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Questions and Answers

Lymph is

  • Transcellular fluid
  • Interstitial fluid (correct)
  • Perivascular fluid
  • Intracellular fluid

    • Blood platelet accumulation and aggregation, which in turn causes blood clotting in response to an injury of the blood vessels is an example of:

  • Negative feedback loop
  • Positive feedback loop (correct)
  • Both positive and negative feedback loops
  • Basic principle of homeostasis

    • The main cations of the extracellular environment

  • Na+ and Ca+ (correct)
  • HCO3 and Na+
  • Ca+ and K+
  • K+ and Na+

    • The membrane potential is:

    <p>the voltage caused by the separation of oppositely charged particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will happen to erythrocytes if hypertonic (high salt concentration) fluid is administered?

    <p>Erythrocytes will lose fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a passive transport?

    <p>Cytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What a carrier protein called a symporter does?

    <p>Transports 2 different substances in the same direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which are the secondary lymphatic organs?

    <p>Lymph nodes, tonsils, mucosa associated lymphoid tissue,</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity is immunization?

    <p>Acquired, active, artificial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humoral immunity is ensured by:

    <p>B lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humoral regulation is fast and provided by hormones, biological active substances and metabolic end products

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nocireceptors respond to:

    <p>Pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement gives the best description about an acute experiment?

    <p>It is short term, animal is under full anesthesia and analgesia and it is performed under unnatural conditions and at the end animal is euthanized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about integral membrane proteins is true?

    <p>They are permanently embedded within the biological membrane and take part in transporting substances through the biological membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substances of the biological membrane are very important in recognition processes so the immune system doesn't attack these cells?

    <p>Carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood pH, oncotic pressure, hematocrit, blood glucose level are ALL the parameter of homeostasis of the internal environment.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these substances can go through the biological membrane without any difficulties?

    <p>N2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is the example of primary active transport of substances?

    <p>Na+/K+ pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors impact the membrane permeability?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substances can cross biological membrane without difficulties?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are components of the reflex arch?

    <p>Sensory receptor, Sensory (afferent) neuron, Interneuron in in the central nervous system, Motor (efferent) neuron, Effector (target organ)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of homeostatic regulation in the body's internal environment?

    <p>Thermoregulation, Chemical regulation, Osmoregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is supramaximal stimulus?

    <p>Stimulus which exceeds the maximal value, it does not increase the response beyond the maximal response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What changes occur in a cell during depolarisation?

    <p>Sodium channels open, a lot of sodium ions flow into the cell, inside of the cell becomes positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about smooth muscles compared to skeletal muscles is NOT correct?

    <p>Smooth muscles use larger amount of energy compared to skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Multi-unit smooth muscle is found in:

    <p>Walls of large arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sarcomere?

    <p>The smallest contractile unit of a muscle fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a source of energy in aerobic system - oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>Creatine phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about isometric muscle contraction is correct?

    <p>Muscle contracts, creates tension but does not shorten</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about dendrites is NOT correct?

    <p>All dendrites are myelinated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance Is used in electrical synapses to transmit an electrical signal?

    <p>Sodium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is spatial summation described as a process where a single presynaptic neuron fires many times in succession, causing the postsynaptic neuron to reach its threshold and fire?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain and spinal cord?

    <p>GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antagonists reduce the activity of receptors by inhibiting their constitutive activity

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure of the brain modulates the distribution of action potentials, acting as a relay and coordinating communication between different brain regions?

    <p>White matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does brain stem consist of?

    <p>Medulla oblongata, pons. midbrain, reticular formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about humoral transport in hypothalamus is correct?

    <p>Cells in hypothalamus secrete liberins and statins which with blood go to anterior part of the hypophysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lethargic sleep can occur if damage is:

    <p>Reticular formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nerve center

    <p>A group of neurons acting together in the performance of a definite reflex or in regulation of a particular function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cerebellum takes part in regulation of quick and precise movement

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sadness, grief, depression are:

    <p>Asthenic emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which are acetylcholine receptors?

    <p>Muscarinic and nicotinic cholinoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the functions of hypothalamus?

    <p>Autonomic functions, hunger and satiety, osmotic pressure regulation, sleep-wake regulation, thermoregulation, reproductive functions and sexual behaviour, formation of stress induced reactions, circadian rhythm, emotional behaviour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can you find cholinergic receptors?

    <p>Neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, adrenal medulla, CNS, gastric glands, esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is paracrine secretion?

    <p>Secreted hormone act locally on nearby cells of a different type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these are amine hormones?

