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Questions and Answers
Lymph is
Lymph is
- Transcellular fluid
- Interstitial fluid (correct)
- Perivascular fluid
- Intracellular fluid
Blood platelet accumulation and aggregation, which in turn causes blood clotting in response to an injury of the blood vessels is an example of:
Blood platelet accumulation and aggregation, which in turn causes blood clotting in response to an injury of the blood vessels is an example of:
- Negative feedback loop
- Positive feedback loop (correct)
- Both positive and negative feedback loops
- Basic principle of homeostasis
The main cations of the extracellular environment
The main cations of the extracellular environment
- Na+ and Ca+ (correct)
- HCO3 and Na+
- Ca+ and K+
- K+ and Na+
The membrane potential is:
The membrane potential is:
What will happen to erythrocytes if hypertonic (high salt concentration) fluid is administered?
What will happen to erythrocytes if hypertonic (high salt concentration) fluid is administered?
Which is NOT a passive transport?
Which is NOT a passive transport?
What a carrier protein called a symporter does?
What a carrier protein called a symporter does?
Which are the secondary lymphatic organs?
Which are the secondary lymphatic organs?
What type of immunity is immunization?
What type of immunity is immunization?
Humoral immunity is ensured by:
Humoral immunity is ensured by:
Humoral regulation is fast and provided by hormones, biological active substances and metabolic end products
Humoral regulation is fast and provided by hormones, biological active substances and metabolic end products
Nocireceptors respond to:
Nocireceptors respond to:
Which statement gives the best description about an acute experiment?
Which statement gives the best description about an acute experiment?
Which statement about integral membrane proteins is true?
Which statement about integral membrane proteins is true?
Which substances of the biological membrane are very important in recognition processes so the immune system doesn't attack these cells?
Which substances of the biological membrane are very important in recognition processes so the immune system doesn't attack these cells?
Blood pH, oncotic pressure, hematocrit, blood glucose level are ALL the parameter of homeostasis of the internal environment.
Blood pH, oncotic pressure, hematocrit, blood glucose level are ALL the parameter of homeostasis of the internal environment.
Which of these substances can go through the biological membrane without any difficulties?
Which of these substances can go through the biological membrane without any difficulties?
Which is the example of primary active transport of substances?
Which is the example of primary active transport of substances?
What factors impact the membrane permeability?
What factors impact the membrane permeability?
Which substances can cross biological membrane without difficulties?
Which substances can cross biological membrane without difficulties?
What are components of the reflex arch?
What are components of the reflex arch?
What are the three types of homeostatic regulation in the body's internal environment?
What are the three types of homeostatic regulation in the body's internal environment?
What is supramaximal stimulus?
What is supramaximal stimulus?
What changes occur in a cell during depolarisation?
What changes occur in a cell during depolarisation?
Which statement about smooth muscles compared to skeletal muscles is NOT correct?
Which statement about smooth muscles compared to skeletal muscles is NOT correct?
Multi-unit smooth muscle is found in:
Multi-unit smooth muscle is found in:
What is a sarcomere?
What is a sarcomere?
What is NOT a source of energy in aerobic system - oxidative phosphorylation?
What is NOT a source of energy in aerobic system - oxidative phosphorylation?
Which statement about isometric muscle contraction is correct?
Which statement about isometric muscle contraction is correct?
Which statement about dendrites is NOT correct?
Which statement about dendrites is NOT correct?
Which substance Is used in electrical synapses to transmit an electrical signal?
Which substance Is used in electrical synapses to transmit an electrical signal?
Is spatial summation described as a process where a single presynaptic neuron fires many times in succession, causing the postsynaptic neuron to reach its threshold and fire?
Is spatial summation described as a process where a single presynaptic neuron fires many times in succession, causing the postsynaptic neuron to reach its threshold and fire?
Which is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain and spinal cord?
Which is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain and spinal cord?
Antagonists reduce the activity of receptors by inhibiting their constitutive activity
Antagonists reduce the activity of receptors by inhibiting their constitutive activity
Which structure of the brain modulates the distribution of action potentials, acting as a relay and coordinating communication between different brain regions?
Which structure of the brain modulates the distribution of action potentials, acting as a relay and coordinating communication between different brain regions?
What does brain stem consist of?
What does brain stem consist of?
Which statement about humoral transport in hypothalamus is correct?
Which statement about humoral transport in hypothalamus is correct?
Lethargic sleep can occur if damage is:
Lethargic sleep can occur if damage is:
What is a nerve center
What is a nerve center
Cerebellum takes part in regulation of quick and precise movement
Cerebellum takes part in regulation of quick and precise movement
Sadness, grief, depression are:
Sadness, grief, depression are:
Which are acetylcholine receptors?
