Pharmacology: Amantadine
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary use of amantadine in veterinary medicine?

  • Treating some influenza viruses
  • Treating equine-2 influenza
  • Antagonizing N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors
  • Relieving chronic pain in dogs and cats (correct)

    • How is amantadine administered in dogs and cats for chronic pain therapy?

  • Orally twice a day
  • Topically
  • Intravenously
  • Orally once a day (correct)

    • What percentage of the dose of amantadine is absorbed in horses when given orally?

  • 70%
  • 90%
  • 20%
  • 50% (correct)

    • How long does it take for amantadine to be eliminated in horses?

    <p>3.5 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of amantadine in influenza viruses?

    <p>By blocking the ion channel activity of the M2 protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of amantadine administration in horses?

    <p>Seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How rapidly does resistance to amantadine develop?

    <p>Rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another use of amantadine besides treating chronic pain?

    <p>Treating influenza viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a rare adverse effect of terbinafine?

    <p>Bone marrow suppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended dosage of terbinafine for treating dermatophytic infections in dogs and cats?

    <p>30 mg/kg/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is terbinafine absorbed in humans when given orally?

    <p>Readily absorbed (&gt;70%)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is terbinafine distributed in the body?

    <p>Skin and into the sebum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the elimination half-life of terbinafine in humans?

    <p>36 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does terbinafine inhibit fungal growth?

    <p>By blocking the synthesis of ergosterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of food on the GI absorption of terbinafine?

    <p>Food enhances absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of tissue can terbinafine persist for more than 30 days?

    <p>Adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of acyclovir?

    <p>Inhibiting the viral DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the oral absorption rate of acyclovir in humans?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of zidovudine (AZT)?

    <p>Competing with host 5'-thymidine for proviral DNA formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the administration route and frequency of acyclovir for cats?

    <p>Orally, twice a day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary organ responsible for the metabolism of acyclovir?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of acyclovir therapy?

    <p>Leucopenia and anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distribution of acyclovir in the body?

    <p>Widely distributed throughout body tissues and fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the protein binding of acyclovir?

    <p>Low</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of ionophore toxicity in animals?

    <p>Cellular electrolyte imbalances, increased extracellular K+ and intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the slower metabolism of ionophores in monogastric animals?

    <p>The incomplete metabolism of ionophores in monogastric animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of griseofulvin against dermatophytes?

    <p>It binds to microtubules to inhibit spindle formation and mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the absorption rate of griseofulvin in the gut?

    <p>25-70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of griseofulvin on infected cells?

    <p>It is shed and replaced with uninfected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of griseofulvin in veterinary medicine?

    <p>Treating multifocal dermatophyte infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the species most susceptible to the toxic effects of ionophores?

    <p>Horses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the exchange of Na+ for Ca2+ by Na+ –Ca2+ exchanger in the cardiac and skeletal muscles?

    <p>Increased intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of administration for nystatin in treating Candidal infections?

    <p>Oral administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main adverse effect of polyene antifungals at high doses?

    <p>Gastrointestinal upset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of azole antifungals in treating fungal infections?

    <p>Inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol in fungal cytoplasmic membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic use of ketoconazole in dogs and cats?

    <p>Treating systemic mycoses and severe yeast infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of azole antifungals on mammalian steroid synthesis at high doses?

    <p>Inhibition of steroid synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fungal infections are azole antifungals effective against?

    <p>Systemic infections caused by Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Cryptococcus, and Histoplasma spp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of natamycin in veterinary medicine?

    <p>Treating ocular mycotic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of azole antifungals on fungal cell membranes?

    <p>Increasing cellular permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of amantadine in inhibiting viral replication?

    <p>By inhibiting the ion channel activity of M2 protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of amantadine on chronic pain sensation?

    <p>It antagonizes the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the elimination half-life of amantadine in horses?

    <p>3.5 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pharmacokinetic characteristic of amantadine in horses?