    <p>Epinephrine, thyroxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) secretes:

    <p>Tropic hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone?

    <p>Decreases diuresis, stimulates water reabsorption, narrows blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Luteinizing hormone:

    <p>In females stimulates the ovulation and formation of corpus luteum, in males stimulates the release of sex hormones in interstitial cells of testes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about melatonin is correct?

    <p>Melatonin is produced in epiphysis, its production increases when it is dark, plays role in circadian rhythm, may protect from cataract, stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Iodine containing hormones are needed for:

    <p>Oxidation processes, normal growth and development, mental development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about hyperfunction of the thyroid gland is incorrect?

    <p>Increases the mass of the thyroid gland and decreases the metabolism rate, decreases body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about glucocorticoids is incorrect?

    <p>Stimulate the release of glucose from muscles, suppress allergic reactions, decrease gastric acid secretion, increase body's defence abilities to harmful effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two hormones are produced in placenta?

    <p>Gonadotropic hormone, progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucagon is produced in which cells of pancreas?

    <p>α cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antagonists reduce the activity of receptors by inhibiting their constitutive activity

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the slow effect of insulin?

    <p>Increases the synthesis of lipogenic and other specific enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does glucagon promote?

    <p>Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, ketogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is holocrine secretion in exocrine glands?

    <p>The entire cell disintegrates to excrete its substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phenylalanine → Tyrosine → DOPA(dihydroxyphenylalanine)→Dopamine →Norepinephrine)→ Epinephrine. Is this the way how catecholamines are synthesised?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately how long can immunoglobulins from colostrum be absorbed in the small intestine of newborn calves?

    <p>Up to 1-2 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Milk ejection reflex (milk let-down) is stimulated by:

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypoglycemic coma is caused by:

    <p>Low level of blood glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of the glands dependant on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system, if there is a low level of iodine containing hormones in the blood?

    <p>Cerebral cortex →hypothalamus →TRH (thyroliberins+) → Adenohypophysis → TSH ↑ → thyroid gland → T3, T4↑→ Iodine containing hormones → Adenohypophysis, hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are mineralcorticoids produced and what are they?

    <p>Produced in zona glomerulosa of adrenal gland; aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is insulin released from beta cells into the blood?

    <p>β-cells uptake glucose by facilitated diffusion through transporter GLUT2 →Glucose is metabolized and the concentration of ATP increases, which is used to close K ion channels → Depolarization (excitation) of β-cells occurs →Opening of Ca ion channels → Breakdown of insulin and C-peptide granules, insulin and C-peptide is released into the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Colloid osmotic pressure is created by proteins in blood plasma?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main blood plasma proteins are:

    <p>Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood pH level is most likely to cause death?

    <p>6.85</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Substance produced in kidneys which promotes the erythropoiesis?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why intensive hemolysis is dangerous?

    <p>Hemoglobin is lost, poisoning with Fe ions, can block renal tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is essential for blood clotting?

    <p>Vitamin K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why in normal conditions blood does not clot in blood vessels?

    <p>Endothelium of blood vessels is smooth, there is an anticoagulant system in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stroke volume is:

    <p>The amount of blood pumped out of ventricles with each contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the linear velocity of blood flow is incorrect?

    <p>It does not depend on the total capillary cross-sectional area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which are "capacitance or volume blood vessels"?

    <p>Veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is observed the relative refractory period in the myocardium during the cardiac cycle?

    <p>In the middle of total diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During ventricular systole (isovolumetric contraction phase) semilunar valves are open;

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What represents P wave on ECG?

    <p>Atrial depolarisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During inspiration heart rate increases (respiratory sinus arrhythmia)?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What promotes the expansion and opening of capillaries?

    <p>Histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors does NOT influence erythrocyte sedimentation rate?

    <p>The amount of immature granulocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides the circulation of lymph?

    <p>Specific elements of smooth muscles, respiratory movements, contractions of skeletal muscles, valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used to describe the rate of the cardiac contraction?

    <p>Chronotropy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical structure does not cause the occurrence of the first or systolic heart sound?

    <p>Closure of semilunar valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way happens the gas exchange in lungs between alveoli and blood?

    <p>By diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of lungs in regulation of blood pressure?

    <p>Release angiotensin converting enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anatomic dead space is:

    <p>Part of the airways where no gas exchange happens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about viscous resistance is correct?

    <p>It arises due to friction of different anatomic structures during breathing movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bronchoconstriction is caused by:

    <p>Parasympathetic nervous system, histamine, decrease of CO2 in alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is residual volume?

    <p>A quantity of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the lollowing statements about oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is NOT correct?