Which are acetylcholine receptors?
What are the functions of hypothalamus?
What are the functions of hypothalamus?
Where can you find cholinergic receptors?
Where can you find cholinergic receptors?
What is paracrine secretion?
What is paracrine secretion?
Which of these are amine hormones?
Which of these are amine hormones?
Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) secretes:
Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) secretes:
What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone?
What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone?
Luteinizing hormone:
Luteinizing hormone:
Which statement about melatonin is correct?
Which statement about melatonin is correct?
Iodine containing hormones are needed for:
Iodine containing hormones are needed for:
Which statement about hyperfunction of the thyroid gland is incorrect?
Which statement about hyperfunction of the thyroid gland is incorrect?
Which statement about glucocorticoids is incorrect?
Which statement about glucocorticoids is incorrect?
What two hormones are produced in placenta?
What two hormones are produced in placenta?
Glucagon is produced in which cells of pancreas?
Glucagon is produced in which cells of pancreas?
Antagonists reduce the activity of receptors by inhibiting their constitutive activity
Antagonists reduce the activity of receptors by inhibiting their constitutive activity
What is the slow effect of insulin?
What is the slow effect of insulin?
What does glucagon promote?
What does glucagon promote?
What is holocrine secretion in exocrine glands?
What is holocrine secretion in exocrine glands?
Phenylalanine → Tyrosine → DOPA(dihydroxyphenylalanine)→Dopamine →Norepinephrine)→ Epinephrine. Is this the way how catecholamines are synthesised?
Phenylalanine → Tyrosine → DOPA(dihydroxyphenylalanine)→Dopamine →Norepinephrine)→ Epinephrine. Is this the way how catecholamines are synthesised?
Approximately how long can immunoglobulins from colostrum be absorbed in the small intestine of newborn calves?
Approximately how long can immunoglobulins from colostrum be absorbed in the small intestine of newborn calves?
Milk ejection reflex (milk let-down) is stimulated by:
Milk ejection reflex (milk let-down) is stimulated by:
Hypoglycemic coma is caused by:
Hypoglycemic coma is caused by:
What is the mechanism of the glands dependant on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system, if there is a low level of iodine containing hormones in the blood?
What is the mechanism of the glands dependant on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system, if there is a low level of iodine containing hormones in the blood?
Where are mineralcorticoids produced and what are they?
Where are mineralcorticoids produced and what are they?
How is insulin released from beta cells into the blood?
How is insulin released from beta cells into the blood?
Colloid osmotic pressure is created by proteins in blood plasma?
Colloid osmotic pressure is created by proteins in blood plasma?
The main blood plasma proteins are:
The main blood plasma proteins are:
Which blood pH level is most likely to cause death?
Which blood pH level is most likely to cause death?
Substance produced in kidneys which promotes the erythropoiesis?
Substance produced in kidneys which promotes the erythropoiesis?
Why intensive hemolysis is dangerous?
Why intensive hemolysis is dangerous?
Which vitamin is essential for blood clotting?
Which vitamin is essential for blood clotting?
Why in normal conditions blood does not clot in blood vessels?
Why in normal conditions blood does not clot in blood vessels?
Stroke volume is:
Stroke volume is:
Which statement about the linear velocity of blood flow is incorrect?
Which statement about the linear velocity of blood flow is incorrect?
Which are "capacitance or volume blood vessels"?
Which are "capacitance or volume blood vessels"?
When is observed the relative refractory period in the myocardium during the cardiac cycle?
When is observed the relative refractory period in the myocardium during the cardiac cycle?
During ventricular systole (isovolumetric contraction phase) semilunar valves are open;
During ventricular systole (isovolumetric contraction phase) semilunar valves are open;
What represents P wave on ECG?
What represents P wave on ECG?
During inspiration heart rate increases (respiratory sinus arrhythmia)?
During inspiration heart rate increases (respiratory sinus arrhythmia)?
What promotes the expansion and opening of capillaries?
What promotes the expansion and opening of capillaries?
Which of these factors does NOT influence erythrocyte sedimentation rate?
Which of these factors does NOT influence erythrocyte sedimentation rate?
What provides the circulation of lymph?
What provides the circulation of lymph?
Which term is used to describe the rate of the cardiac contraction?
Which term is used to describe the rate of the cardiac contraction?
Which anatomical structure does not cause the occurrence of the first or systolic heart sound?
Which anatomical structure does not cause the occurrence of the first or systolic heart sound?
