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Questions and Answers
What are the signs and symptoms of infection?
What are the signs and symptoms of infection?
What are some examples of cell injury?
What are some examples of cell injury?
Define neoplasms.
Define neoplasms.
An abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more than they should or do not die when they should.
What are the signs and symptoms of infection?
What are the signs and symptoms of infection?
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What is the cause of infection?
What is the cause of infection?
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What is immunity?
What is immunity?
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Define neoplasms.
Define neoplasms.
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What is the primary issue in neoplasms: Dysfunction in ________ and defective cell ________?
What is the primary issue in neoplasms: Dysfunction in ________ and defective cell ________?
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Study Notes
Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Disease
Pathophysiology
- Study of the functional changes that accompany a particular syndrome, disease, or condition
- Combines parts, processes, or aspects that carry out a common function
Key Terms
- Aetiology: the cause of a disease or condition
- Pathogenesis: the manner of development of a disease
- Risk Factors: something that increases the chances of developing a disease or condition
- Pathophysiology: the physiology of abnormal states
- Sequelae: conditions that are the consequence of a previous disease or injury
Infection
- Signs and Symptoms:
- Mal-odour
- Mottled skin
- Hyperthermia
- Exudate
- Chain of Infection:
- Causative agent
- Susceptible host
- Reservoir
- Portal of exit
- Portal of entry
- Transmission
- Conditions necessary for pathogen to cause infection:
- Pathogen invades host
- Host environment allows it to multiply
- Pathogen is not affected by the host's defense mechanisms
- Pathogen able to produce disease harmful to the host
Immunity
- Non-Specific (Innate) Immunity:
- Mechanical Mechanisms
- Chemicals
- Complement
- Interferon
- Cells (such as leucocytes)
- Inflammatory response
- Specific (Adaptive) Immunity:
- Involves antibodies (and antigens)
- T Cells (Cell-mediated immunity)
- B Cells (antibodies)
- Immune System Changes with Ageing:
- Thymic involution (shrinking of Thymus)
- Decreased cell-mediated immunity
- Decreased proliferative response of T and B cells
- Decrease primary and secondary antibody responses
Inflammation
- Definition: a sequential reaction to cell injury (e.g., cuts, burns)
- Mechanisms:
- Neutralises and dilutes the inflammatory agent
- Removes necrotic materials
- Establishes an environment suitable for healing and repair
- Types of Cell Injury:
- Heat
- Radiation
- Trauma
- Chemicals
- Allergens
- Autoimmune reaction
- Signs and Symptoms:
- Redness (hyperaemia from vasodilation)
- Heat (increased metabolism at inflammatory site)
- Pain (change in pH, nerve stimulation by chemicals)
- Swelling (fluid shift to interstitial spaces, fluid exudate accumulation)
- Loss of function (swelling and pain)
- Fever (increased muscle tone, shivering, decreased sweating and peripheral blood flow)
Neoplasms
- Definition: an abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more than they should or do not die when they should
- Types:
- Benign (non-cancerous)
- Malignant (cancerous)
- The Cell Life Cycle:
- An abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more than they should or do not die when they should
- Dysfunction in Cancer:
- Defective cell differentiation (cells don't or don't properly develop their specialised features)
- Defective cell proliferation (rapid increase in number, replicate)
Neoplasms (continued)
- Pathogenesis of Cancer Metastasis:
- An abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more than they should or do not die when they should
Pathophysiological Mechanism of Disease
- Pathophysiology refers to the physiology of abnormal states, including the functional changes that accompany a particular syndrome, disease, or condition.
- Aetiology refers to the cause of a disease or condition.
- Pathogenesis refers to the manner of development of a disease.
- Risk factors are something that increases the chances of developing a disease or condition.
- Sequelae refer to conditions that are the consequence of a previous disease or injury.
Infection
- Signs and symptoms of infection include mal-odour, mottled skin, hyperthermia, and exudate.
- The chain of infection includes:
- Causative agent
- Susceptible host
- Reservoir
- Portal of exit
- Portal of entry
- Transmission
- For an infection to occur, a pathogen must invade the host, multiply, evade the host's defense mechanisms, and cause disease that is harmful to the host.
Immunity
- Non-specific (innate) immunity includes:
- Mechanical mechanisms
- Chemicals
- Complement
- Interferon
- Cells (such as leucocytes)
- Inflammatory response
- Specific (adaptive) immunity includes:
- Antibodies (and antigens)
- T cells (cell-mediated immunity)
- B cells (antibodies)
- Immune system changes with ageing include:
- Thymic involution (shrinking of Thymus)
- Decreased cell-mediated immunity
- Decreased proliferative response of T and B cells
- Decreased primary and secondary antibody responses
Inflammation
- The inflammatory response is a sequential reaction to cell injury (e.g., cuts, burns).
- It neutralises and dilutes the inflammatory agent, removes necrotic materials, and establishes an environment suitable for healing and repair.
- Types of cell injury include:
- Heat
- Radiation
- Trauma
- Chemicals
- Allergens
- Autoimmune reaction
- Mechanisms involved in the inflammatory response include:
- Dilution of the inflammatory agent
- Removal of necrotic materials
- Leucocytes play a role in the inflammatory response.
- Signs and symptoms of inflammation include:
- Redness
- Heat
- Pain
- Swelling
- Loss of function
- Increased WBC
- Pus
Neoplasms
- Neoplasms are abnormal masses of tissue that form when cells grow and divide more than they should or do not die when they should.
- Types of neoplasms include:
- Benign (non-cancerous)
- Malignant (cancerous)
- The cell life cycle is disrupted in neoplasms, leading to:
- Defective cell differentiation
- Defective cell proliferation
- Pathogenesis of cancer metastasis involves the spread of abnormal cells from the primary tumor to other parts of the body.
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Test your understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms of disease, including key terms like aetiology, pathogenesis, and risk factors.
