Questions and Answers
What is the primary use of amantadine in veterinary medicine?
Relieving chronic pain in dogs and cats
How is amantadine administered in dogs and cats for chronic pain therapy?
Orally once a day
What percentage of the dose of amantadine is absorbed in horses when given orally?
50%
How long does it take for amantadine to be eliminated in horses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mechanism of action of amantadine in influenza viruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common adverse effect of amantadine administration in horses?
Signup and view all the answers
How rapidly does resistance to amantadine develop?
Signup and view all the answers
What is another use of amantadine besides treating chronic pain?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a rare adverse effect of terbinafine?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the recommended dosage of terbinafine for treating dermatophytic infections in dogs and cats?
Signup and view all the answers
How is terbinafine absorbed in humans when given orally?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is terbinafine distributed in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the elimination half-life of terbinafine in humans?
Signup and view all the answers
How does terbinafine inhibit fungal growth?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of food on the GI absorption of terbinafine?
Signup and view all the answers
In what type of tissue can terbinafine persist for more than 30 days?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mechanism of action of acyclovir?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the oral absorption rate of acyclovir in humans?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mode of action of zidovudine (AZT)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the administration route and frequency of acyclovir for cats?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary organ responsible for the metabolism of acyclovir?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential adverse effect of acyclovir therapy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the distribution of acyclovir in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the protein binding of acyclovir?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of ionophore toxicity in animals?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main reason for the slower metabolism of ionophores in monogastric animals?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mechanism of action of griseofulvin against dermatophytes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the absorption rate of griseofulvin in the gut?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of griseofulvin on infected cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary use of griseofulvin in veterinary medicine?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the species most susceptible to the toxic effects of ionophores?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the result of the exchange of Na+ for Ca2+ by Na+ –Ca2+ exchanger in the cardiac and skeletal muscles?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary route of administration for nystatin in treating Candidal infections?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main adverse effect of polyene antifungals at high doses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mechanism of action of azole antifungals in treating fungal infections?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the therapeutic use of ketoconazole in dogs and cats?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of azole antifungals on mammalian steroid synthesis at high doses?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of fungal infections are azole antifungals effective against?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary use of natamycin in veterinary medicine?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of azole antifungals on fungal cell membranes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mechanism of action of amantadine in inhibiting viral replication?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary effect of amantadine on chronic pain sensation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the elimination half-life of amantadine in horses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the pharmacokinetic characteristic of amantadine in horses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the administration route of amantadine for treating chronic pain in dogs and cats?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic of the development of resistance to amantadine?
Signup and view all the answers
What is another use of amantadine besides treating chronic pain?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mechanism of action of amantadine in the CNS?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of terbinafine on fungal cell membranes?
Signup and view all the answers
How is terbinafine distributed in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mechanism of action of terbinafine against fungi?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the oral absorption rate of terbinafine in humans?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary use of terbinafine in veterinary medicine?
Signup and view all the answers
How long does terbinafine persist in adipose tissue and skin?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the protein binding of terbinafine in humans?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the elimination half-life of terbinafine in humans?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mechanism of action of acyclovir?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the oral absorption rate of acyclovir in humans?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary organ responsible for the metabolism of acyclovir?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the administration route and frequency of acyclovir for cats?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the distribution of acyclovir in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential adverse effect of acyclovir therapy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mechanism of action of zidovudine (AZT)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of acyclovir on the viral DNA?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mechanism of action of griseofulvin against dermatophytes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the absorption rate of griseofulvin in the gut?
Signup and view all the answers
In which species is griseofulvin used to treat multifocal dermatophyte infections?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of griseofulvin on infected cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary use of griseofulvin in veterinary medicine?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the result of the exchange of Na+ for Ca2+ by Na+ –Ca2+ exchanger in the cardiac and skeletal muscles?
Signup and view all the answers
Which species is most susceptible to the toxic effects of ionophores?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mechanism of ionophore toxicity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mechanism of action of azole antifungals in treating fungal infections?
