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Questions and Answers
What is the overall net production of NADH molecules in glycolysis?
Which molecule is responsible for activating phosphofructokinase in glycolysis?
What inhibits pyruvate kinase in glycolysis?
Which molecule regulates the production of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in glycolysis?
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What promotes the phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase in glycolysis?
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What is the role of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in glycolysis regulation?
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How does glucagon influence pyruvate kinase activity in glycolysis?
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Explain the activation and inhibition of phosphofructokinase in glycolysis.
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How is pyruvate kinase regulated in glycolysis?
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What are the products of the conversion of NAD+ and Pi in glycolysis?
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In glycolysis, fructose-6-phosphate is converted into fructose-1,6-bisphosphate by hexokinase.
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Dihydroxyacetone (DHAP) is converted into Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate (GA3P) by triose phosphate isomerase in glycolysis.
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Pyruvate is the final product of the glycolysis pathway.
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Fructose bisphosphate aldose is activated by high ATP levels and low AMP levels in glycolysis.
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Glucagon promotes the activity of pyruvate kinase in glycolysis when glucose levels are low.
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Study Notes
Glycolysis
- Glucose is converted into Glucose-6-Phosphate using one ATP molecule
- Glucose-6-Phosphate is converted into Fructose-6-Phosphate by Phosphoglucose isomerase
- Fructose-6-Phosphate is converted into Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate using one ATP molecule by Phosphofructokinase
- Regulation occurs at Phosphofructokinase, which is activated by AMP and inhibited by ATP
- Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate is split into Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate (GA3P) and Dihydroxyacetone (DHAP)
- GA3P is converted into 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate, which produces one ATP and one NADH
- DHAP is converted into Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate (GA3P) by Triose phosphate isomerase
- GA3P is converted into 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate, which produces one ATP and one NADH
- 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate is converted into 3-Phosphoglycerate, producing one ATP
- 3-Phosphoglycerate is converted into 2-Phosphoglycerate
- 2-Phosphoglycerate is converted into Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and Water
- PEP is converted into Pyruvate by Pyruvate kinase, producing one ATP
- Overall, one glucose molecule produces 2 pyruvate, 2 H+, 2 NADH, and 2 H2O
Regulation of Glycolysis
- Regulation occurs at Phosphofructokinase, which is activated by AMP and inhibited by ATP
- Regulation also occurs at Pyruvate kinase, which is inhibited by ATP and activated by Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate
- Fructose 2,6-Bisphosphate stimulates Phosphofructokinase and decreases the concentration of Fructose 6-Phosphate, reducing inhibition by ATP
- Glucagon promotes phosphorylation of Pyruvate kinase and inhibits it when glucose is low, preventing pyruvate production when glucose is low
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