 2013?
Food Safety Act of 2013
What is the title of the administrative order related to good manufacturing practice in manufacturing, packing, repacking, or holding food?
DOH-AO No. 153
What is the year when the Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 was enacted?
1998
What is the main use of fimbriated sardines?
Drying and smoking
What is the primary use of Bali sardines?
Bottling
What is the top producing region of fimbriated sardines in 2017?
Bicol
What is the main regulator of fish and aquatic products in the Philippines?
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR)
What is the title of the law that was enacted in 1991?
The Consumers Act of the Philippines of 1991
What is the volume of Bali sardines production in 2017?
241,477 tonnes
What is the implementing agency of the food safety control system in the Philippines?
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR)
What is the primary reason for processing Bali sardines immediately in Roxas City?
High perishability
Why are fermented fish products not extensively consumed in Roxas City?
Local preference for shrimp paste
What is an alternative way to utilize excess Bali sardines in Roxas City?
Fish silage processing
Which of the following is a potential market for fish silage in Roxas City?
All of the above
Why is it crucial to remove excess oil from oily fish species used in fish silage production?
To prevent fishy taint
What is a potential site for fish silage production in Roxas City?
Both a and b
What is a challenge associated with using oily fish species in fish silage production?
Rapid oil deterioration
Why is formic acid used in fish silage production?
As a preservative
What is a consideration for producing fish silage in Roxas City?
Proximity to fish drying facilities
What is a benefit of using fish silage?
Reduced environmental impact
What is the result of using sardine fish silage in the diet of European sea bass?
Similar or lower growth performance and feed utilization
What is the alternative use of the oil extracted during the ensiling process?
As a cost-effective alternative oil for tilapia diets
What is the common name of the ornamental fish used in the production of fish silage?
Janitor fish
Why is janitor fish not commercially important as a food fish?
Due to its name
What is the primary use of fishery by-products in the Philippines?
Production of fishmeal and silage
What is the benefit of using fish waste in production?
Provides an additional source of income for women in coastal areas
What problem does the sharp spines of the janitor fish cause?
Destruction of fishing nets
What is the primary market for fish skin crackers and dried marinated fish bones in the Philippines?
Souvenir shops
What is the primary concern related to the spread of janitor fish in the Cagayan River?
Its impact on the river's ecosystem
What is the potential use of janitor fish in the context of fish silage production?
As a target species for fish silage production
What is the current regulatory situation regarding fish waste products in the Philippines?
There are no specific regulations for waste products, but all fish products must adhere to relevant laws
What is the significance of utilizing janitor fish in fish silage production?
It reduces the environmental impacts of the invasive species
What is a potential use of fish protein hydrolysates?
As a food additive
What is the environmental impact of improperly disposing fish waste?
It can have deleterious effects on the environment and human beings
What is the main reason for using janitor fish in fish silage production?
To utilize an invasive species that has no recommended methodology for human consumption
What is the primary source of natural ingredients and fertilizers in the Philippines?
Fish processing establishments
What is the benefit of using fish silage as a method for utilizing janitor fish?
It helps to prevent the spread of the invasive species
What percentage of edible meat is present in skipjack tuna?
62%
What is the potential use of non-utilizable parts of fresh tuna?
Fish silage production
What is the potential use of biotoxins extracted from crab species?
As a source of pharmaceuticals
What is the benefit of utilizing tuna waste in fish silage production?
Reduced environmental pollution
What is the benefit of using fishery by-products in making fish protein concentrates?
It can serve as a dietary supplement in human and animal foods
What is the purpose of using fishery by-products and processing wastes?
To reduce the environmental impact of fish waste and provide additional income
What is the potential market for fish silage?
All of the above
What is the negative impact of excessive accumulation of organic materials in water bodies?
Anaerobic conditions and foul odors
What is the benefit of using invasive species in fish silage production?
Control of invasive species
What is the potential outcome of proper waste utilization in fish processing plants?
Zero-waste management approach
What is the potential benefit of fish silage production for coastal communities?
Increased income
What is the problem associated with the disposal of fish waste in nearby bodies of water?
All of the above
What is the potential use of fish silage as a fertilizer?
For all of the above
What is the typical practice of small-scale sardine bottlers in Dipolog City regarding non-utilizable sardine trimmings?
Throw them into nearby bodies of waters
How much waste can be generated by small-scale processors in Dipolog City during the peak sardine season?
Up to 44 kg per day
What is the proposed location for setting up a fish silage production facility?
Barra Fish Port, Barangay Barra, Dipolog City
What is the purpose of the fish silage production facility?
To generate additional income for small-scale processors
What is the percentage yield of fishmeal production used in the calculation of waste generated?
78%
Where can the input materials needed for fish silage production (e.g. formic acid) be obtained?
Local markets
How many medium-scale processors operate in Barangay Sicayab, Dipolog City?
2
What is the average amount of waste generated by small-scale processors during the lean season?
9.17 kg per day
Why do small-scale sardine bottlers in Dipolog City throw non-utilizable sardine trimmings into nearby bodies of waters?
Due to lack of alternative means of utilizing these solid wastes
What is the condition of the facility for fishmeal production of the medium-scale processors?
Exclusive for their own use
What percentage of total fish coral catch in Siniloan, Laguna comprised of the invasive fish species in 2002?
10-38%
Where is the potential site for fish silage production located?
BFAR Agricultural Pilot Centre Fish Farm– Regional Office 2
What is the main species of tuna landed in General Santos City?
Both yellowfin and skipjack tuna
What is the approximate volume of ipit in relation to the total landings of skipjack and yellowfin tuna?
10%
What is the current use of ipit in General Santos City?
Processed into low-quality, deformed dried fish
What is the potential market for fish silage in the area?
Pig/poultry farmers in Tuguegarao and nearby municipalities
What is the trend of skipjack tuna landings in General Santos City?
Increasing
What is the main challenge in utilizing ipit in fish silage production?
Insufficient supply of ipit
What is the significance of the Cagayan River in relation to fish silage production?
It is a location for fish silage production facilities
What is the benefit of using tuna bycatch in fish silage production?
It provides a readily available source of raw materials
What environmental benefit can be achieved by using fish trimmings to produce silage?
Reducing the amount of fish waste in landfills
What is a potential benefit of using fish silage as an alternative to commercial feed ingredients and fertilizers?
Providing an environmentally friendly and sustainable option
Why is there a growing interest in using fish silage as an alternative feed ingredient?