    <p>Variable oral absorption and moderate elimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the administration route of amantadine for treating chronic pain in dogs and cats?

    <p>Oral once a day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the development of resistance to amantadine?

    <p>It develops quite rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another use of amantadine besides treating chronic pain?

    <p>Treating influenza viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of amantadine in the CNS?

    <p>Antagonizing the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of terbinafine on fungal cell membranes?

    <p>It blocks the synthesis of ergosterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is terbinafine distributed in the body?

    <p>It is distributed to the skin and sebum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of terbinafine against fungi?

    <p>It inhibits the conversion of squalene to sterols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the oral absorption rate of terbinafine in humans?

    <p>More than 70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of terbinafine in veterinary medicine?

    <p>Treating dermatophytic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does terbinafine persist in adipose tissue and skin?

    <p>More than 30 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the protein binding of terbinafine in humans?

    <p>More than 99%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the elimination half-life of terbinafine in humans?

    <p>Around 36 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of acyclovir?

    <p>Inhibiting the viral DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the oral absorption rate of acyclovir in humans?

    <p>About 20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary organ responsible for the metabolism of acyclovir?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the administration route and frequency of acyclovir for cats?

    <p>Orally, twice a day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distribution of acyclovir in the body?

    <p>Widely distributed throughout body tissues and fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of acyclovir therapy?

    <p>Leucopenia and anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of zidovudine (AZT)?

    <p>Competing with host 5'-thymidine for incorporation into proviral DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of acyclovir on the viral DNA?

    <p>Inhibiting the viral DNA polymerase, ending the nucleotide chain prematurely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of griseofulvin against dermatophytes?

    <p>It binds to microtubules to inhibit spindle formation and mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the absorption rate of griseofulvin in the gut?

    <p>25-70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which species is griseofulvin used to treat multifocal dermatophyte infections?

    <p>Dogs, cats, and horses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of griseofulvin on infected cells?

    <p>It induces the shedding and replacement of infected cells with uninfected cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of griseofulvin in veterinary medicine?

    <p>To treat multifocal dermatophyte infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the exchange of Na+ for Ca2+ by Na+ –Ca2+ exchanger in the cardiac and skeletal muscles?

    <p>Increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species is most susceptible to the toxic effects of ionophores?

    <p>Horses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of ionophore toxicity?

    <p>Cellular electrolyte imbalances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of azole antifungals in treating fungal infections?

    <p>Inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol in fungal cytoplasmic membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is nystatin primarily administered in animals for treating Candidal infections?

    <p>Orally every 6-8 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of azole antifungals on mammalian steroid synthesis at high doses?

    <p>Inhibition of steroid synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fungal infections are azole antifungals effective against?

    <p>Candidiasis, griseofulvin-resistant dermatophytes, and systemic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of natamycin in veterinary medicine?

    <p>Treating ocular mycotic infections in horses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of azole antifungals on fungal cell membranes?

    <p>Increasing cellular permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic use of ketoconazole in dogs and cats?

    <p>Treating systemic mycoses and severe yeast infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of azole antifungals in treating fungal infections, besides inhibiting ergosterol synthesis?

    <p>Blocking cytochrome P450 enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of terbinafine against fungal cells?

    <p>By blocking the synthesis of ergosterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of food on the gastrointestinal absorption of terbinafine?

    <p>Food enhances the absorption of terbinafine by increasing bile secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distribution pattern of terbinafine in the body?

    <p>Terbinafine is distributed primarily in the skin and sebum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the elimination half-life of terbinafine in humans?

    <p>36 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic use of terbinafine in veterinary medicine?

    <p>Treating dermatophytic infections in dogs and cats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does terbinafine inhibit fungal growth?

    <p>By blocking the synthesis of ergosterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the protein binding of terbinafine in the plasma?

    <p>More than 99%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of terbinafine on fungal cell membranes?

    <p>Terbinafine causes the accumulation of squalene in fungal cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of amphotericin B is excreted unchanged into urine and feces?