In what way happens the gas exchange in lungs between alveoli and blood?
In what way happens the gas exchange in lungs between alveoli and blood?
What is the meaning of lungs in regulation of blood pressure?
What is the meaning of lungs in regulation of blood pressure?
Anatomic dead space is:
Anatomic dead space is:
Which statement about viscous resistance is correct?
Which statement about viscous resistance is correct?
Bronchoconstriction is caused by:
Bronchoconstriction is caused by:
What is residual volume?
What is residual volume?
Which of the lollowing statements about oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is NOT correct?
Which of the lollowing statements about oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is NOT correct?
What is anemic hypoxia?
What is anemic hypoxia?
What is dyspnea
What is dyspnea
Which structure of the respiratory center regulates switching from inspiration to expiration?
Which structure of the respiratory center regulates switching from inspiration to expiration?
Apneustic neurons stimulate the inspiratory neurons, by stimulating these neurons we can achieve a strong inspiration and weak expiration
Apneustic neurons stimulate the inspiratory neurons, by stimulating these neurons we can achieve a strong inspiration and weak expiration
Which of these factors is the most important in regulation of ventilation?
Which of these factors is the most important in regulation of ventilation?
The level of CO, in animal habitants cannot exceed:
The level of CO, in animal habitants cannot exceed:
Which statement about the components of the cough reflex is correct?
Which statement about the components of the cough reflex is correct?
Which is NOT an adaptive mechanism of the fetus to an environment with a relatively low pO2?
Which is NOT an adaptive mechanism of the fetus to an environment with a relatively low pO2?
Thoracic or costal respiratory type is more characteristic to:
Thoracic or costal respiratory type is more characteristic to:
Which statement about respiratory alkalosis is true?
Which statement about respiratory alkalosis is true?
Bronchial breath sound:
Bronchial breath sound:
How changes the pressures during inspiration?
How changes the pressures during inspiration?
What happens during expiration?
What happens during expiration?
What is the process of gas exchange between lung alveoli and blood, by which arterial blood is formed?
What is the process of gas exchange between lung alveoli and blood, by which arterial blood is formed?
What is surfactant, and what is its role in the lungs?
What is surfactant, and what is its role in the lungs?
Lipase split fats till:
Lipase split fats till:
The main 3 groups of bacteria in forestomachs.
The main 3 groups of bacteria in forestomachs.
Intracellular digestion is:
Intracellular digestion is:
Which statement about hydrochloric acid is incorrect?
Which statement about hydrochloric acid is incorrect?
Which of these foods contains the lowest amount of histamine?
Which of these foods contains the lowest amount of histamine?
What is the Starling's law of the intestine?
What is the Starling's law of the intestine?
Which hormones directly control the exocrine function of the pancreas?
Which hormones directly control the exocrine function of the pancreas?
Which function of bile is incorrect?
Which function of bile is incorrect?
Which type of myocytes are mostly found in the GI tract?
Which type of myocytes are mostly found in the GI tract?
Bile, pancreatic juice and duodenal juice - all of them help to neutralize acidity in chyme that came from the stomach.
Bile, pancreatic juice and duodenal juice - all of them help to neutralize acidity in chyme that came from the stomach.
Chemical food processing is performed by enzymes
Chemical food processing is performed by enzymes
Which of these substances does NOT increase gastric juice secretion?
Which of these substances does NOT increase gastric juice secretion?
Which enzyme splits fats?
Which enzyme splits fats?
Are a lot of nutrients absorbed in the oral cavity?
Are a lot of nutrients absorbed in the oral cavity?
Acidic food leaves the stomach faster than alkaline?
Acidic food leaves the stomach faster than alkaline?
What is reaction of saliva?
What is reaction of saliva?
Are conditioned irritants (such as thinking of food and smelling it) able to cause the release of gastric juice?
Are conditioned irritants (such as thinking of food and smelling it) able to cause the release of gastric juice?
50-60% of total gastric acid secretion occurs during
50-60% of total gastric acid secretion occurs during
Where is located the main regulatory center of defecation?
Where is located the main regulatory center of defecation?
Which enzyme breaks down the bacterial cell wall?
Which enzyme breaks down the bacterial cell wall?
At what age the rumen of young ruminants is like in adult ruminants?
At what age the rumen of young ruminants is like in adult ruminants?
What is the major route of excretion of methane from the ruminant forestomachs?
What is the major route of excretion of methane from the ruminant forestomachs?
Urea is produced in:
Urea is produced in:
Vomiting cannot be induced my irritation of:
Vomiting cannot be induced my irritation of:
Which substances stimulate the HCl secretion?