As a result of the shift towards natural and organic food sources
What is a potential benefit of encouraging small-scale sardine processors to use their fish trimmings to produce silage?
Providing additional income and environmental benefits
What is a potential outcome of increasing awareness about natural sources of feed ingredients and fertilizers?
A shift towards more sustainable and environmentally friendly practices
What is the primary concern related to the increasing demand for seafood products?
Sustainability of fisheries resources
What is the main reason for fish losses during production, storage, processing, and distribution?
Improper post-harvest handling and processing practices
What is the result of fish spoilage on its market value?
Loss of market value
What is the main challenge in assessing fish waste and losses in the Philippines?
Difficult to quantify and qualify
What is a potential risk associated with the use of spoiled raw materials in fish silage production?
Growth of Clostridium botulinum
What is the significance of seafood in international trade?
One of the most important food commodities
What is the primary goal of efforts to decrease fishing pressure?
Conserve fisheries resources for future generations
What is a potential use of fermented fish silage?
All of the above
What is fish waste typically composed of?
Whole fish or part thereof that is not utilized or consumed
What is the purpose of the Community Fish Landing Centers (CFLC) project?
To reduce post-harvest losses and improve socio-economic conditions
What is the name of the microalgae that can be grown using fish silage?
Scenedesmus sp.
Why is it important to quantify post-harvest losses and wastes in the Philippines?
To identify areas for improvement in the fish supply chain
What is the target number of Community Fish Landing Centers (CFLCs) to be constructed under the CFLC project?
725
What is the role of the BFAR regional training and research stations?
To provide technical assistance to fishing communities
What is the benefit of using fish silage as an organic fertilizer?
It improves soil fertility
What is the total number of municipal fish ports in the Philippines?
86
What is the programme under which the Community Fish Landing Centers (CFLC) project was implemented?
TARGET programme
What is the primary advantage of using fish silage technology in coastal communities?
It offers a sustainable way to manage fish waste
What is the primary advantage of using fish silage as a source of protein?
It is a good source of protein and can be produced from various raw materials.
What is the main reason for using non-commercially important, non-indigenous species in fish silage production?
To reduce their population and mitigate their environmental impact.
Which of the following is NOT a potential raw material for fish silage production?
Sharks
What is the estimated percentage of total fish production in the Philippines lost due to improper handling during the early post-harvest stages?
25-30%
What is the primary goal of reducing post-harvest losses and wastes in the Philippines?
To increase food availability without increasing the pressure to the existing resources
What is the primary concern related to fish silage production?
The potential risks associated with the product.
What is the main benefit of using Lactobacillus plantarum in fish silage production?
It enhances the nutritional value of fish silage.
What is the advantage of fish silage technology in cases where the quantity of fish waste involved is large and the transport distance and costs are high?
It can be a preliminary step in fishmeal production
What is the potential use of the liquid product of fish silage?
As an animal feed and as plant fertilizer
What is the primary advantage of using fish silage as a liquid product?
It is easier to transport and store.
What is the objective of the present report?
To evaluate the status of fish supply and utilization in the Philippines
What is the main purpose of using acid digestion in fish silage production?
To break down the proteins in the raw materials.
What is the significance of fish silage technology in the Philippines?
It can help reduce post-harvest losses and wastes in the country
What is the primary benefit of using non-indigenous species in fish silage production?
They can help to mitigate their environmental impact.
Why is it important to quantify post-harvest losses and wastes in the Philippines?
To devise mechanisms for the strategic reduction of post-harvest losses in the country
What is the main advantage of using fish silage as an alternative to fishmeal?
It can be produced from a variety of raw materials.
What is the potential benefit of using fish silage technology?
It can help reduce post-harvest losses and wastes in the country
What is the primary concern related to the use of fish silage in animal feed?
The potential risks associated with the product.
What is the estimated percentage of fish landings lost due to physical damage in Navotas Fish Port?
30%
What is the primary goal of reducing post-harvest losses and wastes in the Philippines?
To increase food availability without increasing the pressure to the existing resources
What are some potential uses of fishery by-products?
All of the above
What can be extracted from different crab species?
Biotoxins with potential pharmaceutical uses
What is a benefit of using fishery by-products and processing wastes?
All of the above
What is a challenge associated with fish waste and by-products?
All of the above
What can be produced from fish processing wastewater?
Natural ingredients and fertilizers
What is a potential use of fermented fish entrails?
Food additives and condiments
What is a benefit of using fishery by-products for women in coastal areas?
Increased economic and social capital
What is a potential product from fish processing waste?
Fish skin crackers and dried marinated fish bones
What is the percentage range of solid waste generated in fish processing, depending on the methodologies applied and type of raw materials used?
20-80%
What is the average percentage of fish utilized as feeds and waste in the Philippines, according to PSA (2018)?
2.87%
What is a challenge associated with the use of fishery by-products and processing wastes?
Lack of regulations
What can be used to make fish protein concentrates?
Low-value, underutilized fish species
What is the potential amount of fish waste in the Philippines, in tonnes, based on the 2017 data?
123,715
What is the value of fish waste in Philippine Peso (PHP) based on the 2017 data?
PHP 7 billion
What is the average weight percentage of the head in cod, according to Waterman (2001)?
21%
What is the percentage range of liver weight in cod, according to Waterman (2001)?
2-7%
What is the range of percentage of fish production lost or wasted due to improper post-harvest handling in the Philippines?
no reported data
What is the purpose of quantifying post-harvest losses and wastes in the Philippines?
To reduce post-harvest losses and wastes
What is one of the non-food products from fishery by-products produced in the Philippines?
All of the above
What is the contribution of the aquaculture sector to the total fish production volume in the Philippines in 2017?
No reported data
What is the main reason for the decreasing trend in total fish production volume in the Philippines from 2010 onwards?
Lack of optimal resource management
What percentage of total fish production volume in the Philippines in 2017 was contributed by the aquaculture sector?
50%
What is the purpose of evaluating the presence of government-owned facilities in an area for fish silage production?
To identify the presence of support systems
What is the significance of identifying areas with pig/poultry farming for fish silage production?
To identify potential markets for fish silage
What is the trend of production values in all fisheries sectors in the Philippines over the last 15 years?
Increasing
What is the purpose of assessing the volume and value of raw materials available in an area for fish silage production?
To assess the availability and volume of raw materials
What is the main criterion for selecting potential sites for fish silage production?
All of the above
What is the significance of the increasing per capita demand for fish in the Philippines?
