568 Questions
What percentage of solid waste is generated by fish processing activities?
20–80 percent
What are the components of solid waste generated by fish processing activities?
Head, guts, viscera, bones, fins, scales, and skin
Why is fish silage technology rarely practised in small-scale processors?
All of the above
What is a potential consequence of improper discarding of fish waste?
Environmental pollution
What is the purpose of fish silage technology in the Philippines?
All of the above
What type of fish waste is mostly utilized as fresh animal feed?
Tilapia waste
What should be studied before introducing fish silage technology?
All of the following: availability of raw materials, collection and storage, availability of acid, facilities and equipment, and potential market
What is fish silage, and what is its potential benefit for small communities?
A type of animal feed, and it can reduce labor and operation periods
What is the purpose of conducting a pilot scheme?
To provide the basis for the technology to be replicated in other communities
What is the current status of the study of fish silage technology and organic acids in the countries?
It has not been studied or documented
What is a major problem with fish waste management in Thailand?
Lack of implementation and utilization in the small-scale sector
What is one of the major seafood exports from Thailand?
Processed shrimp/prawns
What is the result of the study regarding the interest of fishing communities in fish silage technology?
They are interested in exploring this technology
What is the major component of solid waste in Thai seafood processing?
Heads and bones
What is one of the products produced from tuna canning waste in Thailand?
All of the above
What is the purpose of sufficient hands-on training for fish silage production?
To cover the main principles of fish silage production
What is the significance of fish and shrimp in Bangladesh's economy?
They contribute significantly to the country's GDP and export earnings
What is the estimated volume of fish and shrimp waste in Bangladesh per year?
40 796 tonnes
What is the price range for shrimp waste in Bangladesh?
USD 312 to USD 1 800 per tonne
What is the use of fish heads and gills in Bangladesh?
They are sold to local retail markets for consumption
What is the potential use of fish waste in Bangladesh?
For fish silage production
What is the current trend in fish production in the Philippines?
Total volumes of fish production have been decreasing
What percentage of fish production is lost or wasted in the Philippines due to improper post-harvesting?
25-30%
What is necessary for the silage industry to flourish in Bangladesh?
Established supply chains for seafood waste and silage
What are the reasons why fish silage technology is rarely practiced in small-scale processors?
Limited economic resources, lack of knowledge, and skills.
What are the essential factors to be considered before introducing fish silage technology?
Availability of raw materials, collection, and storage.
What could be a consequence of improper discarding of fish waste?
Environmental pollution occurs.
What is the purpose of conducting a pilot scheme?
To provide the basis for replicating the technology in other communities.
What is essential for the success of fish silage technology?
Conducting a detailed study and a pilot scheme.
What is the significance of the study on fish silage technology and organic acids?
It revealed an interest among fishing communities in the technology.
What is the significance of fish and shrimp in Bangladesh's economy?
They contribute significantly to the country's GDP and export earnings
What is the estimated volume of fish and shrimp waste in Bangladesh per year?
40 796 tonnes per year
What is the price range for shrimp waste in Bangladesh?
USD 312 to USD 1 800 per tonne
What is the use of fish heads and gills in Bangladesh?
They are sold to local retail markets for consumption
What is the potential use of fish waste in Bangladesh?
It can be used to produce fish silage
What is the current trend in fish production in the Philippines?
It has been decreasing in recent years
What percentage of fish production is lost or wasted in the Philippines due to improper post-harvesting?
25-30 percent
What is necessary for the silage industry to flourish in Bangladesh?
Establishing silage industry supply chains
What is a major benefit of fish silage technology in the Philippines?
Increasing the productivity of the fisheries sector
What is the primary use of snakehead fish waste in Thailand?
Local consumption
What is a common challenge in implementing fish waste management in small-scale processors in Thailand?
Limited implementation and utilization
What is produced from tuna canning waste in Thailand?
Fishmeal, fish and bone meal, and fish soluble
Why is fish silage technology important in coastal areas of the Philippines?
To utilize waste in the absence of waste utilization facilities
What is the primary purpose of fish silage technology in the Philippines?
To reduce post-harvest waste
What is the main product of Surimi processing companies in Thailand?
Fishmeal
What is the benefit of fish silage production for small communities?
Reducing waste and odor
What is the current status of fish waste management in Thailand?
Well organized and widely implemented
What is the purpose of batch fish silage processing in the Philippines?
To utilize waste in small-scale processors
What is the purpose of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence?
To permit the copying, redistribution and adaptation for non-commercial purposes.
What is the consequence of not obtaining permission for reuse of third-party materials?
The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component rests with the user.
What is the purpose of the FAO Multi-Partner Programme Support Mechanism (FMM)?
To strengthen capacities, policies and national action plans on prudent and responsible use of antimicrobials in fisheries.
What is the significance of fish and shrimp in Bangladesh's economy?
They are a major export commodity.
What is the purpose of conducting a pilot scheme?
To study the feasibility of introducing fish silage technology.
What is the estimated volume of fish and shrimp waste in Bangladesh per year?
Not specified in the content.
What is the use of fish heads and gills in Bangladesh?
Not specified in the content.
What is the purpose of sufficient hands-on training for fish silage production?
To ensure the success of fish silage technology.
What is the current trend in fish production in the Philippines?
Not specified in the content.
What is the purpose of FAO information products?
To make information on fish product safety and quality available.
What was the objective of the FAO Fish Product Safety and Quality project?
To strengthen capacities, policies and national action plans on prudent and responsible use of antimicrobials in fisheries
What was the methodology used in the feasibility studies?
Secondary sources of information and participatory approach
What was the purpose of the pilot scheme?
To introduce fish silage technology in selected countries
What was studied before introducing fish silage technology?
All of the above
What was the outcome of the feasibility studies?
Fishing communities were interested in further exploring fish silage technology
What was the focus of the workshop during the regional training?
Fish waste management and fish silage production
What is the primary purpose of the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1216?
To assess the potential production and utilization of fish silage in Bangladesh, Philippines, and Thailand
What was the scope of the feasibility studies?
Three countries: Bangladesh, the Philippines and Thailand
Who is the Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Fisheries, Sylhet Agricultural University in Bangladesh?
Md Jakiul Islam
What was the purpose of the survey questionnaires?
To collect primary data from fishing communities
What was the approach used in the feasibility studies?
Participatory approach using secondary sources and primary data
What is the title of the publication by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations?
Fish Waste Management: An Assessment of the Potential Production and Utilization of Fish Silage in Bangladesh, Philippines, and Thailand
Who is the Director of the Chon buri Aquatic Animal Feed Technology Research and Development Center in Thailand?
Laddawan Krongpong
What was the main objective of the report?
To present the findings of the feasibility studies
What is the purpose of the required citation provided in the publication?
To provide a reference for further research
Where is the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations headquartered?
Rome, Italy
Who is the Professor of Fisheries Science at the College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas?
Encarnacion Emilia S. Yap
What is necessary to convert sugars into lactic acid?
A carbohydrate source such as molasses or fruit processing waste in addition to a lactobacillus culture
What is a disadvantage of acid preservation?
It results in the complete destruction of tryptophan and cysteine, and the partial destruction of tyrosine, serine and threonine
What is an advantage of using organic acids in fish silage?
They can help prevent mould and have beneficial effects on poultry performance
What is a global issue of major concern?
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
What is the aim of the FAO Action Plan on AMR?
To support the food and agriculture sectors in implementing the Global Action Plan on AMR
What is a benefit of using formic acid in fish silage production?
The silage made with it is not excessively acidic and therefore does not require neutralization before being used
What is a potential use of fish silage?
To produce animal feed
What is a characteristic of organic acids?
They have antimicrobial properties
What is a benefit of using organic acids in fish silage production?
They have antimicrobial properties and can help prevent mould
What is a consequence of the misuse of antimicrobials?
The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistant microorganisms
What is the coastline length of Bangladesh along the Bay of Bengal?
714 km
What is the growth rate of the fisheries sector in Bangladesh over the last 10 years?
5.38 percent per year
What percentage of animal protein intake in the national diet comes from fish in Bangladesh?
57 percent
What was the total fishery production of Bangladesh in 2015-16?
3 878 324 tonnes
What is the per capita fish consumption in Bangladesh?
24.08 kg per annum
What is the value of seafood exports from Bangladesh in 2016-17?
USD 526.45 million
How many fish processing plants are USFDA Green-ticketed in Bangladesh?
30 plants
What is the processing capacity of fish processing plants in Bangladesh?
350 000 tonnes
What is the main item of seafood export from Bangladesh?
Frozen shrimp
What is the primary focus of the study mentioned in the text?
Fish waste management and utilization
What is the primary purpose of adding a preservative to fish silage?
To stabilize the mixture and prevent spoilage
What is the benefit of using fish silage as a feed and fertilizer?
It provides nutritional and antimicrobial properties
What is the main advantage of fish silage production?
It converts fish waste into a valuable product
What is the result of the breakdown of protein in fish silage production?
Breakdown into free amino acids and small-chain peptides
What is the significance of feasibility studies on fish waste management?
To outline the potential production and utilization of fish silage
What is the primary material used in fish silage production?
Minced by-products or whole fish unsuitable for human consumption
What is the potential benefit of fish silage technology for the fisheries sector?
Reducing post-harvest waste and increasing economic value
What is the significance of fish silage in terms of environmental sustainability?
It reduces the environmental impact of fish waste
What is the estimated volume of fish and shrimp waste in Bangladesh per year?
40 796 tonnes
What is the purpose of the FAO Fish Product Safety and Quality project?
To strengthen capacities, policies and national action plans on prudent and responsible use of antimicrobials in fisheries
What is the significance of fish and shrimp in Bangladesh's economy?
They are the second most valuable agricultural crop
What is the current trend in fish production in the Philippines?
It is decreasing in recent years
What is the primary use of fish waste in Bangladesh?
As a source of income for local contractors
What is the purpose of the regional workshop in Manila, Philippines?
To assess fish waste management
What is the benefit of fish silage production in Bangladesh?
It offers a promising new development for animal feed production
What is the significance of the FAO Action Plan on AMR?
It aims to reduce the use of antimicrobials in fisheries
What is the purpose of fish silage technology?
To produce animal feed
What is the estimated percentage of fish production lost or wasted in the Philippines due to improper post-harvesting?
