Pathophysiology Chapter 01 ( midterm)

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following would be the most likely cause of an iatrogenic disease?

  • An unwanted effect of a prescribed drug (correct)
  • An inherited disorder
  • A combination of specific etiological factors
  • Prolonged exposure to toxic chemicals in the environment

The manifestations of a disease are best defined as the

  • factors that precipitate an acute episode of a chronic illness.
  • early indicators of the prodromal stage of infection.
  • signs and symptoms of a disease. (correct)
  • subjective feelings of discomfort during a chronic illness.

The best definition of the term prognosis is the

  • precipitating factors causing an acute episode.
  • exacerbations occurring during chronic illness.
  • number of remissions to be expected during the course of a chronic illness.
  • predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery from a specific disease. (correct)

Which of the following is considered a systemic sign of disease?

<p>Fever (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Etiology is defined as the study of the

<p>causes of a disease. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A type of cellular adaptation in which there is a decrease in cell size is referred to as

<p>atrophy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A change in a tissue marked by cells that vary in size and shape and show increased mitotic figures would be called

<p>dysplasia. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A deficit of oxygen in the cells usually due to respiratory or circulatory problems is called

<p>ischemia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a group of cells in the body dies, the change is called

<p>necrosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rigorous weightlifting/body building regimens may result in the skeletal muscle cells undergoing

<p>hypertrophy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term cancer refers to

<p>malignant neoplasm. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To which of the following does the term apoptosis refer?

<p>Preprogrammed cell self-destruction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

<p>Damaged cells may be able to repair themselves. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Caseation necrosis refers to an area where

<p>dead cells form a thick cheesy substance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Routine application of sun block to skin would be an example of

<p>a preventive measure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A circumstance that causes a sudden acute episode of a chronic disease to occur is termed

<p>precipitating factor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term homeostasis refers to

<p>maintenance of a stable internal environment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used to describe a new and secondary or additional problem that arises after the original disease has been established?

<p>Complication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pathophysiology involves the study of

<p>functional or structural changes resulting from disease processes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the best definition of epidemiology?

<p>The science of tracking the occurrence and distribution of diseases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can cause cell injury or death?

  1. Hypoxia
  2. Exposure to excessive cold
  3. Excessive pressure on a tissue
  4. Chemical toxins

<p>1, 2, 3, 4 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are part of the Seven Steps to Health EXCEPT:

<p>Participate in strenuous exercise on a regular daily basis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term disease refers to

<p>a deviation from the normal state of health and function. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A collection of signs and symptoms, often affecting more than one organ or system, that usually occur together in response to a certain condition is referred to as a(an)

<p>syndrome. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All of the following statements are correct about cell damage EXCEPT:

<p>Initially, cell damage does not change cell metabolism, structure, or function. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions distinguishes double blind studies used in health research?

<p>Neither the members of the control group or the experimental group nor the person administering the treatment knows who is receiving the experimental therapy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the data collected from the research process confirm that the new treatment has increased effectiveness and is safe, this is called

<p>evidence-based research. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A short-term illness that develops very quickly with perhaps a high fever or severe pain is called

<p>acute. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term prognosis refers to the

<p>expected outcome of the disease. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When prolonged ischemia occurs to an area of the heart, the resulting damage is referred to as

<p>infarction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the evaluation process for a new therapy's effectiveness and safety, a double blind study may be conducted during

<p>the third stage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are the predisposing factors for a specific disease important to health professionals?

<p>To develop preventive measures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cell damage may be caused by exogenous sources such as

<p>certain food additives. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is usually included in a medical history? 1.past illnesses or surgeries 2. current illnesses, acute, and chronic 3. Prescribed medication or other treatments 4. Nonprescription drugs and herbal remedies 5. current allergies

<p>1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A situation when there is a higher than expected number of cases of an infectious disease within a given area is called a/an

<p>epidemic. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term pathogenesis refers to

<p>the development of a disease or sequence of events related to tissue changes involved in the disease process. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A therapy that has been approved for use and may show additional potential to treat a different disease is termed "___" use.