Signup and view all the answers
How is nystatin primarily administered in animals for treating Candidal infections?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary effect of azole antifungals on mammalian steroid synthesis at high doses?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of fungal infections are azole antifungals effective against?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary use of natamycin in veterinary medicine?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of azole antifungals on fungal cell membranes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the therapeutic use of ketoconazole in dogs and cats?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mechanism of action of azole antifungals in treating fungal infections, besides inhibiting ergosterol synthesis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mechanism of action of terbinafine against fungal cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of food on the gastrointestinal absorption of terbinafine?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the distribution pattern of terbinafine in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the elimination half-life of terbinafine in humans?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the therapeutic use of terbinafine in veterinary medicine?
Signup and view all the answers
How does terbinafine inhibit fungal growth?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the protein binding of terbinafine in the plasma?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of terbinafine on fungal cell membranes?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of amphotericin B is excreted unchanged into urine and feces?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mechanism of action of flucytosine?
Signup and view all the answers
How is flucytosine administered in treating aspergillosis and candidiasis in psittacine birds?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary use of flucytosine in combination with amphotericin B?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the elimination half-life of flucytosine in humans?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common adverse effect of amphotericin B?
Signup and view all the answers
How is amphotericin B administered?
Signup and view all the answers
What is monitored weekly during amphotericin B therapy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mechanism of action of griseofulvin against fungal infections?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of high-fat foods on the absorption of griseofulvin in animals?
Signup and view all the answers
How is griseofulvin metabolized in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary route of administration for griseofulvin in animals?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary therapeutic use of nystatin in veterinary medicine?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of nystatin on the fungal cell membrane?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the excretion route of nystatin in animals?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the pharmacokinetic characteristic of griseofulvin in animals?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mechanism of action of griseofulvin against dermatophytes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary therapeutic use of griseofulvin in veterinary medicine?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the absorption rate of griseofulvin in the gut?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of griseofulvin on infected cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which species is most susceptible to the toxic effects of ionophores?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the result of the exchange of Na+ for Ca2+ by Na+ –Ca2+ exchanger in the cardiac and skeletal muscles?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mechanism of toxicity of ionophores in animals?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the reason for the slower metabolism of ionophores in monogastric animals?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the common administration route for clotrimazole and miconazole in the treatment of yeast or dermatophyte infections?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the adverse effect of ketoconazole in cats?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mechanism of action of amphotericin B?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the therapeutic use of amphotericin B?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the pharmacokinetic characteristic of amphotericin B?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the elimination half-life of amphotericin B?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the common adverse effect of fluconazole or itraconazole therapy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of combining amphotericin B with other antifungals?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Amantadine
- Chemistry: 1-aminoadamantane