25-30%
What is the primary reason for the growing demand for feeds in Bangladesh?
Growing aquaculture and poultry industries
What is the advantage of fish silage production compared to fishmeal?
It has lower investment and running costs
What is the significance of fish waste-based silage in Bangladesh?
It can meet the demand from the aquaculture and poultry industries
What is the current state of the livestock and aquaculture industry in Bangladesh?
It is growing at a rate of 20 percent annually
What is the benefit of fish silage production from an environmental perspective?
It is more efficient and reduces waste
What is the composition of fish waste resulting from industrial seafood processing activities?
Offal of flesh, scales, skins, bones, entrails, shells, etc.
What is the significance of fishmeal in the feed industry?
It is a major source of protein
What is the benefit of using fish waste-based silage in the feed industry?
It ensures a steady supply of protein for the industry
What is the primary purpose of fish silage technology in the Philippines?
To reduce post-harvest waste and promote environmental sustainability
What is the main product of Surimi processing companies in Thailand?
Fishmeal as its main product
What is the primary use of snakehead fish waste in Thailand?
Local consumption
What is the benefit of fish silage production for small communities?
It reduces harmful and foul odours, and cuts the labour and operation periods required
What is the current status of fish waste management in Thailand?
It is well organized in large processors but limited in small-scale processors
What is the purpose of batch fish silage processing in the Philippines?
To facilitate the processing of waste by small-scale processors
What is the main challenge in implementing fish waste management in small-scale processors in Thailand?
All of the above
What is produced from tuna canning waste in Thailand?
Fishmeal, fish and bone meal, fish hydrolysate and fish soluble
Why is fish silage technology important in coastal areas of the Philippines?
Because it is especially useful in areas with no existing waste utilization facilities
What is the primary benefit of fish silage technology in the Philippines?
It promotes environment sustainability and reduces post-harvest waste
What is the primary contribution of seafood to Bangladesh's economy?
It contributes 3.65% to GDP
What is the significance of fish culture and consumption in Bangladesh?
It has important implications for livelihoods, employment generation, national income, and food security
What is the area of water resources in Bangladesh?
4.34 million hectares
What is the primary focus of inland aquaculture in Bangladesh?
Polyculture of native and exotic species
What is the purpose of fish silage production?
To produce a feed nutrient and a feed additive
What is the focus of the study by Rurangwa et al. (2014)?
Fish silage as a feed ingredient for fish and livestock
What is the purpose of lactic acid fermentation?
To evaluate the degree of protein hydrolysis
What is the benefit of using organic acids in animal feed?
They act as antimicrobials
What is the significance of formic acid silage in fish waste management?
It is a potential feed stuff for common carp
What is the purpose of fish silage production, according to Toppe et al. (2018)?
To turn fish waste into profit
What is the primary purpose of fish silage production?
To provide a valuable feed input for aquaculture and livestock
What is the significance of utilizing fish waste?
To provide a moral and economic imperative to fully utilize resources
What is the result of using fish silage as a feed ingredient?
Improved feed intake and growth in livestock
What is a common practice for fish waste management in small-scale processing units?
Preserving waste using acid silage
What is the purpose of adding acids or lactic-acid-producing bacteria to fish during silage production?
To bring about the hydrolysis of the fish mass
What is the significance of fish heads, frames, and belly flaps?
They are good sources of high-quality proteins and lipids
What is the purpose of fishmeal and oil production?
To produce a feed ingredient for aquaculture and livestock
What is the benefit of using fish silage technology?
It is a simple and inexpensive alternative to fishmeal and oil production
What is the result of fish silage production using fermentation?
A liquid mix of hydrolyzed proteins, lipids, minerals, and other nutrients
What is the significance of fish waste management?
It is a major problem in the fisheries sector with significant economic and environmental implications
What is the primary reason for the underutilization of seafood processing by-products in Bangladesh?
Insufficient raw material supply
What is the estimated percentage of waste generated by fish processing activities?
20-80%
What is the main benefit of utilizing fish and shrimp by-products?
Generating more earnings
What is the main challenge in using fish waste as feed for farmed fish?
Short shelf life
What is the most efficient method of preserving raw fish and fish offal?
Fish silage production
What is the main reason why the seafood industry is reluctant to produce fishmeal?
High investment cost
What is the primary advantage of fish silage production over fishmeal production?
Lower production cost
What is the current trend in the Bangladeshi seafood processing industry?
Increasing demand for value-added products
What is the main consequence of neglecting the potential of utilizing seafood waste?
Serious forms of wastage
What is the primary reason for the importance of proper waste management in the seafood processing industry?
Environmental concerns
What is the benefit of processing fish by-products into silage?
It can be safely used as agricultural fertilizer, biofuels, and feed for fur, zoo, pet or circus animals
What are Category 2 animal by-products of fish origin?
Dead and clinically ill fish with outer signs of disease and fish killed for disease control purposes
What is the significance of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety's assessment of the fish silage process?
It concludes that processing fish by-products into silage can inactivate non-spore forming bacteria and other pathogens
What is not inactivated by the fish silage process?
Mycotoxins
What is the purpose of the Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009?
To lay down health rules for animal by-products and derived products not intended for human consumption
What is the effect of the fish silage process on the genes that encode antibiotic resistance?
It inactivates the genes that encode antibiotic resistance
What is not destroyed by the fish silage process?
Mycotoxins
What is the category of animal by-products of fish origin that includes animal by-products originating from the slaughtering of fish for human consumption?
Category 3
What is the potential use of fish silage?
As a fertilizer and feed for fur, zoo, pet or circus animals
What is the advantage of the fish silage process in reducing microbial risks?
It can reduce microbial risks for both Category 2 and Category 3 animal by-products
What is the primary component of fish silage?
Hydrolyzed proteins
Which acid is considered a good choice for acid preservation in fish silage production?
Formic acid
What is the main reason for fully utilizing all resources in fish processing?
To meet the growing food demand and ensure sustainability
What is the result of using mineral acids in fish silage production?
All of the above
What are the by-products of fish processing that can be used for human consumption?
All of the above
What is the main purpose of converting unutilized fish parts into various products?
To create value-added products
What is the benefit of using lactic acid bacteria in fish silage production?
It converts sugars into lactic acid
What is the advantage of fish silage production?
It offers economic advantages
Why is investing in a fishmeal plant not economically viable at small-scale processing units?
Due to the requirement of at least eight tonnes of raw material daily
What is the effect of using fish silage as a feed ingredient or protein source?
It improves growth and performance indicators
What is the alternative to investing in a fishmeal plant at small-scale processing units?
Preservation of the raw material by acid silage
What is the benefit of utilizing fish by-products for human consumption?
They are rich in micronutrients and high-quality proteins and lipids
What is the purpose of adding a carbohydrate source in fish silage production using lactic acid bacteria?
To convert sugars into lactic acid
What is the outcome of fish silage production?
A liquid product
What is the main challenge in utilizing fish by-products for human consumption?
The perception of by-products as low-value items
What is the main benefit of fully utilizing fish resources?
Improved food security and sustainability
What is the primary benefit of using organic acids in fish silage?
To prevent the growth of microorganisms
What is the purpose of the FAO Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)?
To support the food and agriculture sectors in implementing the Global Action Plan on AMR
What is the effect of short-chain organic acids on microorganisms?
They inhibit the growth of microorganisms
What is the consequence of the misuse of antimicrobial agents?
The emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms
What is the primary mechanism of action of organic acids against microorganisms?
By altering the pH of the cell membrane
What is the significance of the study on fish silage technology and organic acids?
To prevent the growth of microorganisms in fish silage
What is the primary concern regarding antimicrobial resistance (AMR)?
The misuse of antimicrobial agents
What is the effect of organic acids on the performance of poultry?
They improve the growth rate of poultry
What is the main goal of the FAO plan to support the WHO Global Action Plan on AMR?
To reduce the spread of AMR in food and agriculture
What is one of the key areas of action in the FAO plan?
Building national capacities for the surveillance and monitoring of AMR
What is a benefit of using fish silage?
It can be used as agricultural fertilizer, biofuels, and feed for fur, zoo, pet, or circus animals
What is inactivated during the fish silage process?
Non-spore forming bacteria, C.perfringens, moulds, Saprolegnia, and viruses
What is the purpose of the ad hoc group appointed by the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety?
To assess the potential of fish silage to reduce microbial risks
What is degraded during the fish silage process?
DNA
What is a potential use of fish silage?
As agricultural fertilizer, biofuels, and feed for fur, zoo, pet, or circus animals
What is inactivated by the fish silage process?
Genes that encode antibiotic resistance
What percentage of GDP does seafood contribute to in Bangladesh?
3.65%
What is Bangladesh's ranking in freshwater tiger prawn farming?
Among the top 5
What is the purpose of the fish processing plants installed in Bangladesh?
For export-oriented processing
What is the estimated volume of fish and shrimp production in Bangladesh?
Increased by 53% since 2009
What is the main component of Bangladesh's seafood exports?
Frozen shrimp and fish
What is the significance of the Bay of Bengal in Bangladesh?
It supports a large artisanal and coastal fishery
What is the current trend in fish production in Bangladesh?
Increasing
What is the significance of inland aquaculture in Bangladesh?
It involves polyculture of native and exotic species
What percentage of animal protein intake in the national diet comes from fish in Bangladesh?
57%
How many seafood processing plants have been established in Bangladesh?
100
What is the total fishery production of Bangladesh in 2015-16?
3 878 324 tonnes
What is the annual growth rate of the fisheries sector in Bangladesh from 2004-5 to 2013-14?
5.38 percent
What is the per capita fish consumption in Bangladesh?
24.08 kg per annum
How many countries does Bangladesh export fish and fish products to?
55
What is the processing capacity of the seafood processing plants in Bangladesh?
350 000 tonnes
How many tonnes of fish waste are generated by processors and retailers in Bangladesh each year?
Thousands of tonnes
What is the value of fish exports from Bangladesh in 2015?
USD 605.87 million
What is the objective of the study mentioned in the content?
To evaluate the status of fish waste management and the potential of fish silage production
What percentage of the weight of fish and shrimp is constituted by inedible portions?
20-80%
What is the primary reason for the increasing cost burden of waste disposal in the fish processing industry?