Which substances stimulate the HCl secretion?
How is called the enzyme that activates trypsinogen in the small intestine by cleaving it to form trypsin?
How is called the enzyme that activates trypsinogen in the small intestine by cleaving it to form trypsin?
The normal pH in rumen is around:
The normal pH in rumen is around:
How is propionic acid used in the body?
How is propionic acid used in the body?
The parotid gland secretes continuously in ruminants?
The parotid gland secretes continuously in ruminants?
What are the main components of gastric juice?
What are the main components of gastric juice?
What is the neural regulation scheme of intestinal juice secretion?
What is the neural regulation scheme of intestinal juice secretion?
What is the process of nitrogen circulation in ruminants?
What is the process of nitrogen circulation in ruminants?
In the body monomers can be split till:
In the body monomers can be split till:
What is anabolism?
What is anabolism?
What are essential amino acids?
What are essential amino acids?
Proteins of medium high biologic value:
Proteins of medium high biologic value:
Which hormone of the listed promotes the formation of proteins?
Which hormone of the listed promotes the formation of proteins?
Fatty acids are absorbed in complex with:
Fatty acids are absorbed in complex with:
Heat loss to colder surfaces the animal is in direct contact with:
Heat loss to colder surfaces the animal is in direct contact with:
Which of these carbohydrates is NOT considered to be the one of the 3 main carbohydrates in the body?
Which of these carbohydrates is NOT considered to be the one of the 3 main carbohydrates in the body?
Glycogen cannot be synthesized from:
Glycogen cannot be synthesized from:
Which organ is the main consumer of glucose?
Which organ is the main consumer of glucose?
What is positive water balance?
What is positive water balance?
Cholesterol is a precursor of bile acids
Cholesterol is a precursor of bile acids
Which substance acts like stimulus of thirst?
Which substance acts like stimulus of thirst?
What factor can cause the occurrence of edema?
What factor can cause the occurrence of edema?
Where are located recentors of false thirst?
Where are located recentors of false thirst?
What is the critical temperature below which mammals can no longer regulate it?
What is the critical temperature below which mammals can no longer regulate it?
Which hormone plays role in nonshivering thermogenesis?
Which hormone plays role in nonshivering thermogenesis?
The following organs: brain, renal medulla, skeletal muscle use the glucose as predominant energy form
The following organs: brain, renal medulla, skeletal muscle use the glucose as predominant energy form
What is the main depot of carbohydrates
What is the main depot of carbohydrates
What is the main function of proteins in the body?
What is the main function of proteins in the body?
What is the process of lipid absorption and transport in the body?
What is the process of lipid absorption and transport in the body?
What is the humoral regulation of water and salt metabolism?
What is the humoral regulation of water and salt metabolism?
Sweat glands can work more intensively and excrete more waste products if it cannot be done by which organ?
Sweat glands can work more intensively and excrete more waste products if it cannot be done by which organ?
Which of these substances is NOT excreted by the lungs?
Which of these substances is NOT excreted by the lungs?
Which statement about the proximal tubule in kidneys is FALSE?
Which statement about the proximal tubule in kidneys is FALSE?
What is the correct sequence of renal tubules/ducts?
What is the correct sequence of renal tubules/ducts?
Urine is formed trom:
Urine is formed trom:
Which of the following substances cannot go through the semipermeable membrane in the glomerulus?
Which of the following substances cannot go through the semipermeable membrane in the glomerulus?
If the oncotic pressure increases then the filtration intensity increases.
If the oncotic pressure increases then the filtration intensity increases.
Which statement about the glomerular filtration rate and changes in arteriolar diameter is correct?
Which statement about the glomerular filtration rate and changes in arteriolar diameter is correct?
If the level of antidiuretic hormone in blood increases, then the blood osmotic pressure decreases?
If the level of antidiuretic hormone in blood increases, then the blood osmotic pressure decreases?
Which statement about the urine is incorrect?
Which statement about the urine is incorrect?
Which statement about the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus is correct?
Which statement about the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus is correct?
Physiological maturity is when the animal has reached around 70-80% of the body mass
Physiological maturity is when the animal has reached around 70-80% of the body mass
Which animal does not have vesicular and bulbourethral glands?
Which animal does not have vesicular and bulbourethral glands?
What is considered to be a function of the penile spines in male cats?
What is considered to be a function of the penile spines in male cats?
Kidneys excrete metabolic end products:
Kidneys excrete metabolic end products:
In alkaline urine you can find.
In alkaline urine you can find.