It highlights the importance of reducing post-harvest losses and wastes
What is the reason for the relatively low values of aquaculture commodities in the Philippines?
High amount of cultured seaweed production volume
What is the significance of evaluating the presence of fishmeal production facilities in an area for fish silage production?
To identify potential competitors for fish waste
What is the primary agency responsible for implementing and regulating fish products in the Philippines?
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR)
Which of the following laws is related to food safety in the Philippines?
Food Safety Act of 2013
What is the common use of fimbriated sardines in the Philippines?
Drying and smoking
Which region produces the largest volume of Bali sardines in the Philippines?
Zamboanga Peninsula
What is the primary use of Bali sardines in the Philippines?
Bottling
What is the potential raw material for fish silage production in the Philippines?
Fish waste
What is the main reason why fish silage technology is not widely recognized in the Philippines?
Social acceptance issues
What is the volume of fimbriated sardines produced in the Philippines in 2017?
79,421 tonnes
What is the common identification of Bali sardines in the Philippines?
Sardinella lemuru
What is the purpose of the BFAR Administrative Circular No. 251?
Traceability System for Fish and Fishery Products
What is the primary usage of fish trimmings from small-scale sardine bottlers in Barangay Sicayab, Dipolog City?
Throwing them into nearby bodies of water
How many medium-scale sardine processors operate in Barangay Sicayab, Dipolog City?
2
What is the average daily processing waste from small-scale processors of bottled sardines in Barangay Sicayab, Dipolog City during the peak season?
31.53 kg
Where is a potential site for fish silage production located?
Barra Fish Port, Barangay Barra, Dipolog City
What is the source of fish trimmings that could be utilized in fish silage production in Dipolog City?
Small-scale sardine bottlers
How many small-scale sardine processors operate in Barangay Sicayab, Dipolog City?
11
What is the purpose of setting up a facility for fish silage production in Dipolog City?
To generate additional income for small-scale processors
What was the outcome of using fish silage from sardines in the diet of European sea bass?
Similar or lower growth performance and feed utilization
What is the average daily processing waste from small-scale processors of bottled sardines in Barangay Sicayab, Dipolog City during the lean season?
9.17 kg
What is the current use of fish trimmings by the two medium-scale processors in Barangay Sicayab, Dipolog City?
They are used in fishmeal production
What is the potential use of the extracted oil from fish silage?
As a feed ingredient in aquaculture
What is the location of the fish trimmings that could be utilized in fish silage production?
Sicayab, Dipolog City
What is the primary issue with the introduction of janitor fish in Philippine river systems?
Destruction of fishing nets due to sharp spines
Why is janitor fish an ideal target species for fish silage production?
It is an invasive species with no recommended methodology for utilization as human food
What is the benefit of using fish silage in areas near the Cagayan River?
To prevent the further spread of janitor fish
What is the purpose of preventing the spread of janitor fish in the Cagayan River?
All of the above
What is the primary consideration when producing fish silage using oily fish species?
Removal of fishy taint
What is the source of the janitor fish population in the Cagayan River?
Migrated from the Magat Dam
Where is the Community Fish Landing Center (CFLC) located?
Barangay Cabugao, Municipality of Ivisan
What is the potential benefit of using janitor fish in fish silage production?
Reducing the population of janitor fish in river systems
What is the potential market for fish silage in Roxas City and nearby municipalities?
Local poultry/pig farmers
What is the species of sardines produced in Capiz province in 2017?
Sardinella lemuru
What is the impact of janitor fish on fishing nets?
They destroy fishing nets with their sharp spines
What is the consequence of janitor fish invasion in riverine ecosystems?
Imbalance to the ecosystem
What is the alternative way of utilizing Bali sardines in Roxas City?
Fish silage production
Why are the locals in Roxas City not processing Bali sardines themselves?
Preference for shrimp paste over fish paste
What is the significance of the Roxas Fish Port in Barangay Libas, Roxas City?
Close proximity to fish drying facilities
What is the purpose of adding an antioxidant during the ensiling process?
To prevent oil deterioration
What is the current status of fishmeal facilities in Roxas City?
No facilities are operating
What is the significance of the Community Fish Landing Center (CFLC) in Barangay Cabugao, Municipality of Ivisan?
Potential site for fish silage production
What percentage of edible meat is obtained from skipjack and yellowfin tunas?
62% and 58%
What is the main purpose of utilizing tuna waste in General Santos City Fish Port Complex?
To produce fish silage
What is the environmental problem resulting from the disposal of fish waste in nearby bodies of water?
Depletion of oxygen supply
What is the social impact of utilizing invasive, non-commercially important alien species in fish silage production?
Maintenance of ecological balance
Who are the potential buyers of fish silage in General Santos City and nearby municipalities?
Local poultry/pig farmers and vegetable farmers
What is the economic impact of utilizing tuna waste and bycatch in fish silage production?
Increased income for local communities
What is the technical impact of utilizing non-utilizable parts of fresh tuna in fish silage production?
Reduced fish waste
What is the environmental impact of not utilizing tuna waste and bycatch in fish silage production?
Increased pollution
What is the advantage of using fish silage technology in General Santos City?
Zero-waste management approach
What is the purpose of using fish silage as a plant fertilizer?
To enhance plant growth
What is the primary benefit of using fish trimmings to produce silage?
Increasing the income of small-scale sardine processors
What is driving the demand for natural, organically fed animals and organically grown fruit and vegetables?
Consumer preference
What can fish silage offer as an alternative to commercially available feeds and fertilizers?
A more sustainable option
What is the potential impact of encouraging the use of fish trimmings in silage production?
Increased awareness of natural sources of feed ingredients and fertilizers
What is the primary benefit of promoting the use of fish trimmings in silage production for coastal communities?
Increasing the income of women in coastal communities
What percentage of the total fish coral catch in Siniloan, Laguna did the invasive fish species comprise in 2002?
10-38%
Where is the BFAR Agricultural Pilot Centre Fish Farm–Regional Office 2 located?
Minanga Norte, Iguig, Cagayan
What is the percentage of total Philippine production of skipjack tuna landed in General Santos City in 2017?
77.1%
What is the estimated volume of ipit (fish bycatch) compared to the total landings of skipjack and yellowfin tunas?
10%
What is the primary market for fish silage in the Cagayan Valley region?
Local poultry/pig farmers in Tuguegarao
What is the current status of fishmeal facilities in the area near the BFAR Agricultural Pilot Centre Fish Farm–Regional Office 2?