Environmental issues
What is the economic benefit of utilizing fish and shrimp waste?
Generation of more earnings
What is the primary drawback of using fish waste to feed farmed fish?
Short shelf life
What is the most efficient preservation method for raw fish and fish offal?
Fish silage production
What is the primary driver of demand in the feed industry in Bangladesh?
Aquaculture industry
What is the expected outcome of the growing demand for livestock feeds in Bangladesh?
Increased demand for fishmeal
What is the primary benefit of fish silage production?
Longer storage life
What is the current trend in the livestock and aquaculture industry in Bangladesh?
Growing at a rate of 20 percent annually
What is the primary challenge in implementing fish waste management in small-scale processors?
High investment costs
Which of the following divisions has the highest number of processing industries?
Khulna Division
What is the primary purpose of collecting fish waste in Bangladesh?
To feed aquaculture species
What percentage of the surveyed industries were from the Khulna Division?
56.86%
What is the estimated volume of fish and shrimp waste generated in Bangladesh per year?
Around 75,000 tonnes
What is the price range for shrimp waste in Bangladesh?
USD 250 to 750 per tonne
What is the estimated annual volume of shrimp waste generated in Bangladesh?
23 190.24 tonnes
What is the primary source of fish waste in Bangladesh?
Sea fishing
What is the use of fish heads and gills in Bangladesh?
To sell for human consumption
What is the major seafood export from Bangladesh?
Shrimp
What tool was used to collect information from processing industries, feed millers, and farmers?
Semi-structured questionnaire
How many fish feed mills were visited to understand the feasibility and potential of fish silage as an alternative protein source?
12
How much of the raw fish is wasted during processing in Bangladesh?
10-30 percent
What is the estimated value of fish and shrimp waste generated in Bangladesh per year?
USD 40-60 million
What statistical method was used to analyze survey data?
Simple statistical methods
What is the primary component of seafood waste generated in Bangladesh?
Shrimp head and shells
What is the main species of fish used in aquaculture in Bangladesh?
Pangas catfish
How many out of 100 seafood processing industries were surveyed?
55
What is the purpose of fish waste management in Bangladesh?
All of the above
What is the purpose of the field investigations and surveys?
To estimate the waste quantity and understand fish silage production potential
How many landing centers are there in Khulna and Chittagong?
76 and 12 respectively
What percentage of operational cost for aquaculture is represented by feeding?
50%
What is the main constraint for aquaculture growth in Bangladesh?
Increased demand for fishmeal
What is the annual turnover of the feed industry in Bangladesh?
Over USD 12.5 billion
Why do seafood processors and feed millers want to use fish silage?
To reduce costs and find alternative protein sources
What percentage of seafood industries and animal feed millers have shown interest in silage technology?
Over 94%
What is the main advantage of fish silage production?
It reduces waste volume and is environmentally friendly
What is the current trend in fish production in Bangladesh?
It is increasing
What is the main problem with the local feed production in Bangladesh?
Inadequate raw materials
What is the primary use of fish waste resulting from industrial seafood processing activities?
Low-cost nutrient source for farm animals
What is the main hurdle for fish silage production?
Lack of knowledge on fish and shrimp silage technology
What is the significance of fish silage in the aquaculture and livestock farming industries?
It partially substitutes fishmeal without causing an impact on the growth of fish and livestock
What is the purpose of producing fish silage?
To alleviate environmental concerns
Why do seafood processors and feed millers want to partner with each other?
To reduce costs and find alternative protein sources
What is the main benefit of utilizing fish waste?
Reducing environmental pollution
Where are most of the fish and shrimp processing plants located in Bangladesh?
Khulna and Chittagong regions
What is the main advantage of fish waste-derived feed ingredients?
Good nutritive value
What is the purpose of reviewing research reports on fish waste management?
To compile the most up-to-date research
What is the primary goal of converting fish waste into useful products?
To alleviate environmental concerns
What is the main challenge in utilizing fish waste?
Lack of technology and infrastructure
What is the potential benefit of fish waste utilization in Bangladesh?
Reduced environmental pollution
What is a potential threat to the environment due to inefficient feeding practices in fish and shrimp farms?
Introducing potentially harmful exotic organisms to the farm's waters
What is a common use of fish and shrimp waste in Chittagong?
Feeding it to farmed fish
What is a major problem with fish waste management in Bangladesh?
Lack of record-keeping for export volumes
What is a significant impact of shrimp farming on the environment?
Salinization of surrounding land and waters
What is a common export from Bangladesh?
Shrimp shell and fish scales
What is a major social impact of fish waste management?
Nuisance factors such as odour and legal limitations
What is a common practice in Mymensingh?
Processing fish and shrimp waste to produce fishmeal and fish oil
What is a significant economic impact of fish waste management?
Contribution to industry-generated organic waste
What is a common use of fish heads and shrimp heads in Chittagong?
Selling them to local markets for human consumption
What is a potential consequence of inefficient fish waste management?
Pollution of the surrounding environment
What is the primary reason for separating muscle from shrimp carapace/shell and fish skeleton?
To prevent environmental problems in the pond
Why is it necessary to conduct a feasibility study on fish silage production?
To evaluate the economic viability of fish silage production
What is the purpose of providing sufficient hands-on training on fish and shrimp silage production?
To improve the skills of seafood processors
Why is it essential to establish an agreement between stakeholders associated with fish and silage production?
To ensure a consistent supply of raw materials
What is the primary purpose of conducting a pilot-scale fish and shrimp silage operation?
To refine the production process of fish silage
Why is it necessary to conduct a study on the growth performance, muscle quality, digestibility, and water stability of silage-based feeds?
To provide scientific evidence to support the use of fish silage
What is the primary purpose of providing financial incentives to fish waste stakeholders?
To promote the sustainable management of fish waste
Why is it necessary to develop an agreed structure for a fish waste utilization company?
To meet the needs of the entire supply chain
What is the primary reason for conducting workshops on fish and shrimp silage production?
To understand the views of stakeholders on fish silage and to recognize waste utilization as a high priority
Why is it necessary to ensure the proper transportation of raw fish and shrimp waste?
To prevent environmental pollution
What is the primary source of waste in aquaculture systems?
All of the above
What is a key environmental issue related to shrimp head drying yards?
Land use
What is a potential consequence of improper disposal of fish and shrimp waste?
Pollution of freshwater wells and aquifers
What is a consequence of improper fish waste disposal?
All of the above
What is a requirement for successful and sustainable environmental management?
All of the above
What is a common issue associated with shrimp-head drying yards?
Water pollution
What is a potential health impact of living near aquaculture farms and shrimp-head drying yards?
Unexplained symptoms such as sore throats and skin rashes
What percentage of seafood processors and animal feed producers have no awareness of fish and shrimp silage?
80%
What is a major environmental concern associated with fish and shrimp processing?
All of the above
What is a consequence of the direct application of raw shrimp head waste to aquaculture farms?
All of the above
Why do seafood processors in Bangladesh face increased costs?
Due to the recent tightening of environmental regulations
What is a common problem associated with fish and shrimp waste disposal?
All of the above
What is a challenge related to fish waste disposal in landfill sites?
All of the above
What is a potential impact of fish and shrimp waste on local communities?
Water pollution and health risks
What is a benefit of alternative means of disposal, waste reduction, and recycling?
All of the above
What is a major concern associated with the disposal of fish and shrimp waste in waterways?
Environmental concerns
What is a potential consequence of the pollution of freshwater wells and aquifers?
Health risks and subsistence economy impacts
What is a consequence of the incorporation of fish silage technology in Bangladesh?
New development for animal feeds production
What is a key issue related to fish waste management in Bangladesh?
Lack of awareness of fish and shrimp silage
What is a common issue associated with the management of fish and shrimp waste?
All of the above
What is the primary reason why fish silage is not an easy commodity to sell?
Competition with established products like fishmeal and soya meal
What percentage of seafood processors are willing to use fish and shrimp head silage as a protein source?
96%
What is the main challenge in establishing a fish silage production industry in Bangladesh?
Need for coordination and cooperation among industries
Why are Khulna, Chittagong, and Dhaka considered suitable locations for a pilot-based fish silage plant?
They have the largest number of processing industries and abundant raw materials
What is the main reason why fish silage production could be more profitable than fishmeal plants?
Lower production costs due to smaller quantities of fish waste
What is the main constraint in using fish silage as a protein source?
Guarantees of good feed performances and constant deliveries
Why is it important to establish waste transportation facilities for fish silage production?
To ensure a steady supply of raw materials
What is the main benefit of using shrimp waste as fresh animal feed?
It provides a nutritious feed for farmed fish
What is the main reason why fish and shrimp waste are sold to local intermediaries?
To feed farmed fish
What is the significance of studying fish silage-based animal diet performance in local farmed species?
To understand the potential benefits of fish silage for local farmed species
What percentage of Bangladesh's GDP comes from seafood?
3.65%
What is the significance of Bangladesh's waterfront?
It supports a large artisanal and coastal fishery
What is the estimated increase in fish production in Bangladesh since 2009?
53%
What is the main item of seafood export in Bangladesh?
Frozen shrimp
What percentage of the fish and shrimp weight is discarded as landfills at the processor's cost?
60 percent
What could be a consequence of neglecting the potential of utilizing seafood waste?
Serious forms of wastage
What is the significance of fish culture in Bangladesh?
It has important implications for livelihoods and employment generation
What is the main drawback of using fish waste to feed farmed fish?
Short shelf life
What is the total area of water resources in Bangladesh?
4.34 million hectares
What is the total fishery production of Bangladesh in 2015-16?
3 878 324 tonnes
What is the significance of Bangladesh's inland aquaculture?
It involves polyculture of native and exotic species
Why is the seafood industry reluctant to produce fishmeal?
High investment cost
What is the total export earnings from seafood in Bangladesh in 2016-17?
USD 526.45 million
What is the advantage of producing fish silage?
It requires less investment and running costs
What percentage of animal protein intake in the national diet comes from fish?
57 percent
What is driving the demand for feeds in Bangladesh?
Aquaculture and poultry industries
What is the capacity of seafood processing plants in Bangladesh?
350 000 tonnes
How many countries do Bangladesh export fish and fish products to?
55 countries
What is the benefit of utilizing seafood by-products?
Better utilization of resources
What is the significance of fish and shrimp in Bangladesh's economy?