    <p>65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of flucytosine?

    <p>Inhibiting thymidylate synthase and DNA and RNA synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is flucytosine administered in treating aspergillosis and candidiasis in psittacine birds?

    <p>Orally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of flucytosine in combination with amphotericin B?

    <p>Treating meningeal cryptococcosis in dogs and cats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the elimination half-life of flucytosine in humans?

    <p>3-6 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of amphotericin B?

    <p>Nephrotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is amphotericin B administered?

    <p>Intravenously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is monitored weekly during amphotericin B therapy?

    <p>Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of griseofulvin against fungal infections?

    <p>It alters the permeability of the fungal cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of high-fat foods on the absorption of griseofulvin in animals?

    <p>It increases the absorption of griseofulvin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is griseofulvin metabolized in the body?

    <p>It is metabolized by the liver through demethylation and glucuronide conjugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of administration for griseofulvin in animals?

    <p>Oral administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic use of nystatin in veterinary medicine?

    <p>Treatment of fungal infections, particularly yeast infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of nystatin on the fungal cell membrane?

    <p>It increases the permeability of the fungal cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the excretion route of nystatin in animals?

    <p>Fecal excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pharmacokinetic characteristic of griseofulvin in animals?

    <p>It is stored in the keratin cells of the skin, hair, and nails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of griseofulvin against dermatophytes?

    <p>It binds to microtubules to inhibit spindle formation and mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic use of griseofulvin in veterinary medicine?

    <p>Treating multifocal dermatophyte infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the absorption rate of griseofulvin in the gut?

    <p>25-70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of griseofulvin on infected cells?

    <p>It inhibits the growth of infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species is most susceptible to the toxic effects of ionophores?

    <p>Horses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the exchange of Na+ for Ca2+ by Na+ –Ca2+ exchanger in the cardiac and skeletal muscles?

    <p>Increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of toxicity of ionophores in animals?

    <p>Cellular electrolyte imbalances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the slower metabolism of ionophores in monogastric animals?

    <p>More complete and slower metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common administration route for clotrimazole and miconazole in the treatment of yeast or dermatophyte infections?

    <p>Topical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the adverse effect of ketoconazole in cats?

    <p>Anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of amphotericin B?

    <p>Binding to ergosterol of fungal cell membranes to form pores or channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic use of amphotericin B?

    <p>Treating systemic fungal infections in dogs, cats, horses, and birds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pharmacokinetic characteristic of amphotericin B?

    <p>Not absorbed from the GI tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the elimination half-life of amphotericin B?

    <p>1–2 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common adverse effect of fluconazole or itraconazole therapy?

    <p>Rare, unless in patients with impaired renal function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of combining amphotericin B with other antifungals?

    <p>To reduce toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Amantadine

    • Chemistry: 1-aminoadamantane
    • Mechanism of action: binds to M2 protein, blocks ion-channel activity, and inhibits viral uncoating and replication
    • Antiviral activity: effective against some influenza viruses
    • Additional effect: antagonizes N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in CNS, alleviates chronic pain
    • Therapeutic uses: adjunct to NSAIDs for chronic pain in dogs and cats, treatment of influenza viruses
    • Pharmacokinetics: oral absorption variable in horses, eliminated unchanged by kidneys, elimination half-life 3.5 hours in horses
    • Administration: orally once a day for chronic pain therapy in dogs and cats
    • Resistance: develops rapidly
    • Adverse effects: mild GI disturbances, rare bone marrow suppression

    Terbinafine

    • Chemistry: allylamine derivative
    • Mechanism of action: inhibits synthesis of ergosterol, accumulates squalene, and causes fungal cell membrane disruption
    • Antifungal activity: fungicidal against dermatophytes, fungistatic against yeast
    • Therapeutic uses: treatment of dermatophytic infections in dogs and cats, systemic mycotic infections in birds
    • Pharmacokinetics: oral absorption >70% in humans, distributed to skin and sebum, metabolized in liver, eliminated in urine, elimination half-life 36 hours
    • Adverse effects: rare, includes agitation, loose stools, flatulence, and diarrhea, particularly early in therapy