There are no operating facilities
What is the purpose of considering the location of the BFAR Agricultural Pilot Centre Fish Farm–Regional Office 2?
To evaluate the availability of input materials
What is the total production of skipjack tuna in the Philippines in 2003?
138 000 tonnes
What is the trend of yellowfin tuna landings in General Santos City from 2003 to 2017?
Increasing
What is the significance of the tuna bycatch (ipit) in General Santos City?
It can be used in fish silage production
What is the estimated percentage of total fish production in the Philippines lost due to improper handling during the early post-harvest stages?
25-30%
What is the primary concern related to the use of spoiled raw materials in ensiling?
The growth of unwanted microorganisms
What is the primary reason for the increasing concern over the sustainability of fisheries resources?
Overharvesting or overexploitation of fisheries
What is the estimated percentage of fish landings lost due to physical damage in Navotas Fish Port?
30%
What are the three categories of fish losses?
Material, nutritional, and market value losses
What is the benefit of using fish silage as an organic fertilizer?
It enhances the growth of agricultural crops
What is the purpose of quantifying post-harvest losses and wastes in the Philippines?
To devise mechanisms for the strategic reduction of post-harvest losses and to make recommendations on the proper utilization of fish wastes
What is fish waste composed of?
Whole fish or parts that are not utilized or consumed
What is the purpose of the Community Fish Landing Centers (CFLC) project?
To reduce post-harvest losses and improve socio-economic conditions of fishing communities
What is the main challenge in assessing fish waste and losses in the Philippines?
Quantifying the extent of fish waste and losses
What is fish silage?
An excellent protein product of high biological value for animal feeding and plant growth
What is the main reason for not using cartilaginous species such as sharks, skates, rays, and chimaeras in fish silage production?
They have a slower liquefaction rate compared to teleosts or bony fishes
What is the advantage of using fish silage technology in cases where the quantity of fish waste involved is large and the transport distance and costs are high?
It is a cost-effective and efficient way to utilize fish waste
What is the advantage of using fish silage as a raw material?
It is a liquid product that is easy to store and transport
What is the advantage of fish silage technology in cases where the quantity of fish waste involved is large and the transport distance and costs are high?
It enables maximum use of fish waste, especially in cases where the quantity involved, and the transport distance and costs, prohibit the immediate conversion of these wastes into fishmeal
What is the goal of efforts to decrease fishing pressure?
To maintain the supply of fish and fishery products
What is the potential use of fermented fish silage?
All of the above
How many Community Fish Landing Centers (CFLCs) are targeted to be constructed under the CFLC project?
725
What is the objective of the present report?
To evaluate the status of fish supply and utilization in the Philippines, with focus on waste utilization using fish silage technology
What is the impact of fish spoilage on its market value?
It decreases the market value
What is the purpose of using Lactobacillus plantarum in fish silage production?
To facilitate anaerobic fermentation
What is the benefit of using non-indigenous species in fish silage production?
They can help to reduce the environmental impact of invasive species
What is the potential use of the liquid product of fish silage?
As an animal feed
What is the name of the microalgae that can be grown using fish silage?
Scenedesmus sp.
What is the significance of seafood in international trade?
It is a significant internationally traded food commodity
What is the risk associated with fish silage production?
The risk of using spoiled raw materials
Why is it important to quantify post-harvest losses and wastes in the Philippines?
To devise mechanisms for the strategic reduction of post-harvest losses and to make recommendations on the proper utilization of fish wastes
What is the role of the BFAR regional training and research stations?
To set up fish silage facilities in target communities
Why is it important to reduce post-harvest losses and wastes in the Philippines?
To ensure food security and reduce waste
What is the potential application of fish silage?
All of the above
What is the total number of municipal fish ports in the Philippines?
86
What is the benefit of using fish silage as an organic fertilizer?
It enhances the growth of the crops
What is the significance of fish silage technology?
It enables maximum use of fish waste, especially in cases where the quantity involved, and the transport distance and costs, prohibit the immediate conversion of these wastes into fishmeal
What is the advantage of using fish silage as a protein source?
It is a sustainable alternative to traditional protein sources
What is the potential risk associated with the growth of Clostridium botulinum in fish silage?
The production of Botulinum Toxin
What is the purpose of acid digestion in fish silage production?
To break down the raw materials and facilitate fermentation
What is the nutritional value of fish silage comparable to?
Fishmeal
What is the importance of using LAB in fish silage production?
To facilitate anaerobic fermentation and produce a nutritious product
What is the estimated percentage of the total fish production in the Philippines that is lost or wasted due to improper post-harvest handling?
20-80%
What is the average weight percentage of the head in cod, according to Waterman (2001)?
21%
What is the total production volume of the eight commercially important commodities in the Philippines from 2003 to 2016, in tonnes?
1 576 002
What is the potential value of the amount used as feeds and waste in the Philippines, in USD?
140 million
What is a potential use of bioactive substances extracted from different crab species?
As a pharmaceutical ingredient
What is the primary product produced from fish viscera?
Fish sauce
What is a benefit of utilizing fishery by-products and processing wastes?
Reducing environmental pollution
What is an example of a value-added food product made from fish processing waste?
Fish skin crackers
What is the percentage of fish utilized as feeds and waste in the Philippines, according to PSA (2018)?
2.87%
What is a potential use of fish protein hydrolysates?
As a food additive
What is the average weight percentage of the fillet, skinned in cod, according to Waterman (2001)?
36%
What is a social impact of utilizing fishery by-products and processing wastes?
Increased income for women in coastal areas
What is the main purpose of utilizing fish waste in the Philippines?
To reduce post-harvest losses
What is the average percentage of fish production utilized as feeds and waste for the eight most commercially important fish species in the Philippines?
3.0%
What is a type of fishery by-product that can be used as a dietary supplement?
Fish protein concentrates
What is a type of fishery by-product that can be used as a fertilizer?
Fish washings
What is the potential amount of fish waste in the Philippines, in tonnes, based on the 2017 data?
123 715
What is a potential use of fermented fish entrails?
As a condiment
What is a benefit of using fish protein hydrolysates in canned yellowfin tuna?
Increased net weight and appearance
What is a concern associated with the increasing amount of fish waste?
Environmental pollution
What is the primary concern in using oily fish species in fish silage production?
Rapid deterioration of oil
Why are fermented products not consumed extensively in Roxas City?
Local preference for shrimp paste
What is the potential market for fish silage in Roxas City and nearby municipalities?