It is a significant contributor
What is the approximate per capita fish consumption in Bangladesh?
24.08 kg per annum
What is the result of not utilizing seafood waste?
Serious forms of wastage
How many seafood processing plants have been established in Bangladesh?
100 seafood processing plants
What is the growth rate of the fisheries sector in Bangladesh?
5.38 percent per year
What is the benefit of fish silage production?
It can be stored longer in relatively less space
What is the value of fish exports in Bangladesh?
USD 605.87 million
How many tonnes of fish waste are produced by processors and retailers in Bangladesh each year?
Thousands of tonnes
What percentage of fish waste is utilized in Bangladesh?
Unknown percentage
What percentage of the raw material volume of the seafood industry is comprised of fish waste?
One-half
What is the primary purpose of fish waste utilization?
To alleviate environmental concerns and increase revenue
What is one of the current uses of fish and shrimp waste?
All of the above
What is one of the advantages of producing fish silage?
It alleviates environmental concerns and increases revenue
In which regions of Bangladesh are most of the fish and shrimp processing plants located?
Chittagong and Khulna
What is the primary source of environmental contamination in the seafood industry?
Seafood processing waste
What is one of the potential benefits of utilizing fish waste?
All of the above
What is one of the most common methods for the utilization of seafood processing waste?
All of the above
What is the significance of fish and shrimp in Bangladesh's economy?
They are a significant source of revenue
What is the primary goal of researching fish waste management?
To alleviate environmental concerns and increase revenue
What is the main reason why Khulna and Chittagong regions were selected for the study?
They are a significant source of fish waste and have rapidly developing aquaculture farming.
How many seafood processing industries were surveyed in the study?
55
What is the estimated volume of shrimp waste generated in Bangladesh per year?
23,190.24 tonnes
What is the primary source of information used to estimate the waste quantity in the study?
Field investigations and surveys
What is the purpose of conducting semi-structured questionnaire interviews in the study?
To understand the fish silage production potential
Which species of catfish is commonly farmed in Bangladesh?
Pangasianodon hypophthalmus
What is the main component of seafood waste generated in Bangladesh?
Shrimp shells and heads
How many fish feed mills were visited in the study?
12
What percentage of the total export is comprised of shrimp?
65%
What is the estimated annual volume of fish and shrimp waste in Bangladesh?
Over 75,000 tonnes
What is the statistical method used to analyze the survey data in the study?
Simple statistical methods
What is the location of the largest number of seafood processing industries in Bangladesh?
Khulna Division
What is the primary use of shrimp and fish waste in Bangladesh?
As animal feed
What is the purpose of estimating the waste quantity in the study?
To understand the potential for fish silage production
Which of the following is NOT a type of fish commonly exported by Bangladesh?
Salmon
What is the price range for shrimp waste in Bangladesh?
USD 312 to 1,800 per tonne
What is the main purpose of collecting fish waste in Bangladesh?
To feed farm fish
How many landing centers are there in Khulna?
12
What is the annual throughput of local fish markets in Chittagong and Khulna?
Over 2,500 tonnes
What is the ratio of waste generated in seafood processing in Bangladesh?
35-50% of raw material
What is a potential threat to the environment due to the feeding process in aquaculture?
Introduction of exotic organisms
What is a common practice in Chittagong regarding shrimp and fish waste?
All of the above
What is a product made from fish and shrimp waste in Bangladesh?
Fishmeal
What is a challenge facing the fish waste management industry in Chittagong?
Lack of raw materials
What is a social impact of the fish waste management industry in Bangladesh?
Nuisance odor and pollution
What is a use for fish heads and gills in Bangladesh?
Selling them in local markets
What is a type of fish waste exported from Chittagong?
Fish scales
What is a common practice in Mymensingh regarding fish waste?
Using it to produce fishmeal
What is a challenge facing the fish waste management industry in Mymensingh?
Lack of raw materials
What is a product made from fish waste in Mymensingh?
Fishmeal
What is a key environmental issue related to shrimp head drying yards?
Land use and visual pollution
What is a consequence of the improper disposal of fish waste?
Nitrogen deposition in surrounding areas
What is a major issue with the current way of managing fish waste in Bangladesh?
It is not environmentally sustainable
What percentage of seafood processors have some awareness of fish and shrimp silage?
16.36%
What is a major problem with the waste management practices of seafood processors in Bangladesh?
Lack of awareness of fish and shrimp silage
What is the primary concern with the disposal of fish waste in landfills?
It causes instability in the landfill sites
What is a key principle for successful and sustainable environmental management?
All of the above
What is a consequence of the sun-drying of fish and shrimp waste?
Visual pollution
What is a concern with the current practice of dumping fish waste?
It attracts pests and rodents
What is a key issue with the direct application of raw shrimp head waste to aquaculture farms?
All of the above
What is a common consequence of improper disposal of fish and shrimp waste in farms?
Increased water pollution
What is a potential health impact of living near aquaculture farms and shrimp-head drying yards?
Unexplained symptoms such as sore throats and skin rashes
What is a major environmental concern related to fish and shrimp farming?
Water pollution and contamination
What is a common issue with fish waste management in small-scale processors?
Insufficient land for disposal
What is a potential consequence of polluted wastewater from aquaculture farms?
Contamination of freshwater wells and aquifers
What is a major challenge related to fish waste management?
Landfill space issues and visual pollution
What is a potential impact of shrimp and fish waste on local communities?
Affected subsistence economies
What is a common issue with fish and shrimp processing plants?
Improper storage and disposal practices
What is a potential consequence of fish and shrimp waste disposal in waterways?
Contamination of waterways and rivers
What is a major concern related to fish and shrimp farming?
Environmental degradation and health impacts
What is the primary concern for the aquaculture and livestock farming industries in Khulna and Chittagong?
High-cost feed inputs
What percentage of seafood industries and animal feed millers have shown interest in silage technology?
More than 94 percent
What is the most expensive dietary requirement for aquaculture?
Protein
What is the current annual turnover of the feed industry in Bangladesh?
Over USD 12.5 billion
What is the main reason why fish silage can partially substitute fishmeal?
It makes use of aquaculture by-products
What is the main challenge for fish silage production in Bangladesh?
Lack of knowledge on fish and shrimp silage technology
What is the significance of partnerships between seafood and animal feed industries for fish silage production?
They can provide the necessary technical backup
What is the estimated annual volume of fish and shrimp waste in Bangladesh?
Over 37 983 tonnes
What is the main advantage of using fish silage as a protein source?
It is a more sustainable option
What is the current trend in the demand for fishmeal in Bangladesh?
It is increasing
What is a major obstacle in selling fish silage?
Competition with well-established products
According to the survey results, what percentage of seafood processors are willing to use fish and shrimp head silage as a protein source?
96%
What is a potential benefit of fish silage production in Bangladesh?
Providing a new protein source for animal feed
What is required for the production of fish silage on a broad scale?
A considerable level of coordination and cooperation within the industry supply chain
Why is it assumed that Khulna, Chittagong, and Dhaka could be suitable locations for a pilot-based silage plant?
They are home to the largest number of processing industries
What is a major challenge facing the production and use of fish silage in Bangladesh?
Insufficient training and equipment
What is the potential advantage of fish silage production over fishmeal production?
More suitable for small-scale production
What is the current status of fish waste management in Bangladesh?
It is recognized as an important environmental concern
What is the main reason why fish silage production could be more profitable than fishmeal production?
More suitable for small-scale production
What is a necessary step for the successful production and use of fish silage in Bangladesh?
Training and equipping seafood processors and feed producers
What is the primary reason for separating muscle from shrimp carapace/shell and fish skeleton?
To make the feeding process more efficient and environmentally friendly
Why is it recommended to conduct a feasibility study on fish silage production?
To conduct an economic analysis and create a marketing plan
What is the importance of having an agreement between different stakeholders associated with fish and silage production?
To ensure the reliable and constant supply of raw materials
What is the purpose of providing financial incentives to fish waste stakeholders?
To encourage the utilization of waste products associated with seafood production
Why is it important to conduct a pilot-scale fish and shrimp silage operation?
To test the feasibility of fish silage production
What is the importance of conducting growth performance, muscle quality, digestibility, and water stability tests on silage-based feeds?
To provide scientific grounds and confidence to fish and shrimp silage users
Why is it necessary to conduct workshops on fish and shrimp silage?
To understand the views of participants on fish silage
What is the importance of having a well-coordinated and collaborative approach in the fish and shrimp silage industry?
To achieve economies of scale and increase the value of the end product
Why should shrimp head and fish waste not be applied directly to the aquaculture pond?
Because it is likely to present many problems for the pond environment
What is the importance of having a drying yard for shrimp shells and other waste?
To prevent rodents, insects, and birds from accessing the waste
What is the main concern related to the increasing demand for seafood products?
Overexploitation of fisheries resources
What are the categories of fish losses during production, storage, processing, and distribution?
Physical, nutritional, and market value losses
What is fish waste typically composed of?
Whole fish or parts not utilized or consumed
Why is addressing fish waste management important?
To reduce post-harvest losses and maintain food security
What is one of the challenges in quantifying and qualifying fisheries post-harvest losses and waste?
Difficulty in tracking fish losses during production and distribution
What is a potential consequence of overfishing and overexploitation of fisheries resources?
Depletion of fisheries resources and reduced biodiversity
What is a potential solution to address fisheries post-harvest losses and waste?
Enhancing post-harvest handling and processing practices
What is the significance of fish waste management in the context of food security?
Reducing food waste to improve food security
What is the estimated percentage of fish production lost or wasted in the Philippines due to improper post-harvesting?
25-30%
What is the primary purpose of fish silage technology?
To reduce post-harvest losses
What is the purpose of fermenting fish silage?
To produce organic fertilizer for agricultural crops
What is the significance of fish silage technology in coastal communities?
It provides an alternative to fishmeal production
What is a potential risk of using spoiled raw materials for fish silage production?
Growth of unwanted microorganisms
What is the name of the program that provides facilities for proper post-harvest handling of fish catch?
TARGET programme
What is a potential benefit of fish silage technology in the Philippines?
Reduced post-harvest losses
What is the purpose of conducting a feasibility study on fish silage technology?
To evaluate the potential production and use of fish silage technology in three potential sites in the country
What is a potential use of fish silage?
