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Questions and Answers

Which of the following prophylactic measures does NOT simulate normal muscle pump activity?

  • Graded-compression stockings
  • Calf compression devices
  • Low-dose subcutaneous heparin (correct)
  • Pneumatic devices

    • What is the primary goal of wound management?

  • To promote perfusion and oxygenation
  • To manage pain and psychological factors
  • To optimize the host (correct)
  • To evaluate for internal/external barriers to healing

    • Which of the following is NOT a component of wound assessment?

  • Etiology
  • Wound type
  • Patient's medical history (correct)
  • Wound location

    • What is the primary purpose of using ankle rests during surgery?

    <p>To relieve pressure on the heels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of nutritional support in wound management?

    <p>To support wound healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key aspect of pressure sore prevention?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the accumulation of secretions in the airways?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of deep breathing exercises in the prevention of atelectasis?

    <p>To expand the lungs and prevent collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical characteristic of mucopurulent sputum in bronchopneumonia?

    <p>Thick, copious, and green</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time frame for immediate post-operative complications?

    <p>1st 24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of surgery may require extensive physiotherapy?

    <p>Orthopedic surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for severe cases of diffuse atelectasis?

    <p>Endotracheal intubation and positive pressure ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the leading cause of death in surgical patients?

    <p>Cardiac complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication of anesthesia?

    <p>Respiratory complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key to treating arrhythmias?

    <p>Correcting the underlying medical condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a factor that reduces lung expansion after surgery?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of surgery may involve transfer to the CCU for 24 hours?

    <p>Cardiac surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of local anesthesia?

    <p>Delayed recovery of sensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical characteristic of breathing in adult respiratory distress syndrome?

    <p>Rapid and shallow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of surgery that can affect body image?

    <p>Surgery on head and neck, breast, or genito-urinary areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a classification of complications based on the time of occurrence?

    <p>Immediate, early, late, and long-term</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of late postoperative hemorrhage?

    <p>Infection which erodes vessels at the operation site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a systemic effect of a local anaesthetic agent that can occur due to excess dosage?

    <p>CNS depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication of spinal, epidural, or caudal anaesthesia that can be introduced by the needle?

    <p>Paraspinal infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major effect of general anaesthesia?

    <p>Cardiovascular collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a general complication of any operation?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for hemorrhage occurring during an operation?

    <p>Primary hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication of general anaesthesia that can occur due to an inappropriate choice of drugs or dosage in relation to age?

    <p>Cardiovascular collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for hemorrhage occurring several days after an operation?

    <p>Late postoperative hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of injury to diseased bones and joints from manipulation during surgery?

    <p>Fracture or further joint damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a predisposing factor for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism?

    <p>Previous venous thromboembolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical presentation of pulmonary embolism?

    <p>Sudden dyspnoea and cardiovascular collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical feature of deep vein thrombosis?

    <p>Homan's sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical presentation of occlusion of the ilio-femoral veins?

    <p>Diffuse and massive swelling of the whole lower limb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a method for preventing venous thromboembolism?

    <p>Early postoperative mobilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of pelvic masses?

    <p>Deep vein thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common predisposing factor for both deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Classifications of Complications

    • Complications can be classified according to the time of occurrence: immediate (within 24 hours), early (within 1 week), late (within 1 month), and long-term (after 1 month)
    • Complications can also be classified as general or specific to a particular surgery

    Post-Operative Complications

    • Pulmonary complications:
      • Respiratory problems can occur due to reduced lung tidal volume, lung expansion, and reduced cough reflex
      • Prophylactic measures to prevent venous thromboembolism include low-dose heparin, calf compression devices, and graded compression stockings
    • Circulatory complications:
      • Cardiac complications can occur, including ischemia, infarction, and arrhythmias
      • Hypertension is a key cause of cardiac complications
    • Wound complications:
      • Wound healing principles include optimizing the host, evaluating barriers to healing, promoting perfusion and oxygenation, and managing pain and psychological factors
      • Components of wound assessment include wound location, type, measurement, tissue color, drainage, odor, and surrounding skin

    Pressure Sores

    • Prevention and management of pressure sores include:
      • Relieving pressure on the heels using ankle rests and heel pads
      • Regularly changing posture and checking pressure areas
      • Managing incontinence and using special bed surfaces

    Respiratory Complications

    • Atelectasis:
      • Predisposing factors include shallow ventilation, loss of periodic hyperinflation, and inhibition of coughing
      • Prevention and treatment include deep breathing exercises, nebulizer bronchodilators, and endotracheal intubation
    • Pneumonias:
      • Typical form of chest infection in surgical patients
      • Symptoms include pyrexia, tachypnea, tachycardia, and cyanosis
      • Treatment includes antibiotics such as amoxicillin
    • Respiratory Distress Syndrome:
      • Characterized by rapid, shallow breathing, severe hypoxemia, and stiff lungs
      • Chest X-ray findings include pulmonary edema and pleural effusion

    Hemorrhage

    • Intraoperative hemorrhage:
      • Occurs during the operation and should be controlled by the surgeon
    • Early postoperative hemorrhage:
      • Occurs during the immediate postoperative period and indicates inadequate operative hemostasis or unrecognized trauma to a blood vessel
    • Late postoperative hemorrhage:
      • Occurs several days after operation and is usually related to infection which erodes vessels at the operation site

    Thromboembolism

    • Predisposing factors include:
      • Direct trauma to the pelvis and lower limbs
      • Previous venous thromboembolism
      • Pre-existing lower limb venous disorder
      • Venous stasis during general or regional anesthesia
      • Malignant disease
      • Immobility
      • Pregnancy
      • Obesity
      • Dehydration
    • Symptoms of deep vein thrombosis include swelling of the leg, tenderness of the calf muscles, increased warmth of the leg, and calf pain on passive dorsiflexion of the foot (Homan's sign)
    • Pulmonary embolism:
      • Classic picture includes sudden dyspnea and cardiovascular collapse, followed by pleuritic chest pain, development of a pleural rub, and hemoptysis

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