    Acyclovir

    • Chemistry: guanosine derivative
    • Mechanism of action: metabolized to monophosphate, then triphosphate, which inhibits viral DNA polymerase
    • Antiviral activity: active against herpes virus 1 in cats, equine herpes virus type-1 in vitro
    • Therapeutic uses: treatment of ocular and respiratory infections in cats
    • Pharmacokinetics: poorly absorbed orally, widely distributed, low protein binding, and crosses placenta, elimination half-life 3 hours in humans
    • Administration: orally twice a day in cats
    • Adverse effects: reversible leucopenia and anemia

    Zidovudine (AZT)

    • Chemistry: analog of thymidine
    • Mechanism of action: phosphorylated to AZT 5'-triphosphate, competes with host 5'-thymidine, essential for proviral DNA formation by reverse transcriptase

    Antifungal Agents

    Griseofulvin

    • Chemistry: cyclohexane benzofuran antibiotic
    • Mechanism of action: binds to microtubules, inhibits spindle formation and mitosis, fungistatic for dermatophytes
    • Therapeutic uses: treatment of multifocal dermatophyte infections in dogs, cats, and horses
    • Pharmacokinetics: GI absorption rate varies from 25-70%
    • Administration: orally every 6-8 hours for Candidal infections in dogs and cats

    Azoles

    • Chemistry: imidazole antifungals (ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole)
    • Mechanism of action: inhibit synthesis of ergosterol, block cytochrome P450 enzymes, increase cellular permeability
    • Therapeutic uses: treatment of systemic mycoses, severe yeast infections, and hyperadrenocorticism in dogs and cats

    Amantadine

    • Chemistry: 1-aminoadamantane
    • Mechanism of action: binds to M2 protein, blocks ion-channel activity, and inhibits viral uncoating and replication
    • Antiviral activity: effective against some influenza viruses
    • Additional effect: antagonizes N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in CNS, alleviates chronic pain
    • Therapeutic uses: adjunct to NSAIDs for chronic pain in dogs and cats, treatment of influenza viruses
    • Pharmacokinetics: oral absorption variable in horses, eliminated unchanged by kidneys, elimination half-life 3.5 hours in horses
    • Administration: orally once a day for chronic pain therapy in dogs and cats
    • Resistance: develops rapidly
    • Adverse effects: mild GI disturbances, rare bone marrow suppression

    Terbinafine

    • Chemistry: allylamine derivative
    • Mechanism of action: inhibits synthesis of ergosterol, accumulates squalene, and causes fungal cell membrane disruption
    • Antifungal activity: fungicidal against dermatophytes, fungistatic against yeast
    • Therapeutic uses: treatment of dermatophytic infections in dogs and cats, systemic mycotic infections in birds
    • Pharmacokinetics: oral absorption >70% in humans, distributed to skin and sebum, metabolized in liver, eliminated in urine, elimination half-life 36 hours
    • Adverse effects: rare, includes agitation, loose stools, flatulence, and diarrhea, particularly early in therapy

    Acyclovir

    • Chemistry: guanosine derivative
    • Mechanism of action: metabolized to monophosphate, then triphosphate, which inhibits viral DNA polymerase
    • Antiviral activity: active against herpes virus 1 in cats, equine herpes virus type-1 in vitro
    • Therapeutic uses: treatment of ocular and respiratory infections in cats
    • Pharmacokinetics: poorly absorbed orally, widely distributed, low protein binding, and crosses placenta, elimination half-life 3 hours in humans
    • Administration: orally twice a day in cats
    • Adverse effects: reversible leucopenia and anemia

    Zidovudine (AZT)

    • Chemistry: analog of thymidine
    • Mechanism of action: phosphorylated to AZT 5'-triphosphate, competes with host 5'-thymidine, essential for proviral DNA formation by reverse transcriptase