As a feed ingredient for animal feeds
What is the name of the facility that can be used for fish silage production?
All of the above
What is a benefit of fish silage production for small communities?
Increased food availability and economic benefits
What is the significance of fish waste utilization in the Philippines?
It increases food availability without increasing pressure on existing resources
What is the purpose of the Community Fish Landing Centers (CFLC) project?
To reduce post-harvest losses and improve socio-economic conditions
What is the benefit of using BFAR Regional Training and Research Stations for fish silage production?
Accessibility to technical personnel
What is an advantage of fish ensiling in coastal communities?
It can be done first, with the more stable fish silage product stored and then sold later on, in bulk, to fishmeal plants
What is a criterion for selecting sites for fish silage production?
Availability of raw materials
What is the significance of the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI) in the Philippines?
It collects data from different parts of the country to quantify post-harvest losses and wastes
What is the potential use of fish waste in the Philippines?
All of the above
What is the potential use of fish silage in the Philippines?
As an organic fertilizer for agricultural crops
What is the potential risk of not controlling microorganisms during fish silage production?
Growth of unwanted microorganisms
What is the trend of total fisheries production in the Philippines from 2003 to 2017?
Increased until 2010, then decreased
What percentage of the total fish production in the Philippines is lost or wasted due to improper post-harvest handling?
High percentage, but exact figure not reported
What is the main component of solid waste generated by fish processing activities?
All of the above
What is the significance of fish and shrimp in Bangladesh's economy?
They are a significant contributor to the economy
What is the purpose of identifying potential case study sites for fish silage production?
To identify areas with high fish waste generation
What is the trend of production values in all fisheries sectors in the Philippines over the last 15 years?
Increasing
What is the main benefit of fish silage production for small communities?
It provides a cost-effective animal feed
What is the purpose of assessing the degree of utilization of raw materials and processing waste in the area?
To identify existing practices on the utilization of raw materials and processing waste
What is the significance of identifying facilities for silage production?
To identify areas with existing support systems for silage production
What is the main factor that determines the volume and value of raw materials available for fish silage production?
The presence of non-utilizable species regularly available
Which of the following fish species are not suitable for producing fish silage?
Sharks, skates, rays, and chimaeras
What is fish bycatch?
Fish or marine species caught unintentionally by a fishing method or gear
What is a potential use of non-commercially important, non-indigenous species in fish silage production?
To make these 'unwanted' species more useful
What is the primary advantage of using fish silage as a source of protein?
It is a good source of protein
What is the purpose of acid digestion and anaerobic fermentation in fish silage production?
To produce fish silage with satisfactory amounts and values of essential amino acids
What is the significance of fish silage in terms of its nutritional value?
Its nutritional value is comparable to that of fishmeal
What is a potential risk associated with fish silage?
There are risks associated with the product that must be considered
What is the significance of fish silage research in the Philippines?
It is a relatively new area of research in the country
What is a potential benefit of using fish silage as a source of protein?
It can help reduce the environmental impact of fish waste
What is the significance of fish silage in terms of its potential impact on the environment?
It can decrease the environmental impact of fish waste
What is one of the highly commercialized fish species in the Philippines?
Sardines
What is the primary use of fimbriated sardines in the Philippines?
Drying and smoking
How many bottled sardine processors operate in Barangay Sicayab, Dipolog City?
13
What is the name of the fish species locally known as 'tunsoy' in the Philippines?
Sardinella fimbriata
In which city are most of the Bali sardines used for bottling in the Philippines?
Dipolog
What is the approximate production volume of fimbriated sardines in the Philippines in 2017?
79 421 tonnes
What is the majority of the catch of Bali sardines from in the Philippines?
Zamboanga Peninsula
What is the purpose of conducting a survey among bottled sardine processors in Dipolog City?
To gather data on the current state of the industry
What is the role of the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) in the Philippines?
To implement and regulate fish products
What is the main purpose of utilizing fish waste and by-products in the Philippines?
To create new products for the food industry
What is the current status of fish silage technology in the Philippines?
Not widely recognized or practiced
What are some examples of products made from fish waste and by-products in the Philippines?
All of the above
What is a potential use of fishery by-products in the Philippines?
As a source of nutraceutical ingredients
What is a major concern associated with the increasing amount of fish waste in the Philippines?
The environmental impact of improper disposal
What is a benefit of utilizing fish waste and by-products in the Philippines?
All of the above
What is a product made from tuna canning waste in the Philippines?
Fishmeal
What is a potential use of fish waste in the Philippines?
All of the above
What is a benefit of utilizing fish waste and by-products for women in coastal areas in the Philippines?
All of the above
What is a challenge associated with fish waste management in the Philippines?
Improper disposal and treatment of fish waste
What is a potential application of fish waste and by-products in the Philippines?
All of the above
What is the average amount of processing waste produced by small-scale sardine processors in Barangay Sicayab, Dipolog City, during the lean season?
9.17 kg/day
Where is a potential site for fish silage production located?
Barra Fish Port, Barangay Barra, Dipolog City
What is the source of raw materials for fish silage production in the area?
Small-scale sardine bottlers
What is the average volume of production of medium-scale Processor 1 during the lean season?
125 kg
What is the potential market for fish silage in the area?
Local poultry/pig farmers
What is the primary use of Bali sardines in Capiz?
Fresh fish consumption
What is the volume of Bali sardines produced in Capiz in 2017?
2,643 tonnes
What is the average amount of processing waste produced by small-scale sardine processors in Barangay Sicayab, Dipolog City, during the peak season?
31.53 kg/day
What is the source of other input materials needed for fish silage production?
Local markets
What is the benefit of setting up a fish silage production facility in the area?
Generating additional income for small-scale processors
What is the potential use of oil extracted from silage?
As a substitute for commercial fish oil in aquaculture
What is the main reason why janitor fish has little or no market value as a food fish?
Due to its name
What is the primary habitat of janitor fish in the Philippines?
Laguna de Bay
What is the consequence of janitor fish invasion in the riverine ecosystem?
Reduction of fish catch
What is the potential benefit of utilizing janitor fish for fish silage production?
To control its population
Why is the janitor fish considered an invasive species?
Because it causes significant problems in the river ecosystem
What is the name of the river where janitor fish has recently been reported?
Cagayan River
What is the consequence of the rapid spread of janitor fish in the river ecosystem?
Unbalanced ecosystem and detrimental environmental effects
What is the primary use of janitor fish in the aquarium trade?
As an aquarium cleaner
What is the likely source of the janitor fish population in the Cagayan River?
Magat Dam
Where is the potential site for fish silage production located?
BFAR Agricultural Pilot Centre Fish Farm– Regional Office 2
What is the name of the two most important commercial tuna species in the Philippines?
Yellowfin tuna and Skipjack tuna
What is the name of the fish bycatch caught in General Santos City Fish Port?
Ipit
What is the percentage of edible meat in skipjack tuna?
62%
What is the purpose of utilizing tuna bycatch and processing waste in fish silage production?
To provide a supplementary feed for livestock
What is the potential market for fish silage in Tuguegarao?
Local poultry and pig farmers
What is the current situation with the use of tuna bycatch in General Santos City Fish Port?
Some locals process it into low-quality dried fish
What is the percentage of total Philippine production of skipjack tuna landed in General Santos City in 2017?
77.1%
What is the trend with yellowfin tuna landings in General Santos City?
It has been increasing over the years
What is the potential use of gills and other non-utilizable parts of fresh tuna?
In fish silage production
Why is it necessary to process Bali sardines immediately in certain communities?
Due to their high perishability
Where do the locals of Roxas City transport Bali sardines to for processing?
Pangasinan province for fermented fish production
What is the preferred condiment in Roxas City?
Shrimp paste (guinamos)
What is a potential challenge in using oily fish species like sardines for fish silage production?
The fishy taint in the silage caused by the rapid deterioration of oil during storage
What is the purpose of adding an antioxidant during the ensiling process?
To prevent the rapid deterioration of oil during storage
What is the potential benefit of using fish silage as an ingredient in aquaculture feeds?
It can result in similar or lower growth performance compared to fishmeal-based diets
Where are two potential sites for fish silage production in Roxas City?
Roxas Fish Port and Community Fish Landing Center (CFLC)
What is the current status of fishmeal facilities in Roxas City?
There are no operating fishmeal facilities in the area
Who are potential buyers for fish silage produced in Roxas City?
Local fish farmers and poultry/pig farmers
What is a consideration when producing fish silage from oily fish species like sardines?
The fish silage should be produced using non-fatty fish species
What is a potential environmental problem associated with the disposal of fish waste?
All of the above
What is a potential benefit of using invasive, non-commercially important alien species in fish silage production?
Maintenance of ecological balance
What is a potential economic benefit of fish silage technology for coastal communities?
Increased income for people
What is a potential market for fish silage?
All of the above
What is a potential social impact of fish silage technology?
Increased awareness of natural feed ingredients
What is a potential environmental benefit of using fish waste in fish silage production?
Reduced water pollution
What is a potential technical benefit of fish silage technology?
Improved waste management
What is a potential outcome of utilizing fish waste in fish silage production?
Improved ecological balance
What is a potential benefit of using fish silage technology in the Philippines?
Improved waste management
What is a potential advantage of using fish silage technology in small-scale processors?
Improved waste management
What is a potential advantage of introducing fish silage technology in the Philippines?
Reducing post-harvest waste
What is a proposed solution to the problem of invasive, nuisance fish species?
Using them in animal and aqua feeds through fish silage technology
What is a necessary step before introducing fish silage technology in coastal communities?
Studying the utilization of different raw materials
What is a potential benefit of using fish silage technology in small-scale processors?
Providing an additional livelihood option for fisherfolk and women in the community
What is a researchable area related to fish silage technology?
The biochemical characterization of fish silage
What is a challenge in implementing fish silage technology in small-scale processors?
Lack of awareness about the technology
What is a benefit of using fish silage technology in terms of environmental sustainability?
Reducing the pressure on limited wild fisheries
What is a necessary step in the implementation of fish silage technology in coastal communities?
Careful planning on how to set up the fish silage facility
What is a potential use of fish silage?
As a source of bioactive functional compounds
What is a challenge in the implementation of fish silage technology in small-scale processors in coastal areas?