Poultry and pig farmers
What is an alternative way to utilize Bali sardines in Roxas City?
Fish silage production
What is a requirement for establishing a fish silage facility in Roxas City?
Coordinating with local government units
What is a characteristic of the fish species preferred by locals in Roxas City for drying?
Fimbriated sardines
What is the primary reason for the gradual decrease in total fisheries production in the Philippines from 2010 onwards?
Population increase and increasing per capita demand for fish
Why are Bali sardines not consumed fresh in large quantities in Roxas City?
High perishability
What is the purpose of identifying areas with pig/poultry farming?
To identify potential markets for fish silage
What is the potential use of the room on the second floor of the Community Fish Landing Center (CFLC)?
Fermentation area for fish silage
What is the main criterion for selecting potential sites for fish silage production?
Availability and volume of raw materials
What is the trend of the production values of fishery commodities in the Philippines over the last 15 years?
Increasing
Why is fish silage production an attractive option in Roxas City?
Absence of competitors in the area
What is a consideration in selecting a site for fish silage production in Roxas City?
Accessibility of input materials
What is the purpose of evaluating the presence of fishmeal production facilities in an area?
To identify potential competitors for fish waste
What is the potential use of sardine fish silage as an ingredient in aquaculture feeds?
To increase the growth performance of European sea bass
What is the main challenge in assessing fish waste and losses in the Philippines?
Inadequate quantification of post-harvest losses and wastes
Which agency is mandated as the implementation and regulatory agency for fish products in the Philippines?
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR)
What is the contribution of the aquaculture sector to the total fish production volume in the Philippines in 2017?
50%
What is the use of the oil extracted from fish silage in rainbow trout processing waste?
As a cost-effective alternative to commercial fish oil
What is the title of the Republic Act (RA) that was implemented in 2013?
The Food Safety Act of 2013
What is the purpose of assessing the degree of utilization of raw materials in an area?
To determine the availability of raw materials for fish silage production
What is the significance of janitor fish in the aquarium trade?
As an aquarium cleaner, feeding on microalgae
What is the most common species of sardines caught in large volumes in the Philippines?
Fimbriated sardines (Sardinella fimbriata)
What is the impact of janitor fish on the ecosystem?
All of the above
What is the significance of the decreasing trend in total fish production volume in the Philippines from 2010 onwards?
It indicates a need to optimize fish resource management
What is the potential use of janitor fish in fish silage production?
As a target species for fish silage production
Why is it important to consider the accessibility of input materials in an area?
To ensure the economical production of fish silage
What is the primary use of fimbriated sardines in the Philippines?
Drying and smoking
What is the production volume of Bali sardines in the Philippines in 2017?
241,477 tonnes
Why is it important to prevent the spread of janitor fish in the Cagayan River?
To protect the ecosystem from imbalance
What is the main use of Bali sardines in the Philippines?
Bottling
What is the origin of the janitor fish population in the Cagayan River?
From the Magat dam, a tributary of the Cagayan River
What is the consequence of the introduction of janitor fish in Philippine river systems?
Reduction of fish catch and ecosystem imbalance
Which region in the Philippines has the highest production volume of Bali sardines?
Zamboanga Peninsula
What is the purpose of the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) in the Philippines?
To regulate the fisheries industry
What is the suggested use of janitor fish in areas near the Cagayan River?
For fish silage production
What is the importance of utilizing janitor fish as a source of fish silage?
To reduce the environmental impact of janitor fish
What is the name of the administrative order related to Good Manufacturing Practice in Manufacturing, Packing, Repacking or Holding Food?
DOH-AO No. 153
What is the name of the Republic Act (RA) related to the Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998?
RA No. 8550
In which year did the invasive fish comprise 10–38 percent of the total fish coral catch in Siniloan, Laguna?
2002
What is the name of the fish species that is often caught as bycatch in General Santos City?
Ipit
What is the potential site for fish silage production in Cagayan Valley?
BFAR Agricultural Pilot Centre Fish Farm– Regional Office 2
What is the estimated volume of skipjack tuna landed in General Santos City in 2017?
186 000 tonnes
What is the percentage of yellowfin tuna landings in General Santos City in 2003?
33.81 percent
What is the estimated volume of ipit caught as bycatch in General Santos City?
10 percent of total landings
Where is the BFAR Agricultural Pilot Centre Fish Farm– Regional Office 2 located?
Minanga Norte, Iguig, Cagayan
What is the potential use of the tuna bycatch in General Santos City?
To produce fish silage
What is the location of the Cagayan Valley Lowland Marine Research Station (CVLMROS)?
Minanga Norte, Iguig, Cagayan
What is the name of the species that can be used as raw materials for fish silage production in General Santos City?
Thunnus albacares
What is the primary benefit of using fish trimmings in the production of silage?
Reducing the environmental impact of fish waste
Why is there a growing demand for natural, organically fed animals and organically grown produce?
To meet the changing consumer preferences
What is the potential benefit of using fish silage as a feed ingredient?
Providing an alternative to commercially available feed ingredients
What is the potential benefit of using fish silage as a fertilizer?
Providing an alternative to commercially available fertilizers
Who would benefit from the initiative to encourage small-scale sardine processors to use fish trimmings in silage production?
Both men and women in coastal communities
What is the primary use of sardine trimmings in medium-scale processors in Dipolog City?
Production of fishmeal
Where is the potential site for fish silage production in Dipolog City?
Barra Fish Port
What is the average processing waste produced per day by small-scale processors in Barangay Sicayab, Dipolog City during the lean season?
9.17 kg
What is the purpose of setting up a facility for fish silage production in Barangay Barra, Dipolog City?
To generate additional income for small-scale processors
Where do the small-scale processors in Barangay Sicayab, Dipolog City typically obtain their raw materials from?
Manila, Cebu, and Zamboanga City
What is the volume of fresh fish bought per day by MS Processor 1 during the peak season?
250 kg
What is the average volume of production by MS Processor 2 during the lean season?
88 kg
What is the source of other input materials needed in fish silage production?
Local markets
What is the significance of the survey conducted with participants from the medium-scale and small-scale processors in Barangay Sicayab, Dipolog City?
To identify the volume of fish waste produced
What is the benefit of using fish trimmings from small-scale processors in fish silage production?
Generating additional income for small-scale processors
What is a potential benefit of using fish silage technology?
Reducing the economic losses of fishers due to invasive species
What is a potential environmental impact of not utilizing fish waste?