    <p>A lower temperature promotes hemoglobin and oxygen to dissociate faster, whereas a higher temperature inhibits dissociation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is anemic hypoxia?

    <p>pO2 in arterial blood is normal but the amount of hemoglobin is decreased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is dyspnea

    <p>labored breathing, as indicated by a visible effort to breathe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure of the respiratory center regulates switching from inspiration to expiration?

    <p>Pons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apneustic neurons stimulate the inspiratory neurons, by stimulating these neurons we can achieve a strong inspiration and weak expiration

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors is the most important in regulation of ventilation?

    <p>pCO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The level of CO, in animal habitants cannot exceed:

    <p>0.25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the components of the cough reflex is correct?

    <p>The peripheral arm initiates the reflex following sensory nerve activation, a central component processes the reflex in the brainstem and, the efferent arm causes the cough response after activation of motor nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT an adaptive mechanism of the fetus to an environment with a relatively low pO2?

    <p>Fetal blood has higher temperature and this increases the higher affinity for O2 than that of adult hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thoracic or costal respiratory type is more characteristic to:

    <p>Pregnant sheep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about respiratory alkalosis is true?

    <p>Hyperventilation reduces the CO2 content in the blood and causes respiratory alkalosis (blood pH increases).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bronchial breath sound:

    <p>is heard when auscultating the larynx, trachea and large bronchi. This sound is caused by the vibration of the constricted parts of the larynx and resembles the sound of the letter H.-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How changes the pressures during inspiration?

    <p>Alveolar pressure becomes slightly lower than atmospheric pressure, intrapleural pressure becomes more negative than the atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during expiration?

    <p>Pressure in the chest cavity becomes less negative; Lungs follow to pressure changes and movements of the chest cavity -&gt; flatten, pressure in lungs becomes higher than atmospheric pressure, therefore air flows out until pressure with the external environment becomes equal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of gas exchange between lung alveoli and blood, by which arterial blood is formed?

    <p>Venous blood comes to lung alveoli: pO2=40 mmHg in venous blood and pO2=105 mmHg in alveolar air, so O2 from alveoli diffuses into blood, and pCO2=40 mmHg in alveolar air, pCO2=46 mmHg in venous blood, so CO2 from venous blood diffuses to alveoli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is surfactant, and what is its role in the lungs?

    <p>A surface-active complex of phospholipids and proteins, reduces surface tension, prevents collapse, and provides protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipase split fats till:

    <p>Glycerol and fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main 3 groups of bacteria in forestomachs.

    <p>Cellulolytic bacteria, amylolytic bacteria, bacteria that break down nitrogen compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intracellular digestion is:

    <p>Food digestion in digestive vacuole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about hydrochloric acid is incorrect?

    <p>Regulates the food's evacuation though cardiac sphincter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these foods contains the lowest amount of histamine?

    <p>Bread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Starling's law of the intestine?

    <p>A stimulus within the intestine initiates a band of constriction on the proximal side and relaxalon on the distal side and results in an antiperistaltic wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones directly control the exocrine function of the pancreas?

    <p>Cholecystokinin, secretin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function of bile is incorrect?

    <p>Bile decreases the peristalsis of intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of myocytes are mostly found in the GI tract?

    <p>Smooth myocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bile, pancreatic juice and duodenal juice - all of them help to neutralize acidity in chyme that came from the stomach.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chemical food processing is performed by enzymes

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these substances does NOT increase gastric juice secretion?

    <p>Secretin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme splits fats?

    <p>Lipase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Are a lot of nutrients absorbed in the oral cavity?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acidic food leaves the stomach faster than alkaline?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is reaction of saliva?

    <p>Alkaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Are conditioned irritants (such as thinking of food and smelling it) able to cause the release of gastric juice?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    50-60% of total gastric acid secretion occurs during

    <p>Gastric phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is located the main regulatory center of defecation?

    <p>Sacral segments of spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme breaks down the bacterial cell wall?

    <p>Lysozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age the rumen of young ruminants is like in adult ruminants?

    <p>6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major route of excretion of methane from the ruminant forestomachs?

    <p>Through the mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urea is produced in:

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vomiting cannot be induced my irritation of:

    <p>Receptors in liver hepatocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substances stimulate the HCl secretion?

    <p>Gastrin, histamine, acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is called the enzyme that activates trypsinogen in the small intestine by cleaving it to form trypsin?

    <p>Enteropeptidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The normal pH in rumen is around:

    <p>6.5-7.4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is propionic acid used in the body?

    <p>It is used for lactose synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The parotid gland secretes continuously in ruminants?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main components of gastric juice?