Lack of awareness about the technology
Study Notes
Fish and Shrimp Industry in Bangladesh
- Fish and shrimp are the second most valuable agricultural crop in Bangladesh, contributing significantly to the country's GDP and total export earnings.
- Seafood processing industries in Bangladesh produce thousands of tonnes of fish and shrimp waste every year, estimated at 40,796 tonnes per year.
- Raw and fresh shrimp carapace are consumed by local people, while parts of shrimp shell, appendages, fish scales, air bladders, and fins are exported to some Asian countries.
- A proportion of solid seafood waste is used to feed aquaculture species, and fish silage production is a promising new development for animal feed production in Bangladesh.
Fish and Shrimp Industry in the Philippines
- Total volumes of fish production in the Philippines have been decreasing in recent years, but the value of fishery products still looks promising.
- Approximately 25-30% of the country's total fish production is lost or wasted due to improper post-harvesting.
- Fish processing activities generate 20-80% of solid waste, consisting of the head, guts, viscera, bones, fins, scales, and skin.
- Fish silage technology can be used in the Philippines to increase the productivity of the fisheries sector, reduce post-harvest waste, and promote environmental sustainability.
Fish and Shrimp Industry in Thailand
- Thailand is one of the world's largest fishery exporters, with fish products making up about 20% of total Thai food product exports.
- Major seafood exports in 2017 included canned tuna, processed shrimp/prawns, processed squid/cuttlefish, and canned sardines.
- Solid waste from fish processing consists primarily of the head and guts (75%), bone and meat scraps (16%), blood (6%), and whole rejected fish (3%).
- Fish waste management is well organized in Thailand, but its implementation and utilization in the small-scale sector is limited.
Conclusion and Recommendations
- The studies conducted in Bangladesh, Philippines, and Thailand identified the types of processing waste and by-products generated in each country.
- Fish waste management is practiced by large and industrial processors, but rarely practiced in small-scale processors due to lack of economic resources, knowledge, and skills.
- The use of fish silage technology and organic acids has not been studied or documented in these countries, but there is interest among the fishing communities to further explore this technology.
- A detailed study should be conducted before introducing fish silage technology, including the availability of raw materials, collection and storage, availability and use of acid, facilities and equipment, and market demand.
Fish and Shrimp Industry in Bangladesh
- Fish and shrimp are the second most valuable agricultural crop in Bangladesh, contributing significantly to the country's GDP and total export earnings.
- Seafood processing industries in Bangladesh produce thousands of tonnes of fish and shrimp waste every year, estimated at 40,796 tonnes per year.
- Raw and fresh shrimp carapace are consumed by local people, while parts of shrimp shell, appendages, fish scales, air bladders, and fins are exported to some Asian countries.
- A proportion of solid seafood waste is used to feed aquaculture species, and fish silage production is a promising new development for animal feed production in Bangladesh.
Fish and Shrimp Industry in the Philippines
- Total volumes of fish production in the Philippines have been decreasing in recent years, but the value of fishery products still looks promising.
- Approximately 25-30% of the country's total fish production is lost or wasted due to improper post-harvesting.
- Fish processing activities generate 20-80% of solid waste, consisting of the head, guts, viscera, bones, fins, scales, and skin.
- Fish silage technology can be used in the Philippines to increase the productivity of the fisheries sector, reduce post-harvest waste, and promote environmental sustainability.
Fish and Shrimp Industry in Thailand
- Thailand is one of the world's largest fishery exporters, with fish products making up about 20% of total Thai food product exports.
- Major seafood exports in 2017 included canned tuna, processed shrimp/prawns, processed squid/cuttlefish, and canned sardines.
- Solid waste from fish processing consists primarily of the head and guts (75%), bone and meat scraps (16%), blood (6%), and whole rejected fish (3%).
- Fish waste management is well organized in Thailand, but its implementation and utilization in the small-scale sector is limited.
Conclusion and Recommendations
- The studies conducted in Bangladesh, Philippines, and Thailand identified the types of processing waste and by-products generated in each country.
- Fish waste management is practiced by large and industrial processors, but rarely practiced in small-scale processors due to lack of economic resources, knowledge, and skills.
- The use of fish silage technology and organic acids has not been studied or documented in these countries, but there is interest among the fishing communities to further explore this technology.
- A detailed study should be conducted before introducing fish silage technology, including the availability of raw materials, collection and storage, availability and use of acid, facilities and equipment, and market demand.
Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular
- Published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in 2021
- Focuses on fish waste management and the potential production and utilization of fish silage in Bangladesh, Philippines, and Thailand
Background
- Fish processing industries generate a significant amount of by-products (20-80% of the fish)
- These by-products can be converted into various products, including fishmeal, fish oil, fish hydrolysates, fish collagen, fish sauce, fish biodiesel, and fish leather
Fish Silage
- A good example of a simple and inexpensive conversion process
- Produced by adding a preservative (usually an organic acid) to minced fish by-products or whole fish
- Breaks down protein into free amino acids and small-chain peptides, which have nutritional and antimicrobial properties
- Can be used as healthy feed and fertilizer
Feasibility Studies
- Conducted in Bangladesh, Philippines, and Thailand to assess the potential production and utilization of fish silage
- Identified existing good practices on the utilization of by-products and fish waste
- Provided insights into the potential production and utilization of fish silage in each country
Country-Specific Information
Bangladesh
- Fish and shrimp are the second most valuable agricultural crop and contribute significantly to the country's GDP and total export earnings
- Seafood processing industries produce thousands of tonnes of fish and shrimp waste every year
- Estimated 40,796 tonnes of fish and shrimp waste per year
- Fish waste is sold to local contractors at prices ranging from USD 312 to USD 1,800 per tonne for shrimp and from USD 250 to USD 750 per tonne for fish
Philippines
- Total volumes of fish production have been decreasing in recent years
- Estimated 25-30% of the country's total fish production is lost or wasted due to improper post-harvesting
- Fish processing activities generate 20-80% of solid waste
- Solid waste consists of heads, guts, viscera, bones, fins, scales, and skin
Thailand
- One of the world's largest fishery exporters
- Fish products make up about 20% of total Thai food product exports
- Major seafood exports include canned tuna, processed shrimp/prawns, processed squid/cuttlefish, and canned sardines
- Solid waste consists primarily of heads and guts, bone and meat scraps, blood, and whole rejected fish
Conclusion and Recommendations
-
The studies identified the types of processing waste and by-products generated in each country
-
Fish silage production is a promising new development for animal feed production in Bangladesh, Philippines, and Thailand
-
However, critical adjustments need to be made to establish the fish silage industry, including supply chain establishment and scientific studies on animal growth performance and muscle quality### Fish Waste Management and Fish Silage
-
Fish waste management is often practiced by large and industrial processors, where the waste is converted into fish oil and fishmeal, but rarely by small-scale processors due to lack of resources, knowledge, and skills.
Importance of Fish Silage
- Fish silage is a liquid product produced from whole fish or parts thereof, using acids or lactic-acid-producing bacteria, resulting in a hydrolyzed protein, lipid, mineral, and nutrient-rich liquid mix.
- Fish silage offers economic advantages, requiring simple technology and affordable materials.
- It can be a valuable feed input for aquaculture, poultry, or livestock, improving feed intake, growth, and performance indicators.
Production of Fish Silage
- There are two methods of fish silage production: using acid or fermentation.
- Acid preservation uses a combination of organic acids, such as formic acid and propionic acid, to preserve fish processing by-products.
- Fermentation uses lactic acid bacteria, such as Lactobacillus plantarum, as a starter culture, and requires a carbohydrate source like molasses or fruit processing waste.
Antimicrobial Resistance and Fish Silage
- Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global issue, threatening public health, and the use of fish silage can help reduce the spread of pathogenic microorganisms.
- Organic acids in fish silage have antimicrobial properties, acting as bacteriostats and bacteriocides.
FAO Action Plan on AMR
- The FAO Action Plan on AMR aims to support the food and agriculture sectors in implementing the Global Action Plan on AMR.
- The plan highlights four key areas for action: awareness, national capacities, governance, and best practices.
Fish Silage in Bangladesh
-
Bangladesh is a major inland fisheries producer, with huge water resources, and fish culture and consumption have important implications for livelihoods, employment, national income, and food security.
-
The country has a significant amount of fish waste, and the production and utilization of fish silage can contribute to more efficient waste management and improved livelihoods.### Bangladesh Aquaculture and Fisheries
-
Bangladesh has a suitable environment for freshwater tiger prawn farming and is among the top five fish cultivation countries.
-
The country has a large artisanal and coastal fishery along the Bay of Bengal.
-
Fish production has increased by 53% since 2009, with export earnings of USD 526.45 million in 2016-17.
-
The main items of seafood exports are frozen shrimp and fish.
Seafood Processing and Waste Management
- There are around 100 export-oriented fish processing plants in Bangladesh, with a processing capacity of 350,000 tonnes.
- However, thousands of tonnes of fish and shrimp waste are produced annually, leading to serious forms of waste and environmental issues.
- The waste can be utilized to produce fishmeal, fish oil, and fish silage, which can generate more earnings and reduce waste.
Fish Silage Production and Utilization
- Fish silage production is a cost-effective and efficient method for preserving fish waste, requiring less investment and running costs compared to fishmeal production.
- Fish silage can be stored longer in relatively less space than fishmeal while maintaining hygiene and nutritional quality.
- Fish waste-based silage could act as a potential protein source to meet the demand from the feed industries, particularly the aquaculture and poultry sectors.
Fisheries and Aquaculture Industry in Bangladesh
- The fisheries sector in Bangladesh has been growing steadily, with a growth rate of 5.38% per year from 2004-2014.
- In 2015-16, the total fishery production was 3,878,324 tonnes, with 1,048,242 tonnes from inland capture fisheries, 2,203,554 tonnes from inland aquaculture, and 626,528 tonnes from marine water production.
- The country exports fish and fish products to over 55 countries, earning a considerable amount annually.
Fish Processing
- Fish processing involves several steps: stunning, grading, slime removal, de-heading, washing, scaling, gutting, cutting of fins, filleting, and meat bone separation.
- 20-80% of waste is generated during processing, depending on the level of processing and type of fish.
By-Products
- By-products contain meat that can be used for human consumption, such as heads, frames, belly flaps, liver, and roe.