    Antifungal Agents

    Griseofulvin

    • Chemistry: cyclohexane benzofuran antibiotic
    • Mechanism of action: binds to microtubules, inhibits spindle formation and mitosis, fungistatic for dermatophytes
    • Therapeutic uses: treatment of multifocal dermatophyte infections in dogs, cats, and horses
    • Pharmacokinetics: GI absorption rate varies from 25-70%
    • Administration: orally every 6-8 hours for Candidal infections in dogs and cats

    Azoles

    • Chemistry: imidazole antifungals (ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole)
    • Mechanism of action: inhibit synthesis of ergosterol, block cytochrome P450 enzymes, increase cellular permeability
    • Therapeutic uses: treatment of systemic mycoses, severe yeast infections, and hyperadrenocorticism in dogs and cats

    Antimicrobial Drugs

    Griseofulvin

    • Griseofulvin is a cyclohexane benzofuran antibiotic derived from Penicillium griseofulvum
    • It is insoluble in water
    • Mechanism of action: Griseofulvin is actively taken up by growing dermatophytes, binds to microtubules to inhibit spindle formation and mitosis
    • Therapeutic uses: Griseofulvin is used in dogs, cats, and horses for multifocal dermatophyte infections
    • Pharmacokinetics: GI absorption rate varies from 25–70%, mild GI disturbances and bone marrow suppression have been reported

    Nystatin and Natamycin

    • Nystatin and natamycin are polyene antibiotics derived from Streptomyces spp.
    • Mechanism of action: Nystatin and natamycin are fungicidal to yeast infections caused by Candida spp. and Malassezia spp. by binding to ergosterol of the protoplast membrane of fungi
    • Therapeutic uses: Nystatin and natamycin are administered topically for yeast infections of the eye, ear, and skin, and orally for treating mucosal yeast infections of the mouth and GI tract
    • Pharmacokinetics: Nystatin is not absorbed orally and is excreted in the feces

    Terbinafine

    • Terbinafine is an allylamine derivative
    • Mechanism of action: Terbinafine inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a component of fungal cell membranes, by blocking the enzyme squalene monooxygenase
    • Therapeutic uses: Terbinafine is used to treat dermatophytic infections in dogs and cats, and systemic mycotic infections in birds
    • Pharmacokinetics: Terbinafine is readily absorbed (>70%) when given orally, distributed to skin and into the sebum, and metabolized in the liver into demethylated, deaminated, and dealkylated conjugates

    Antiviral Agents

    Amantadine

    • No information is available in the text

    Antifungal Agents

    Amphotericin B

    • Amphotericin B is a polyene macrolide that is stabilized with sodium desoxycholate as a colloidal suspension
    • Mechanism of action: Amphotericin B binds to ergosterol of fungal cell membranes to form pores or channels, resulting in leakage of cell contents
    • Therapeutic uses: Amphotericin B is used to treat systemic fungal infections in dogs, cats, horses, and birds
    • Pharmacokinetics: Amphotericin B is not absorbed from the GI tract, slowly distributes to most tissues except the CNS, eye, and bone, and eliminated biphasically with plasma t1/2 of 24–48 hours and 1–2 weeks

    Flucytosine

    • Flucytosine is a fluorinated pyrimidine that is deaminated by fungi (not mammalian cells) to 5-fluorouracil, a potent antimetabolite
    • Mechanism of action: Flucytosine inhibits thymidylate synthase and DNA and RNA synthesis in susceptible fungi
    • Therapeutic uses: Flucytosine is combined with amphotericin B for synergistic action in the treatment of cryptococcosis (especially meningeal cryptococcosis) in dogs and cats
    • Pharmacokinetics: Flucytosine is well absorbed orally and widely distributed, including the CNS, and excreted unchanged in urine

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    Description

    Learn about Amantadine, a medication with antiviral properties, used to treat influenza viruses and chronic pain in animals. Understand its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic uses.

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