Pathophysiology of Disease Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What are the signs and symptoms of infection?

  • Mal-odour, mottled skin, hyperthermia, and exudate
  • Limb swelling, necrosis, sweating, and dehydration
  • Hypothermia, erythema, SOB, and urticardia
  • Pain, pyrexia, pus (purulent exudate), erythema (red skin), and swelling (correct)

    • What are some examples of cell injury?

  • Heat (correct)
  • Trauma (correct)
  • Radiation (correct)
  • Autoimmune reaction (correct)
  • Allergens (correct)

    • Define neoplasms.

    An abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more than they should or do not die when they should.

    What are the signs and symptoms of infection?

    <p>Pain, pyrexia, pus (purulent exudate), erythema (red skin), and swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of infection?

    <p>Pathogen invasion and host environment conducive to pathogen multiplication that is not affected by the host's defense mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is immunity?

    <p>Immunity is the body's ability to protect itself from harmful pathogens and prevent disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define neoplasms.

    <p>Neoplasms are abnormal masses of tissue that form due to uncontrolled cell growth and division or failure of cells to die when they should.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary issue in neoplasms: Dysfunction in ________ and defective cell ________?

    <p>cell differentiation, cell proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Disease

    Pathophysiology

    • Study of the functional changes that accompany a particular syndrome, disease, or condition
    • Combines parts, processes, or aspects that carry out a common function

    Key Terms

    • Aetiology: the cause of a disease or condition
    • Pathogenesis: the manner of development of a disease
    • Risk Factors: something that increases the chances of developing a disease or condition
    • Pathophysiology: the physiology of abnormal states
    • Sequelae: conditions that are the consequence of a previous disease or injury

    Infection

    • Signs and Symptoms:
      • Mal-odour
      • Mottled skin
      • Hyperthermia
      • Exudate
    • Chain of Infection:
      • Causative agent
      • Susceptible host
      • Reservoir
      • Portal of exit
      • Portal of entry
      • Transmission
    • Conditions necessary for pathogen to cause infection:
      • Pathogen invades host
      • Host environment allows it to multiply
      • Pathogen is not affected by the host's defense mechanisms
      • Pathogen able to produce disease harmful to the host

    Immunity

    • Non-Specific (Innate) Immunity:
      • Mechanical Mechanisms
      • Chemicals
      • Complement
      • Interferon
      • Cells (such as leucocytes)
      • Inflammatory response
    • Specific (Adaptive) Immunity:
      • Involves antibodies (and antigens)
      • T Cells (Cell-mediated immunity)
      • B Cells (antibodies)
    • Immune System Changes with Ageing:
      • Thymic involution (shrinking of Thymus)
      • Decreased cell-mediated immunity
      • Decreased proliferative response of T and B cells
      • Decrease primary and secondary antibody responses

    Inflammation

    • Definition: a sequential reaction to cell injury (e.g., cuts, burns)
    • Mechanisms:
      • Neutralises and dilutes the inflammatory agent
      • Removes necrotic materials
      • Establishes an environment suitable for healing and repair
    • Types of Cell Injury:
      • Heat
      • Radiation
      • Trauma
      • Chemicals
      • Allergens
      • Autoimmune reaction
    • Signs and Symptoms:
      • Redness (hyperaemia from vasodilation)
      • Heat (increased metabolism at inflammatory site)
      • Pain (change in pH, nerve stimulation by chemicals)
      • Swelling (fluid shift to interstitial spaces, fluid exudate accumulation)
      • Loss of function (swelling and pain)
      • Fever (increased muscle tone, shivering, decreased sweating and peripheral blood flow)

    Neoplasms

    • Definition: an abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more than they should or do not die when they should
    • Types:
      • Benign (non-cancerous)
      • Malignant (cancerous)
    • The Cell Life Cycle:
      • An abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more than they should or do not die when they should
    • Dysfunction in Cancer:
      • Defective cell differentiation (cells don't or don't properly develop their specialised features)
      • Defective cell proliferation (rapid increase in number, replicate)

    Neoplasms (continued)

    • Pathogenesis of Cancer Metastasis:
      • An abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more than they should or do not die when they should

    Pathophysiological Mechanism of Disease

    • Pathophysiology refers to the physiology of abnormal states, including the functional changes that accompany a particular syndrome, disease, or condition.
    • Aetiology refers to the cause of a disease or condition.
    • Pathogenesis refers to the manner of development of a disease.
    • Risk factors are something that increases the chances of developing a disease or condition.
    • Sequelae refer to conditions that are the consequence of a previous disease or injury.

    Infection

    • Signs and symptoms of infection include mal-odour, mottled skin, hyperthermia, and exudate.
    • The chain of infection includes:
      • Causative agent
      • Susceptible host
      • Reservoir
      • Portal of exit
      • Portal of entry
      • Transmission
    • For an infection to occur, a pathogen must invade the host, multiply, evade the host's defense mechanisms, and cause disease that is harmful to the host.

    Immunity

    • Non-specific (innate) immunity includes:
      • Mechanical mechanisms
      • Chemicals
      • Complement
      • Interferon
      • Cells (such as leucocytes)
      • Inflammatory response
    • Specific (adaptive) immunity includes:
      • Antibodies (and antigens)
      • T cells (cell-mediated immunity)
      • B cells (antibodies)
    • Immune system changes with ageing include:
      • Thymic involution (shrinking of Thymus)
      • Decreased cell-mediated immunity
      • Decreased proliferative response of T and B cells
      • Decreased primary and secondary antibody responses

    Inflammation

    • The inflammatory response is a sequential reaction to cell injury (e.g., cuts, burns).
    • It neutralises and dilutes the inflammatory agent, removes necrotic materials, and establishes an environment suitable for healing and repair.
    • Types of cell injury include:
      • Heat
      • Radiation
      • Trauma
      • Chemicals
      • Allergens
      • Autoimmune reaction
    • Mechanisms involved in the inflammatory response include:
      • Dilution of the inflammatory agent
      • Removal of necrotic materials
    • Leucocytes play a role in the inflammatory response.
    • Signs and symptoms of inflammation include:
      • Redness
      • Heat
      • Pain
      • Swelling
      • Loss of function
      • Increased WBC
      • Pus

    Neoplasms

    • Neoplasms are abnormal masses of tissue that form when cells grow and divide more than they should or do not die when they should.
    • Types of neoplasms include:
      • Benign (non-cancerous)
      • Malignant (cancerous)
    • The cell life cycle is disrupted in neoplasms, leading to:
      • Defective cell differentiation
      • Defective cell proliferation
    • Pathogenesis of cancer metastasis involves the spread of abnormal cells from the primary tumor to other parts of the body.

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    Description

    Test your understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms of disease, including key terms like aetiology, pathogenesis, and risk factors.

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