- These by-products are rich in high-quality proteins, lipids, and micronutrients like vitamin A, vitamin D, B vitamins, and minerals like iron, zinc, selenium, and iodine.
Utilization of By-Products
- By-products can be converted into various products, including fishmeal and oil, fish hydrolysates, fish collagen, fish sauce, fish biodiesel, and fish leather.
- At industrial-scale processing units, by-products are usually processed into fishmeal and oil.
- However, investing in a fishmeal plant is not economically viable at small-scale processing units, unless at least eight tonnes of raw material is available daily.
Fish Silage
- Fish silage is a liquid product produced from whole fish or parts thereof, using acids or lactic-acid-producing bacteria.
- The production of fish silage offers economic advantages due to its simple technology and affordable materials.
- Fish silage is a valuable feed input for aquaculture, chicken, or pork production, and its use has resulted in improved feed intake, better growth, and improved performance indicators in livestock.
Methods of Fish Silage Production
- There are two methods: acid preservation and fermentation using lactic acid bacteria like Lactobacillus plantarum.
- Acid preservation uses a combination of organic acids like formic acid and propionic acid to preserve fish processing by-products.
- Fermentation requires the addition of a carbohydrate source like molasses or fruit processing waste, along with a lactobacillus culture, to convert sugars into lactic acid.
Organic Acids in Fish Silage
- Organic acids have antimicrobial properties, acting as bacteriostats and bacteriocides.
- Each acid has its own antimicrobial potential.
- Organic acids are efficient in preventing mould growth.
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
- AMR refers to a condition where microorganisms become resistant to antimicrobial agents.
- Antimicrobials play a critical role in ensuring health and productivity, but their misuse contributes to AMR.
- AMR is a global issue of major concern, recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
FAO Action Plan on AMR
- The FAO plan aims to support the food and agriculture sectors in implementing the WHO's Global Action Plan on AMR.
- The plan highlights four key areas for action: improving awareness, building national capacities, strengthening governance, and promoting best practices.
Fish Silage and AMR
- Fish silage can reduce the spread of pathogenic microorganisms found in dead fish or fish killed for disease control.
- The process of converting fish into silage has been assessed for its potential to reduce microbial risks for animal by-products of fish origin.
- Fish silage can safely be used as agricultural fertilizer, biofuels, and feed for fur, zoo, pet, or circus animals.
Benefits of Fish Silage Process
- The process inactivates non-spore forming bacteria, C. perfringens, moulds, Saprolegnia, parasites, and viruses.
- It destroys C. botulinum and type E preformed toxins.
- The process also degrades DNA, inactivating genes that encode antibiotic resistance, but does not inactivate mycotoxins and prions.
Bangladesh's Seafood Industry
- Seafood is the second most important agricultural crop in Bangladesh, contributing 3.65% to GDP and 1.97% to total export earnings.
- Bangladesh is one of the world's leading inland fisheries producers, with huge water resources covering about 4.34 million hectares.
- The country has a coastline of 714 km along the Bay of Bengal, supporting a large artisanal and coastal fishery.
Fish Waste Management
- Thousands of tonnes of fish and shrimp waste are produced by processors and retailers each year within the seafood processing industries of Bangladesh.
- Neglecting the potential of fisheries by-product utilization leads to serious forms of wastage, when value addition and product diversification could bring significantly more foreign exchange earnings.
Fish Silage Production
- Fish silage production is an efficient method for preserving raw fish and fish offal, with investment in necessary equipment and running costs being two-thirds less than fishmeal production.
- Fish silage can be stored longer in relatively less space than fishmeal, making it a cost-effective and efficient method.
- Fish waste-based silage could act as a potential protein source to meet the demand from feed industries.
Aquaculture and Fisheries Sector
- In 2015-16, the total fishery production of Bangladesh was 3,878,324 tonnes, with 1,048,242 tonnes obtained from inland capture fisheries, 2,203,554 tonnes from inland aquaculture, and 626,528 tonnes from marine water production.
- The fisheries sector grew steadily over the last 10 years, with a growth rate of 5.38% per year.
Seafood Processing Industries
- Around 100 seafood processing plants have been established at different locations, with a capacity to process 350,000 tonnes annually.
- However, around 70 processing facilities have remained unused due to insufficient raw material supply.
Fish Waste Utilization
- Fish waste can be utilized to produce fishmeal, oil, and silage, or be used in the manufacture of organic fertilizer.
- The most prominent current uses for fish and shrimp waste include isolation of collagen and antioxidants for cosmetics, biogas, biodiesel, fertilizers, dietary applications, food packaging, and enzyme isolation.
Study Methodology
- A semi-structured questionnaire survey was conducted at seafood processing industries, feed millers, and farmers to collect information on waste quantity, current waste management status, and fish silage production potential.
- Field investigations and surveys were also conducted to estimate the waste quantity, known current waste management status, and understand fish silage production potential.### Fish and Shrimp Waste Management in Bangladesh
- In 2015-2016, Bangladesh's total export of fish products was 75,337 tonnes, with 65% being shrimp and 27% being fish.
- The seafood industry in Bangladesh generates an estimated 75,337 tonnes of fish product waste annually.
Current Practices in Fish and Shrimp Waste Management
- Shrimp and fish waste are sold to local intermediaries for local consumption and to feed farm fish.
- Shrimp heads, appendages, and fish scales are collected and exported to Asian countries.
- Fish waste is used to produce fishmeal and fish oil in some processing industries.
Social and Economic Impacts of Fish and Shrimp Waste Management
- Fish waste contributes to industry-generated organic waste, causing nuisance factors such as odour and legal limitations on its disposal.
- The pollutants generated by shrimp farming and aquaculture systems end up in the surrounding environment, affecting human health and the ecosystem.
- Inefficient feeding practices in aquaculture systems lead to environmental degradation and health problems for local communities.
Environmental and Technical Issues
- Fish waste affects the surrounding ecosystem, modifying natural food webs, reducing biomass, and causing water pollution.
- Processing effluents from fish and shrimp processing are high in biological and chemical oxygen demand, posing a risk to the environment.
- Landfill space issues, contaminated leachate, and visual pollution are significant environmental concerns.
Awareness of Fish Silage Technology in Bangladesh
- The use of fish silage technology is not currently practiced in Bangladesh.
- More than 80% of seafood processors and animal feed producers have no awareness of fish silage technology.
Potential for Fish Silage Production Technology
- There is a significant demand for protein and lipid ingredients in animal feeds.
- Fish silage can partially substitute fishmeal without affecting the growth of fish and livestock.
- Fish silage production can be a cost-effective and environmentally friendly option for the seafood industry.
Conclusion and Recommendations
-
The utilization of fish waste is necessary to reduce waste and environmental degradation.
-
Partnerships between seafood and animal feed industries are required to establish fish silage production.
-
A suitable alliance and agreement among seafood industries are necessary to secure raw material supply and implement fish silage production.### Seafood Waste Management in Bangladesh
-
Recognized as an important environmental concern
Fish Silage Production
- Suitable locations for pilot-based fish silage plants: Khulna, Chittagong, and Dhaka
- Two types of silage production technology required: one for fish silage and another for shrimp head silage
- Current stage: rudimentary, requires implementation and development
Improving Fish and Shrimp Waste Utilization
- Shrimp wastes: keep fresh shrimp head in ice until consumption, use to feed farmed fish
- Shrimp shells and other forms of waste: collect, dry, and export
- Shrimp head and fish waste: separate muscle from shrimp carapace/shell and fish skeleton, chop viscera/entrails into small pieces
- Avoid direct application of waste to aquaculture pond, wasteful and inefficient
Recommendations for Implementing Fish and Shrimp Silage Technology
- Conduct workshops on fish and shrimp silage, involving government authorities, academics, researchers, and industry stakeholders
- Conduct a feasibility study on fish silage production, including economic analysis and marketing plan
- Develop an agreed structure for a fish waste utilization company, meeting the needs of the entire supply chain
- Ensure reliable and constant supply of raw materials and sale of fish/shrimp silage through agreements between stakeholders
Training and Pilot Operations
- Provide hands-on training on fish and shrimp silage to seafood processors and shrimp waste buyers/middlemen/contractors
- Start pilot-scale fish and shrimp silage operations in Khulna, Chittagong, and Dhaka (later stage)
- Financial incentives required from public-private partnerships, governments, NGOs, and international donor agencies
Research and Development
- Conduct growth performance, muscle quality, digestibility, and water stability tests on silage-based feeds with commercial aquaculture species
- Provide financial incentives to fish waste stakeholders to utilize waste products associated with seafood production at the catching, processing, and retail level
Bangladesh's Seafood Industry
- Seafood is the second most important agricultural crop in Bangladesh, contributing 3.65% to GDP and 1.97% to total export earnings.
- Bangladesh is one of the world's leading inland fisheries producers, with huge water resources covering about 4.34 million hectares.
- The country has a coastline of 714 km along the Bay of Bengal, supporting a large artisanal and coastal fishery.
Fish Waste Management
- Thousands of tonnes of fish and shrimp waste are produced by processors and retailers each year within the seafood processing industries of Bangladesh.
- Neglecting the potential of fisheries by-product utilization leads to serious forms of wastage, when value addition and product diversification could bring significantly more foreign exchange earnings.
Fish Silage Production
- Fish silage production is an efficient method for preserving raw fish and fish offal, with investment in necessary equipment and running costs being two-thirds less than fishmeal production.
- Fish silage can be stored longer in relatively less space than fishmeal, making it a cost-effective and efficient method.
- Fish waste-based silage could act as a potential protein source to meet the demand from feed industries.
Aquaculture and Fisheries Sector
- In 2015-16, the total fishery production of Bangladesh was 3,878,324 tonnes, with 1,048,242 tonnes obtained from inland capture fisheries, 2,203,554 tonnes from inland aquaculture, and 626,528 tonnes from marine water production.
- The fisheries sector grew steadily over the last 10 years, with a growth rate of 5.38% per year.
Seafood Processing Industries
- Around 100 seafood processing plants have been established at different locations, with a capacity to process 350,000 tonnes annually.
- However, around 70 processing facilities have remained unused due to insufficient raw material supply.
Fish Waste Utilization
- Fish waste can be utilized to produce fishmeal, oil, and silage, or be used in the manufacture of organic fertilizer.