    <p>Enzymes (proteases, lipases), mucilaginous substances, gastric intrinsic factor, hydrochloric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the neural regulation scheme of intestinal juice secretion?

    <p>Chyme in the small intestine -&gt;nerve plexus in the intestinal wall + -&gt;Secretion of small intestine juice (Inhibited by sympathetic NS and increased by parasympathetic NS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of nitrogen circulation in ruminants?

    <p>Forestomachs → NH3 → liver (urea) → salivary glands → saliva → urea in forestomachs → urease → NH3 + CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the body monomers can be split till:

    <p>Central metabolites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is anabolism?

    <p>Process of building cells' components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are essential amino acids?

    <p>Irreplaceable, can be taken with different kind of food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteins of medium high biologic value:

    <p>Contain all essential amino acids but in wrong ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone of the listed promotes the formation of proteins?

    <p>Somatotropic hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fatty acids are absorbed in complex with:

    <p>Bile acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heat loss to colder surfaces the animal is in direct contact with:

    <p>Conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these carbohydrates is NOT considered to be the one of the 3 main carbohydrates in the body?

    <p>Maltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycogen cannot be synthesized from:

    <p>Globulins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is the main consumer of glucose?

    <p>Muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is positive water balance?

    <p>Water input is greater than output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cholesterol is a precursor of bile acids

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance acts like stimulus of thirst?

    <p>Angiotensin Il</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor can cause the occurrence of edema?

    <p>Obstruction of the lymph vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are located recentors of false thirst?

    <p>Mouth mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the critical temperature below which mammals can no longer regulate it?

    <p>34°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone plays role in nonshivering thermogenesis?

    <p>Thyroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The following organs: brain, renal medulla, skeletal muscle use the glucose as predominant energy form

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main depot of carbohydrates

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of proteins in the body?

    <p>Plastic processes, defense reactions, enzymes, transport, energy source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of lipid absorption and transport in the body?

    <p>Fatty acids absorbed with bile acids -&gt; intestinal mucosa glycerol and fatty acids form triglycerides -&gt; clump together coated with phospholipids, proteins and form chylomicrons. 70% absorbed in lymph , 30% absorbed in blood -&gt; liver -&gt;take part in synthesis processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the humoral regulation of water and salt metabolism?

    <p>Neurohypophysis -&gt; ADH -&gt; water reabsorption from nephron tubules, adrenal gland cortex -&gt; aldosterone -&gt; intensifies Na reabsorption from nephron tubules, adrenal gland medulla -&gt; epinephrine -&gt; narrows blood vessels, decreases filtration -&gt; water retained</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sweat glands can work more intensively and excrete more waste products if it cannot be done by which organ?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these substances is NOT excreted by the lungs?

    <p>Uric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the proximal tubule in kidneys is FALSE?

    <p>the only part of the renal tubule that dips into the renal medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence of renal tubules/ducts?

    <p>proximal tubule -&gt; nephron loop (descending limb)-&gt; nephron loop (ascending limb) -&gt; distal tubule -&gt; cortical collecting duct medullary collecting duct -&gt; papillary collecting duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urine is formed trom:

    <p>blood plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances cannot go through the semipermeable membrane in the glomerulus?

    <p>Platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the oncotic pressure increases then the filtration intensity increases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the glomerular filtration rate and changes in arteriolar diameter is correct?

    <p>vasodilation of the afferent arteriole increases the glomerular hydrostatic pressure and the glomerular filtration rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the level of antidiuretic hormone in blood increases, then the blood osmotic pressure decreases?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the urine is incorrect?

    <p>It contains glucose, creatinine, sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus is correct?

    <p>regulates glomerular filtration rate and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Physiological maturity is when the animal has reached around 70-80% of the body mass

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animal does not have vesicular and bulbourethral glands?

    <p>Dog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered to be a function of the penile spines in male cats?

    <p>to induce ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kidneys excrete metabolic end products:

    <p>Urea, uric acid, creatinine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In alkaline urine you can find.

    <p>Calcium carbonate, struvite, ammonium urate crystals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about impact of sympathetic nervous system on kidney functions is correct?

    <p>Kidney blood vessels constrict, blood supply decreases, filtration processes decrease, diuresis decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where happens the growth and development of spermatozoa?

    <p>Seminiferous tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vaginal type of natural insemination is characteristic to:

    <p>Cow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the urinary system in maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>Fluid homeostasis, blood pressure, controls RBC production, regulation of ions in blood levels, retention of important nutrients, elimination of cellular waste products, blood pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the effects of estrogen?