Eutrophication of water bodies
What is a potential market for fish silage produced in General Santos City?
Local vegetable farmers
What is a potential advantage of using fish silage technology?
Showcasing a zero-waste management approach
What is a potential outcome of using fish silage technology?
Fewer environmental problems arising from the disposal of fish wastes
What is a potential use of fish silage?
As a plant fertilizer
What is a potential benefit of using fish silage technology in General Santos City?
Providing added income to people in coastal communities
What is a potential environmental impact of fish waste disposal?
Eutrophication of water bodies
What is a potential outcome of using fish silage technology in the Philippines?
Solving the problem related to the uncontrollable invasion of water bodies by invasive species
What is a potential advantage of using fish silage technology in the Philippines?
Showcasing a zero-waste management approach in the Philippines
Study Notes
Fish Waste Management in the Philippines
- The Philippines is a major fish-producing country, but it faces challenges in sustaining its fisheries resources.
- Overfishing and waste pose significant threats to the country's fish supply.
- Fish waste refers to whole fish or parts of fish that are not utilized or consumed, including bycatch, damaged fish, and processing waste.
Post-Harvest Losses and Waste
- In the Philippines, estimates suggest that 25-30% of total fish production is lost due to improper handling during early post-harvest stages.
- Navotas Fish Port, the largest fish port in the country, reports losses of up to 30% of fish landings due to physical damage.
Fish Silage Production
- Fish silage is a liquid product made from fish waste, which can be used as a protein source for animal feed and fertilizers.
- Fish silage production can be an effective way to reduce fish waste and increase the utilization of fish resources.
- Raw materials for fish silage production can include fish bycatch, seafood processing waste, and non-commercially important fish species.
Potential Sites for Fish Silage Production in the Philippines
- Community Fish Landing Centers (CFLCs) of the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) can be used for fish silage production.
- Municipal fish ports and BFAR regional training and research stations can also be tapped for fish silage production.
Criteria for Geographical Site Selection
- Availability and volume of raw materials
- Degree of utilization of raw materials and processing waste
- Facilities for silage production
- Fishmeal production facilities
- Accessibility of input materials
- Presence of pig/poultry farming in the area
Volume and Value of Fish Production and Waste in the Philippines
- Total fisheries production in the Philippines decreased from 5.16 million tonnes in 2010 to 4.31 million tonnes in 2017.
- The aquaculture sector accounts for 52% of the country's total fish production volume.
- The value of fishery commodities in the Philippines has been increasing over the past 15 years.
Fish Waste Generation in the Philippines
- No reported total amount of fish waste in the Philippines, but estimates suggest that 20-80% of total fish production is lost or wasted.
- Average composition of cod fish waste: head (21%), guts (7%), liver (5%), roe (4%), backbone (14%), fins and lugs (10%), skin (3%), and fillet (36%).
- Average production and utilization of eight commercially important commodities as feed and waste from 2003 to 2016: 2.87% of total production.### Philippine Fisheries Production and Waste Utilization
- In 2017, the Philippine fisheries production volume was 4.31 million tonnes, with a value of 123.715 billion Philippine Peso (PHP) or 7 billion USD.
- The potential amount of fish waste used as feed and waste is 2.87 million tonnes.
- Existing technology is used to process fish waste into various products, such as fish crackers, dried marinated fish bones, fish sauce, and fish paste.
Products from Fish Waste
- Fishmeal from tuna canning wastes
- Leather from fish skin
- Protein concentrates from fish and shrimp processing wastes used in feed manufacturing
- Nutraceutical ingredients, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) from tuna livers, heads, and eyeballs
- Fish protein concentrates and hydrolysates as dietary supplements
Social, Economic, Environmental, and Technical Impacts
- Improper disposal of fish waste generates serious environmental and health problems.
- Wise and efficient use of fish waste can provide solutions to these problems and generate income for women in coastal areas.
- New initiatives can help women increase their economic and social capital.
Fish Silage Technology
- Fish silage technology is not widely recognized in the Philippines.
- There are no reported figures on the volume and value of fish silage production in the country.
- Aquaculturists prefer to use commercial fishmeal and other plant- or animal-based ingredients as protein sources.
Potential Raw Materials and Sites for Fish Silage Production
- Sardines are a highly commercialized fish species in the Philippines.
- Fimbriated sardines (Sardinella fimbriata) and Bali sardines (Sardinella lemuru) are caught in large volumes in the country.
- Potential sites for fish silage production include Dipolog City and Roxas City.
Use of Sardine Trimmings in Fish Silage Production
- Small-scale sardine bottlers in Dipolog City typically throw away non-utilizable sardine trimmings.
- These trimmings can be used in fish silage production, generating additional income for the processors.
Other Input Materials and Potential Market
- Other input materials needed for fish silage production, such as formic acid, can be obtained locally.
- The potential market for fish silage includes local poultry/pig farmers and fish farmers.
Important Considerations
- Fish silage should preferably be produced using non-fatty fish species.
- Oily fish species, such as sardines, require additional steps to remove the fishy taint in the silage.
- Antioxidants can be added to the acid during the ensiling process.
Janitor Fish in Fish Silage Production
- Janitor fish (Pterygoplichthys spp.) is an invasive species in the Philippines.
- It has no market value as a food fish but is important in the aquarium trade.
- It can be used in fish silage production, providing a potential solution to the environmental problems caused by its invasion.### Cagayan River and Janitor Fish
- The Cagayan River is the longest and largest river in the Philippines, spanning across four provinces: Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Viscaya, and Quirino.
- The janitor fish population in the Cagayan River likely originated from the Magat dam, a tributary of the Cagayan River.
- The spread of janitor fish must be prevented to avoid ecological imbalance and environmental harm.
- The absence of a methodology for utilizing janitor fish as a food source makes it an ideal target species for fish silage production.
Fish Silage Production
- The BFAR Agricultural Pilot Centre Fish Farm–Regional Office 2 in Minanga Norte, Iguig, Cagayan is a potential site for fish silage production.
- The centre has a one-hectare hatchery complex with outdoor tanks, making it accessible for setting up a fish silage facility.
- Local poultry/pig farmers in Tuguegarao and nearby municipalities are potential buyers of fish silage.
Tuna By-Catch and Waste
- General Santos City is a major landing site for tuna, with skipjack and yellowfin tuna being the most common species.
- A significant amount of fish by-catch (locally known as ipit) is caught alongside tuna, which can be used for fish silage production.
- Fish gills and other non-utilizable parts of fresh tuna can also be used for fish silage production.