- The most prominent current uses for fish and shrimp waste include isolation of collagen and antioxidants for cosmetics, biogas, biodiesel, fertilizers, dietary applications, food packaging, and enzyme isolation.
Study Methodology
- A semi-structured questionnaire survey was conducted at seafood processing industries, feed millers, and farmers to collect information on waste quantity, current waste management status, and fish silage production potential.
- Field investigations and surveys were also conducted to estimate the waste quantity, known current waste management status, and understand fish silage production potential.### Fish and Shrimp Waste Management in Bangladesh
- In 2015-2016, Bangladesh's total export of fish products was 75,337 tonnes, with 65% being shrimp and 27% being fish.
- The seafood industry in Bangladesh generates an estimated 75,337 tonnes of fish product waste annually.
Current Practices in Fish and Shrimp Waste Management
- Shrimp and fish waste are sold to local intermediaries for local consumption and to feed farm fish.
- Shrimp heads, appendages, and fish scales are collected and exported to Asian countries.
- Fish waste is used to produce fishmeal and fish oil in some processing industries.
Social and Economic Impacts of Fish and Shrimp Waste Management
- Fish waste contributes to industry-generated organic waste, causing nuisance factors such as odour and legal limitations on its disposal.
- The pollutants generated by shrimp farming and aquaculture systems end up in the surrounding environment, affecting human health and the ecosystem.
- Inefficient feeding practices in aquaculture systems lead to environmental degradation and health problems for local communities.
Environmental and Technical Issues
- Fish waste affects the surrounding ecosystem, modifying natural food webs, reducing biomass, and causing water pollution.
- Processing effluents from fish and shrimp processing are high in biological and chemical oxygen demand, posing a risk to the environment.
- Landfill space issues, contaminated leachate, and visual pollution are significant environmental concerns.
Awareness of Fish Silage Technology in Bangladesh
- The use of fish silage technology is not currently practiced in Bangladesh.
- More than 80% of seafood processors and animal feed producers have no awareness of fish silage technology.
Potential for Fish Silage Production Technology
- There is a significant demand for protein and lipid ingredients in animal feeds.
- Fish silage can partially substitute fishmeal without affecting the growth of fish and livestock.
- Fish silage production can be a cost-effective and environmentally friendly option for the seafood industry.
Conclusion and Recommendations
-
The utilization of fish waste is necessary to reduce waste and environmental degradation.
-
Partnerships between seafood and animal feed industries are required to establish fish silage production.
-
A suitable alliance and agreement among seafood industries are necessary to secure raw material supply and implement fish silage production.### Seafood Waste Management in Bangladesh
-
Recognized as an important environmental concern
Fish Silage Production
- Suitable locations for pilot-based fish silage plants: Khulna, Chittagong, and Dhaka
- Two types of silage production technology required: one for fish silage and another for shrimp head silage
- Current stage: rudimentary, requires implementation and development
Improving Fish and Shrimp Waste Utilization
- Shrimp wastes: keep fresh shrimp head in ice until consumption, use to feed farmed fish
- Shrimp shells and other forms of waste: collect, dry, and export
- Shrimp head and fish waste: separate muscle from shrimp carapace/shell and fish skeleton, chop viscera/entrails into small pieces
- Avoid direct application of waste to aquaculture pond, wasteful and inefficient
Recommendations for Implementing Fish and Shrimp Silage Technology
- Conduct workshops on fish and shrimp silage, involving government authorities, academics, researchers, and industry stakeholders
- Conduct a feasibility study on fish silage production, including economic analysis and marketing plan
- Develop an agreed structure for a fish waste utilization company, meeting the needs of the entire supply chain
- Ensure reliable and constant supply of raw materials and sale of fish/shrimp silage through agreements between stakeholders
Training and Pilot Operations
- Provide hands-on training on fish and shrimp silage to seafood processors and shrimp waste buyers/middlemen/contractors
- Start pilot-scale fish and shrimp silage operations in Khulna, Chittagong, and Dhaka (later stage)
- Financial incentives required from public-private partnerships, governments, NGOs, and international donor agencies
Research and Development
- Conduct growth performance, muscle quality, digestibility, and water stability tests on silage-based feeds with commercial aquaculture species
- Provide financial incentives to fish waste stakeholders to utilize waste products associated with seafood production at the catching, processing, and retail level
Fish Waste Management: An Assessment of Potential Production and Utilization of Fish Silage in the Philippines
Background and Rationale of the Study
- The increasing demand for seafood products worldwide has led to concerns over the sustainability of fisheries resources.
- The Philippines, a major fish-producing country, faces the risk of overharvesting and overexploitation of fisheries resources.
- Efforts are needed to decrease fishing pressure while maintaining the supply of fish and fishery products.
- Fish losses occur during production, storage, processing, and distribution, resulting in physical, nutritional, and market value losses.
Fish Waste and Silage
- Fish waste refers to whole fish or parts of fish that are not utilized or consumed, including bycatch, physically damaged fish, and by-products from fish processing establishments.
- Fish silage is a liquid product made from fish waste, which is a good source of protein and can be used as animal feed, fertilizer, or as an ingredient in fishmeal production.
- Fish silage can be produced from various raw materials, including fish bycatch, seafood processing waste, and non-commercially important species.
- The nutritional value and amino acid composition of fish silage are comparable to fishmeal.
Potential Sites for Fish Silage Production in the Philippines
- Community Fish Landing Centers (CFLCs) of the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) are potential sites for fish silage production.
- Municipal fish ports and BFAR regional training and research stations can also be utilized for fish silage production.
- Criteria for selecting potential sites include availability and volume of raw materials, degree of utilization, facilities for silage production, fishmeal production facilities, and access to input materials.
Fish Production and Waste Generation in the Philippines
- The Philippines' total fisheries production has been decreasing since 2010, with the aquaculture sector contributing 52% of the total fish production volume in 2017.
- Fish waste generation is significant, with 20-80% of solid waste generated during fish processing, depending on the processing methodologies and type of raw materials used.
Existing Technology Used in Fish Waste Processing and Utilization
- Solid fish waste processing and utilization have a long history in the Philippines, with various products being commercially available, including fish crackers, dried marinated fish bones, and fish sauce.
- Fishery by-products are good sources of nutraceutical ingredients, and different fish species can be used to make fish protein concentrates and fishmeal.### Social, Economic, Environmental, and Technical Impacts of Existing Fish Waste Utilization
- Fish waste generates serious problems related to disposal and treatment, which can have deleterious effects on the environment and human beings if not done properly.
- Wise and efficient use of recoverable products from fishery bycatch, by-products, and processing waste can provide solutions to social, economic, and environmental problems.
- Additional income can be generated for women in coastal areas, leading to increased economic and social capital, and enabling them to meet their basic household needs.
Examples of Waste Utilization in the Philippines
- Wastewater from fish processing establishments can be used as a natural ingredient and fertilizer.
- Solid waste from fish processing establishments can be used to produce:
- Value-added food products (e.g., fish skin crackers, dried marinated fish bones)
- Condiments (e.g., fish paste from fermented fish entrails)
- Food additives (e.g., fish protein hydrolysates)
- Fertilizers from fish washings
Status of Fish Silage Technology in the Philippines
- Fish silage technology is not widely recognized in the Philippines, and there are no reported figures on the volume and value of fish silage production.
- Aquaculturists tend to use commercial fishmeal and other plant- or animal-based ingredients as protein sources instead of fish silage.
Potential Raw Materials and Sites for Fish Silage Production
- Sardines in fish silage production:
- Fimbriated sardines and Bali sardines are the most common and commercially important species.
- Sardine trimmings from small-scale bottlers can be used as raw materials.
- Potential site for fish silage production: inside the Barra Fish Port, Dipolog City.
- Oily sardines in fish silage production:
- Bali sardines can be used as an alternative raw material.
- Potential sites for fish silage production: Roxas Fish Port and Community Fish Landing Center (CFLC) in Roxas City.
Other Potential Raw Materials for Fish Silage Production
- Janitor fish (Pterygoplichthys spp.):
- An invasive species causing significant problems in river ecosystems.
- Ideal target species for fish silage production to prevent its massive invasion.
- Potential site for fish silage production: BFAR Agricultural Pilot Centre Fish Farm, Cagayan Valley.
- Tuna bycatch and processing waste:
- Yellowfin tuna and skipjack tuna landings in General Santos City can be used as raw materials.
- Potential site for fish silage production: General Santos City Fish Port Complex.### Tuna Bycatch and Fish Silage Production
- Locally known as "ipit", tuna bycatch is a small pelagic fish that is caught unintentionally and often discarded or processed into low-quality dried fish.
- The volume of ipit is estimated to be around 10% of the total landings of skipjack and yellowfin tunas.
- In times of glut, locals cannot process all of the tuna bycatch, making it a potential raw material for fish silage production.
Utilization of Tuna Waste
- Only 62% and 58% of skipjack and yellowfin tunas, respectively, are edible meat.
- Tuna waste, including gills and other non-utilizable parts, can be used in fish silage production.
- Fish silage facilities could be located inside the General Santos City Fish Port Complex, utilizing existing fishmeal facilities.
Potential Buyers of Fish Silage
- Local poultry/pig farmers in General Santos City and nearby municipalities are potential buyers of fish silage.
- Vegetable farmers in nearby municipalities and provinces could also use fish silage as a plant fertilizer.
Social, Economic, Environmental, and Technical Impact of Fish Silage Technology
- Fish silage technology can reduce environmental problems arising from fish waste disposal.
- It can promote a zero-waste management approach among small-scale and large-scale industries.
- It can help solve the problem of invasive, non-commercially important alien species, such as the janitor fish.
- Fish silage technology can provide added income to people in coastal communities.
Conclusion and Recommendations
- Fish silage technology is promising for increasing productivity in the fisheries sector, reducing post-harvest waste, and promoting environmental sustainability.
- Introducing fish silage facilities in coastal areas can provide additional livelihood options for fisherfolk and women in the community.
- Batch fish silage processing should be considered for small-scale processors in coastal communities.
- Studies are needed to increase local awareness of fish silage, its production technology, and potential uses.
Fish and shrimp waste in Bangladesh, its contribution to GDP and export earnings, and the volume of waste produced by seafood processing industries.
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