    <p>Stimulates follicular growth, participates in the regulation of LH and FSH release, initiates sexual receptivity, creates favourable conditions for fetal development, contributes to growth and development of mammary glands, triggers the onset of parturition, promotes development of secondary sex characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the countercurrent mechanism in the loops of Henle?

    <p>the descending loop is highly permeable to water, but slightly permeable to the Na ions. Water reabsorption occurs.Epithelial cells in the ascending loop are permeable to Na and Cl ions but not permeable to water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood and Immune System

    • Lymph is a part of the immune system
    • Blood platelet accumulation and aggregation causes blood clotting in response to an injury of the blood vessels
    • Main cations of the extracellular environment are sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium
    • Erythrocytes will shrink if hypertonic (high salt concentration) fluid is administered
    • Active transport is not a passive transport
    • Symporter is a carrier protein that transports two or more different molecules in the same direction
    • Secondary lymphatic organs are spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphoid tissues

    Cell Membrane and Transport

    • Membrane potential is the difference in electric potential between the inside and outside of a cell
    • Hypertonic fluid will cause cells to shrink
    • Active transport is the movement of molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration using energy
    • Sodium-potassium pump is an example of primary active transport of substances
    • Factors that impact membrane permeability are temperature, pH, and surface area
    • Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and lipid-soluble molecules can cross biological membranes without difficulties

    Nervous System

    • Nocireceptors respond to painful stimuli
    • Acute experiment is a short-term experiment
    • Integral membrane proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane
    • Glycoproteins and glycolipids are important in recognition processes so the immune system doesn't attack these cells
    • Components of the reflex arch are receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, and effector
    • Types of homeostatic regulation are neural, hormonal, and local regulation
    • Supramaximal stimulus is a stimulus that is stronger than the maximum stimulus required to produce a response

    Muscle and Movement

    • Sarcomere is the functional unit of skeletal muscles
    • Smooth muscles are found in the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels
    • Multi-unit smooth muscle is found in the iris, ciliary muscles, and muscles of the hair follicles
    • Isometric muscle contraction is a muscle contraction that does not result in movement
    • Dendrites are branching extensions of the neuron that receive signals

    Brain and Synapses

    • Electrical synapses transmit electrical signals directly between neurons
    • Spatial summation is a process where multiple excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) add up to reach the threshold potential
    • The major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain and spinal cord is GABA
    • Antagonists reduce the activity of receptors by inhibiting their constitutive activity
    • The structure of the brain that modulates the distribution of action potentials is the thalamus
    • Brain stem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

    Hormones and Endocrine System

    • Humoral transport in hypothalamus is the transport of hormones through the bloodstream
    • Hypothalamus regulates body temperature, hunger, and thirst
    • Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) secretes hormones that regulate growth and development
    • Iodine-containing hormones are needed for growth and development
    • Hyperfunction of the thyroid gland is not caused by an increase in thyroxine (T4)
    • Glucocorticoids are not involved in the regulation of blood sugar levels
    • Two hormones produced in the placenta are human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and estrogen
    • Glucagon is produced in alpha cells of the pancreas
    • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases water reabsorption in the kidneys

    Blood and Cardiovascular System

    • Blood pH, oncotic pressure, hematocrit, and blood glucose level are parameters of homeostasis of the internal environment
    • Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and lipid-soluble molecules can cross biological membranes without difficulties
    • Colloid osmotic pressure is created by proteins in blood plasma
    • Main blood plasma proteins are albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen
    • pH level of 6.8 or 7.8 is likely to cause death
    • Substance produced in kidneys that promotes erythropoiesis is erythropoietin
    • Intensive hemolysis is dangerous because it can lead to anemia and kidney failure
    • Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting
    • Blood does not clot in blood vessels due to the presence of anticoagulants

    Respiratory System

    • Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per beat
    • Capacitance or volume blood vessels are veins
    • Respiratory sinus arrhythmia is the increase in heart rate during inspiration
    • The rate of cardiac contraction is called the heart rate
    • The anatomic dead space is the volume of air that does not participate in gas exchange
    • Viscous resistance is the resistance to airflow caused by the friction of air molecules
    • Bronchoconstriction is caused by the contraction of smooth muscle in the airways
    • Residual volume is the volume of air left in the lungs after expiration
    • Anemic hypoxia is a condition where the body is unable to transport oxygen due to a lack of red blood cells
    • Dyspnea is shortness of breath

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    Test your knowledge of the blood and immune system, including lymph, blood clotting, and cell transport mechanisms. Prepare to learn about the functions of erythrocytes and more!

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