Social, Economic, Environmental, and Technical Impact of Fish Silage Technology
- Fish silage technology can reduce environmental problems associated with fish waste disposal.
- Proper waste utilization can promote a zero-waste management approach in the fishing industry.
- Using invasive species like janitor fish for fish silage production can help maintain ecological balance and prevent economic losses.
- Fish silage technology can provide added income to people in coastal communities and increase awareness of natural feed ingredients and fertilizers.
Fish Waste Management in the Philippines
- The Philippines is a major fish-producing country, but it faces challenges in sustaining its fisheries resources.
- Overfishing and waste pose significant threats to the country's fish supply.
- Fish waste refers to whole fish or parts of fish that are not utilized or consumed, including bycatch, damaged fish, and processing waste.
Post-Harvest Losses and Waste
- In the Philippines, estimates suggest that 25-30% of total fish production is lost due to improper handling during early post-harvest stages.
- Navotas Fish Port, the largest fish port in the country, reports losses of up to 30% of fish landings due to physical damage.
Fish Silage Production
- Fish silage is a liquid product made from fish waste, which can be used as a protein source for animal feed and fertilizers.
- Fish silage production can be an effective way to reduce fish waste and increase the utilization of fish resources.
- Raw materials for fish silage production can include fish bycatch, seafood processing waste, and non-commercially important fish species.
Potential Sites for Fish Silage Production in the Philippines
- Community Fish Landing Centers (CFLCs) of the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) can be used for fish silage production.
- Municipal fish ports and BFAR regional training and research stations can also be tapped for fish silage production.
Criteria for Geographical Site Selection
- Availability and volume of raw materials
- Degree of utilization of raw materials and processing waste
- Facilities for silage production
- Fishmeal production facilities
- Accessibility of input materials
- Presence of pig/poultry farming in the area
Volume and Value of Fish Production and Waste in the Philippines
- Total fisheries production in the Philippines decreased from 5.16 million tonnes in 2010 to 4.31 million tonnes in 2017.
- The aquaculture sector accounts for 52% of the country's total fish production volume.
- The value of fishery commodities in the Philippines has been increasing over the past 15 years.
Fish Waste Generation in the Philippines
- No reported total amount of fish waste in the Philippines, but estimates suggest that 20-80% of total fish production is lost or wasted.
- Average composition of cod fish waste: head (21%), guts (7%), liver (5%), roe (4%), backbone (14%), fins and lugs (10%), skin (3%), and fillet (36%).
- Average production and utilization of eight commercially important commodities as feed and waste from 2003 to 2016: 2.87% of total production.### Philippine Fisheries Production and Waste Utilization
- In 2017, the Philippine fisheries production volume was 4.31 million tonnes, with a value of 123.715 billion Philippine Peso (PHP) or 7 billion USD.
- The potential amount of fish waste used as feed and waste is 2.87 million tonnes.
- Existing technology is used to process fish waste into various products, such as fish crackers, dried marinated fish bones, fish sauce, and fish paste.
Products from Fish Waste
- Fishmeal from tuna canning wastes
- Leather from fish skin
- Protein concentrates from fish and shrimp processing wastes used in feed manufacturing
- Nutraceutical ingredients, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) from tuna livers, heads, and eyeballs
- Fish protein concentrates and hydrolysates as dietary supplements
Social, Economic, Environmental, and Technical Impacts
- Improper disposal of fish waste generates serious environmental and health problems.
- Wise and efficient use of fish waste can provide solutions to these problems and generate income for women in coastal areas.
- New initiatives can help women increase their economic and social capital.
Fish Silage Technology
- Fish silage technology is not widely recognized in the Philippines.
- There are no reported figures on the volume and value of fish silage production in the country.
- Aquaculturists prefer to use commercial fishmeal and other plant- or animal-based ingredients as protein sources.
Potential Raw Materials and Sites for Fish Silage Production
- Sardines are a highly commercialized fish species in the Philippines.
- Fimbriated sardines (Sardinella fimbriata) and Bali sardines (Sardinella lemuru) are caught in large volumes in the country.
- Potential sites for fish silage production include Dipolog City and Roxas City.
Use of Sardine Trimmings in Fish Silage Production
- Small-scale sardine bottlers in Dipolog City typically throw away non-utilizable sardine trimmings.
- These trimmings can be used in fish silage production, generating additional income for the processors.
Other Input Materials and Potential Market
- Other input materials needed for fish silage production, such as formic acid, can be obtained locally.
- The potential market for fish silage includes local poultry/pig farmers and fish farmers.
Important Considerations
- Fish silage should preferably be produced using non-fatty fish species.
- Oily fish species, such as sardines, require additional steps to remove the fishy taint in the silage.
- Antioxidants can be added to the acid during the ensiling process.
Janitor Fish in Fish Silage Production
- Janitor fish (Pterygoplichthys spp.) is an invasive species in the Philippines.
- It has no market value as a food fish but is important in the aquarium trade.
- It can be used in fish silage production, providing a potential solution to the environmental problems caused by its invasion.### Cagayan River and Janitor Fish
- The Cagayan River is the longest and largest river in the Philippines, spanning across four provinces: Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Viscaya, and Quirino.
- The janitor fish population in the Cagayan River likely originated from the Magat dam, a tributary of the Cagayan River.
- The spread of janitor fish must be prevented to avoid ecological imbalance and environmental harm.
- The absence of a methodology for utilizing janitor fish as a food source makes it an ideal target species for fish silage production.
Fish Silage Production
- The BFAR Agricultural Pilot Centre Fish Farm–Regional Office 2 in Minanga Norte, Iguig, Cagayan is a potential site for fish silage production.
- The centre has a one-hectare hatchery complex with outdoor tanks, making it accessible for setting up a fish silage facility.
- Local poultry/pig farmers in Tuguegarao and nearby municipalities are potential buyers of fish silage.
Tuna By-Catch and Waste
- General Santos City is a major landing site for tuna, with skipjack and yellowfin tuna being the most common species.
- A significant amount of fish by-catch (locally known as ipit) is caught alongside tuna, which can be used for fish silage production.
- Fish gills and other non-utilizable parts of fresh tuna can also be used for fish silage production.
Social, Economic, Environmental, and Technical Impact of Fish Silage Technology
- Fish silage technology can reduce environmental problems associated with fish waste disposal.
- Proper waste utilization can promote a zero-waste management approach in the fishing industry.