<p>off-label (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A potential unwanted outcome of a primary condition, such as paralysis following the recovery from a stroke, is referred to as

<p>sequelae. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An infectious disease that spreads over wide regions of the globe is called a(an)

<p>pandemic. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The type of necrosis that occurs when cell proteins are altered or denatured is referred to as

<p>coagulative necrosis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Iatrogenic disease

A disease caused by medical treatment or intervention.

Manifestations of disease

The signs and symptoms displayed by a disease.

Prognosis

The predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery from a specific disease.

Systemic sign of disease

A sign that affects the whole body, like fever.

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Etiology

The study of the causes of diseases.

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Atrophy

A decrease in cell size as a cellular adaptation.

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Dysplasia

Abnormal growth of cells marked by irregular size and shape.

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Ischemia

A deficit of oxygen in the cells, usually due to circulation issues.

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Necrosis

Death of a group of cells in the body.

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Hypertrophy

Increase in cell size due to increased workload.

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Cancer

Malignant neoplasm characterized by uncontrolled cell growth.

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Apoptosis

Preprogrammed cell self-destruction.

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Cell damage recovery

Damaged cells may be able to repair themselves if the cause of damage is removed.

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Caseation necrosis

Dead cells form a thick cheesy substance.

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Preventive measure

Actions taken to prevent disease.

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Precipitating factor

A circumstance that causes an acute episode of a chronic disease.

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Homeostasis

Maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body.

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Complication

A new problem that arises as a consequence of a disease.

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Pathophysiology

Study of functional changes resulting from disease processes.

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Epidemiology

The science of tracking the occurrence and distribution of diseases.

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Cell injury causes

Factors like hypoxia, cold exposure, and chemical toxins can cause cell injury or death.

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Medical history components

Includes past and current illnesses, surgeries, and medications.

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Epidemic

A situation with a higher than expected number of disease cases in a specific area.

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Pathogenesis

Sequence of events involved in the development of a disease.

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Off-label use

Therapy approved for one use, may treat another disease.

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Sequelae

Complication from a primary condition, like aftermath effects.

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Pandemic

An infectious disease spreading widely across regions or globally.

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Coagulative necrosis

Necrosis where cell proteins are altered or denatured.

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Study Notes

Chapter 01: Introduction to Pathophysiology

  • Iatrogenic Disease: An unwanted effect of a prescribed drug is the most likely cause of an iatrogenic disease.
  • Disease Manifestations: Signs and symptoms of a disease.
  • Prognosis: The predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery from a disease.
  • Systemic Sign of Disease: Fever is a systemic sign of disease.
  • Etiology: The study of the causes of a disease.
  • Cellular Adaptation - Atrophy: A decrease in cell size.
  • Cellular Adaptation - Dysplasia: A change in a tissue marked by cells that vary in size and shape, and show increased mitotic figures.
  • Ischemia: A deficit of oxygen in the cells, usually due to respiratory or circulatory problems.
  • Necrosis: The death of a group of cells.
  • Hypertrophy: An increase in cell size.
  • Malignant Neoplasm: Cancer.
  • Apoptosis: Preprogrammed cell self-destruction.
  • Homeostasis: The maintenance of a stable internal environment.
  • Complication: A secondary problem that arises after the original disease is established.
  • Pathophysiology: The study of functional or structural changes resulting from disease processes.
  • Epidemiology: The science of tracking the occurrence and distribution of diseases.
  • Causes of Cell Injury/Death: Hypoxia, exposure to excessive cold, excessive pressure, and chemical toxins.
  • Seven Steps to Health (Except): Participating in strenuous exercise daily is not part of the Seven Steps to Health.
  • Disease: A deviation from the normal state of health and function.
  • Syndrome: A collection of signs and symptoms that usually occur together in response to a certain condition.
  • Cell Damage: Initial cell damage alters metabolic reactions. If the damaging factor is removed quickly, the cell often recovers. If the factor is prolonged, damage becomes irreversible and the cell dies.
  • Double-Blind Studies: Neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving the experimental therapy or placebo.
  • Prognosis (Again): The expected outcome or the course of a disease.
  • Acute Illness: A short-term illness that develops rapidly, often with high fever or severe pain.
  • Pandemic: An infectious disease that affects a large number of people over wide regions of the globe.
  • Necrosis (Types): Coagulative necrosis involves the alteration/denaturation of cell proteins.

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