Which statement about impact of sympathetic nervous system on kidney functions is correct?
Which statement about impact of sympathetic nervous system on kidney functions is correct?
Where happens the growth and development of spermatozoa?
Where happens the growth and development of spermatozoa?
Vaginal type of natural insemination is characteristic to:
Vaginal type of natural insemination is characteristic to:
What is the role of the urinary system in maintaining homeostasis?
What is the role of the urinary system in maintaining homeostasis?
What are the effects of estrogen?
What are the effects of estrogen?
What is the countercurrent mechanism in the loops of Henle?
What is the countercurrent mechanism in the loops of Henle?
Study Notes
Blood and Immune System
- Lymph is a part of the immune system
- Blood platelet accumulation and aggregation causes blood clotting in response to an injury of the blood vessels
- Main cations of the extracellular environment are sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium
- Erythrocytes will shrink if hypertonic (high salt concentration) fluid is administered
- Active transport is not a passive transport
- Symporter is a carrier protein that transports two or more different molecules in the same direction
- Secondary lymphatic organs are spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphoid tissues
Cell Membrane and Transport
- Membrane potential is the difference in electric potential between the inside and outside of a cell
- Hypertonic fluid will cause cells to shrink
- Active transport is the movement of molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration using energy
- Sodium-potassium pump is an example of primary active transport of substances
- Factors that impact membrane permeability are temperature, pH, and surface area
- Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and lipid-soluble molecules can cross biological membranes without difficulties
Nervous System
- Nocireceptors respond to painful stimuli
- Acute experiment is a short-term experiment
- Integral membrane proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane
- Glycoproteins and glycolipids are important in recognition processes so the immune system doesn't attack these cells
- Components of the reflex arch are receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, and effector
- Types of homeostatic regulation are neural, hormonal, and local regulation
- Supramaximal stimulus is a stimulus that is stronger than the maximum stimulus required to produce a response
Muscle and Movement
- Sarcomere is the functional unit of skeletal muscles
- Smooth muscles are found in the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels
- Multi-unit smooth muscle is found in the iris, ciliary muscles, and muscles of the hair follicles
- Isometric muscle contraction is a muscle contraction that does not result in movement
- Dendrites are branching extensions of the neuron that receive signals
Brain and Synapses
- Electrical synapses transmit electrical signals directly between neurons
- Spatial summation is a process where multiple excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) add up to reach the threshold potential
- The major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain and spinal cord is GABA
- Antagonists reduce the activity of receptors by inhibiting their constitutive activity
- The structure of the brain that modulates the distribution of action potentials is the thalamus
- Brain stem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
Hormones and Endocrine System
- Humoral transport in hypothalamus is the transport of hormones through the bloodstream
- Hypothalamus regulates body temperature, hunger, and thirst
- Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) secretes hormones that regulate growth and development
- Iodine-containing hormones are needed for growth and development
- Hyperfunction of the thyroid gland is not caused by an increase in thyroxine (T4)
- Glucocorticoids are not involved in the regulation of blood sugar levels
- Two hormones produced in the placenta are human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and estrogen
- Glucagon is produced in alpha cells of the pancreas
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases water reabsorption in the kidneys
Blood and Cardiovascular System
- Blood pH, oncotic pressure, hematocrit, and blood glucose level are parameters of homeostasis of the internal environment
- Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and lipid-soluble molecules can cross biological membranes without difficulties
- Colloid osmotic pressure is created by proteins in blood plasma
- Main blood plasma proteins are albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen
- pH level of 6.8 or 7.8 is likely to cause death
- Substance produced in kidneys that promotes erythropoiesis is erythropoietin
- Intensive hemolysis is dangerous because it can lead to anemia and kidney failure
- Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting
- Blood does not clot in blood vessels due to the presence of anticoagulants
Respiratory System
- Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per beat
- Capacitance or volume blood vessels are veins
- Respiratory sinus arrhythmia is the increase in heart rate during inspiration
- The rate of cardiac contraction is called the heart rate
- The anatomic dead space is the volume of air that does not participate in gas exchange
- Viscous resistance is the resistance to airflow caused by the friction of air molecules
- Bronchoconstriction is caused by the contraction of smooth muscle in the airways
- Residual volume is the volume of air left in the lungs after expiration
- Anemic hypoxia is a condition where the body is unable to transport oxygen due to a lack of red blood cells
- Dyspnea is shortness of breath
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Test your knowledge of the blood and immune system, including lymph, blood clotting, and cell transport mechanisms. Prepare to learn about the functions of erythrocytes and more!