- Using invasive species like janitor fish for fish silage production can help maintain ecological balance and prevent economic losses.
- Fish silage technology can provide added income to people in coastal communities and increase awareness of natural feed ingredients and fertilizers.
Fish Waste Management in the Philippines
- The Philippines is a major fish-producing country, but it faces challenges in sustaining its fisheries resources.
- Overfishing and waste pose significant threats to the country's fish supply.
- Fish waste refers to whole fish or parts of fish that are not utilized or consumed, including bycatch, damaged fish, and processing waste.
Post-Harvest Losses and Waste
- In the Philippines, estimates suggest that 25-30% of total fish production is lost due to improper handling during early post-harvest stages.
- Navotas Fish Port, the largest fish port in the country, reports losses of up to 30% of fish landings due to physical damage.
Fish Silage Production
- Fish silage is a liquid product made from fish waste, which can be used as a protein source for animal feed and fertilizers.
- Fish silage production can be an effective way to reduce fish waste and increase the utilization of fish resources.
- Raw materials for fish silage production can include fish bycatch, seafood processing waste, and non-commercially important fish species.
Potential Sites for Fish Silage Production in the Philippines
- Community Fish Landing Centers (CFLCs) of the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) can be used for fish silage production.
- Municipal fish ports and BFAR regional training and research stations can also be tapped for fish silage production.
Criteria for Geographical Site Selection
- Availability and volume of raw materials
- Degree of utilization of raw materials and processing waste
- Facilities for silage production
- Fishmeal production facilities
- Accessibility of input materials
- Presence of pig/poultry farming in the area
Volume and Value of Fish Production and Waste in the Philippines
- Total fisheries production in the Philippines decreased from 5.16 million tonnes in 2010 to 4.31 million tonnes in 2017.
- The aquaculture sector accounts for 52% of the country's total fish production volume.
- The value of fishery commodities in the Philippines has been increasing over the past 15 years.
Fish Waste Generation in the Philippines
- No reported total amount of fish waste in the Philippines, but estimates suggest that 20-80% of total fish production is lost or wasted.
- Average composition of cod fish waste: head (21%), guts (7%), liver (5%), roe (4%), backbone (14%), fins and lugs (10%), skin (3%), and fillet (36%).
- Average production and utilization of eight commercially important commodities as feed and waste from 2003 to 2016: 2.87% of total production.### Philippine Fisheries Production and Waste Utilization
- In 2017, the Philippine fisheries production volume was 4.31 million tonnes, with a value of 123.715 billion Philippine Peso (PHP) or 7 billion USD.
- The potential amount of fish waste used as feed and waste is 2.87 million tonnes.
- Existing technology is used to process fish waste into various products, such as fish crackers, dried marinated fish bones, fish sauce, and fish paste.
Products from Fish Waste
- Fishmeal from tuna canning wastes
- Leather from fish skin
- Protein concentrates from fish and shrimp processing wastes used in feed manufacturing
- Nutraceutical ingredients, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) from tuna livers, heads, and eyeballs
- Fish protein concentrates and hydrolysates as dietary supplements
Social, Economic, Environmental, and Technical Impacts
- Improper disposal of fish waste generates serious environmental and health problems.
- Wise and efficient use of fish waste can provide solutions to these problems and generate income for women in coastal areas.
- New initiatives can help women increase their economic and social capital.
Fish Silage Technology
- Fish silage technology is not widely recognized in the Philippines.
- There are no reported figures on the volume and value of fish silage production in the country.
- Aquaculturists prefer to use commercial fishmeal and other plant- or animal-based ingredients as protein sources.
Potential Raw Materials and Sites for Fish Silage Production
- Sardines are a highly commercialized fish species in the Philippines.
- Fimbriated sardines (Sardinella fimbriata) and Bali sardines (Sardinella lemuru) are caught in large volumes in the country.
- Potential sites for fish silage production include Dipolog City and Roxas City.
Use of Sardine Trimmings in Fish Silage Production
- Small-scale sardine bottlers in Dipolog City typically throw away non-utilizable sardine trimmings.
- These trimmings can be used in fish silage production, generating additional income for the processors.
Other Input Materials and Potential Market
- Other input materials needed for fish silage production, such as formic acid, can be obtained locally.
- The potential market for fish silage includes local poultry/pig farmers and fish farmers.
Important Considerations
- Fish silage should preferably be produced using non-fatty fish species.
- Oily fish species, such as sardines, require additional steps to remove the fishy taint in the silage.
- Antioxidants can be added to the acid during the ensiling process.
Janitor Fish in Fish Silage Production
- Janitor fish (Pterygoplichthys spp.) is an invasive species in the Philippines.
- It has no market value as a food fish but is important in the aquarium trade.
- It can be used in fish silage production, providing a potential solution to the environmental problems caused by its invasion.### Cagayan River and Janitor Fish
- The Cagayan River is the longest and largest river in the Philippines, spanning across four provinces: Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Viscaya, and Quirino.
- The janitor fish population in the Cagayan River likely originated from the Magat dam, a tributary of the Cagayan River.
- The spread of janitor fish must be prevented to avoid ecological imbalance and environmental harm.
- The absence of a methodology for utilizing janitor fish as a food source makes it an ideal target species for fish silage production.
Fish Silage Production
- The BFAR Agricultural Pilot Centre Fish Farm–Regional Office 2 in Minanga Norte, Iguig, Cagayan is a potential site for fish silage production.
- The centre has a one-hectare hatchery complex with outdoor tanks, making it accessible for setting up a fish silage facility.
- Local poultry/pig farmers in Tuguegarao and nearby municipalities are potential buyers of fish silage.
Tuna By-Catch and Waste
- General Santos City is a major landing site for tuna, with skipjack and yellowfin tuna being the most common species.
- A significant amount of fish by-catch (locally known as ipit) is caught alongside tuna, which can be used for fish silage production.
- Fish gills and other non-utilizable parts of fresh tuna can also be used for fish silage production.
Social, Economic, Environmental, and Technical Impact of Fish Silage Technology
- Fish silage technology can reduce environmental problems associated with fish waste disposal.
- Proper waste utilization can promote a zero-waste management approach in the fishing industry.
- Using invasive species like janitor fish for fish silage production can help maintain ecological balance and prevent economic losses.
- Fish silage technology can provide added income to people in coastal communities and increase awareness of natural feed ingredients and fertilizers.
Learn about the challenges of fish waste management in the Philippines, including overfishing and post-harvest losses, and their impact on the country's fish supply.
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