- Mechanism of action: binds to M2 protein, blocks ion-channel activity, and inhibits viral uncoating and replication
- Antiviral activity: effective against some influenza viruses
- Additional effect: antagonizes N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in CNS, alleviates chronic pain
- Therapeutic uses: adjunct to NSAIDs for chronic pain in dogs and cats, treatment of influenza viruses
- Pharmacokinetics: oral absorption variable in horses, eliminated unchanged by kidneys, elimination half-life 3.5 hours in horses
- Administration: orally once a day for chronic pain therapy in dogs and cats
- Resistance: develops rapidly
- Adverse effects: mild GI disturbances, rare bone marrow suppression
Terbinafine
- Chemistry: allylamine derivative
- Mechanism of action: inhibits synthesis of ergosterol, accumulates squalene, and causes fungal cell membrane disruption
- Antifungal activity: fungicidal against dermatophytes, fungistatic against yeast
- Therapeutic uses: treatment of dermatophytic infections in dogs and cats, systemic mycotic infections in birds
- Pharmacokinetics: oral absorption >70% in humans, distributed to skin and sebum, metabolized in liver, eliminated in urine, elimination half-life 36 hours
- Adverse effects: rare, includes agitation, loose stools, flatulence, and diarrhea, particularly early in therapy
Acyclovir
- Chemistry: guanosine derivative
- Mechanism of action: metabolized to monophosphate, then triphosphate, which inhibits viral DNA polymerase
- Antiviral activity: active against herpes virus 1 in cats, equine herpes virus type-1 in vitro
- Therapeutic uses: treatment of ocular and respiratory infections in cats
- Pharmacokinetics: poorly absorbed orally, widely distributed, low protein binding, and crosses placenta, elimination half-life 3 hours in humans
- Administration: orally twice a day in cats
- Adverse effects: reversible leucopenia and anemia
Zidovudine (AZT)
- Chemistry: analog of thymidine
- Mechanism of action: phosphorylated to AZT 5'-triphosphate, competes with host 5'-thymidine, essential for proviral DNA formation by reverse transcriptase
Antifungal Agents
Griseofulvin
- Chemistry: cyclohexane benzofuran antibiotic
- Mechanism of action: binds to microtubules, inhibits spindle formation and mitosis, fungistatic for dermatophytes
- Therapeutic uses: treatment of multifocal dermatophyte infections in dogs, cats, and horses
- Pharmacokinetics: GI absorption rate varies from 25-70%
- Administration: orally every 6-8 hours for Candidal infections in dogs and cats
Azoles
- Chemistry: imidazole antifungals (ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole)
- Mechanism of action: inhibit synthesis of ergosterol, block cytochrome P450 enzymes, increase cellular permeability
- Therapeutic uses: treatment of systemic mycoses, severe yeast infections, and hyperadrenocorticism in dogs and cats
Amantadine
- Chemistry: 1-aminoadamantane
- Mechanism of action: binds to M2 protein, blocks ion-channel activity, and inhibits viral uncoating and replication
- Antiviral activity: effective against some influenza viruses
- Additional effect: antagonizes N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in CNS, alleviates chronic pain
- Therapeutic uses: adjunct to NSAIDs for chronic pain in dogs and cats, treatment of influenza viruses
- Pharmacokinetics: oral absorption variable in horses, eliminated unchanged by kidneys, elimination half-life 3.5 hours in horses
- Administration: orally once a day for chronic pain therapy in dogs and cats
- Resistance: develops rapidly
- Adverse effects: mild GI disturbances, rare bone marrow suppression
Terbinafine
- Chemistry: allylamine derivative
- Mechanism of action: inhibits synthesis of ergosterol, accumulates squalene, and causes fungal cell membrane disruption
- Antifungal activity: fungicidal against dermatophytes, fungistatic against yeast
- Therapeutic uses: treatment of dermatophytic infections in dogs and cats, systemic mycotic infections in birds
- Pharmacokinetics: oral absorption >70% in humans, distributed to skin and sebum, metabolized in liver, eliminated in urine, elimination half-life 36 hours
- Adverse effects: rare, includes agitation, loose stools, flatulence, and diarrhea, particularly early in therapy
Acyclovir
- Chemistry: guanosine derivative
- Mechanism of action: metabolized to monophosphate, then triphosphate, which inhibits viral DNA polymerase
- Antiviral activity: active against herpes virus 1 in cats, equine herpes virus type-1 in vitro
- Therapeutic uses: treatment of ocular and respiratory infections in cats
- Pharmacokinetics: poorly absorbed orally, widely distributed, low protein binding, and crosses placenta, elimination half-life 3 hours in humans
- Administration: orally twice a day in cats
- Adverse effects: reversible leucopenia and anemia
Zidovudine (AZT)
- Chemistry: analog of thymidine
- Mechanism of action: phosphorylated to AZT 5'-triphosphate, competes with host 5'-thymidine, essential for proviral DNA formation by reverse transcriptase
Antifungal Agents
Griseofulvin
- Chemistry: cyclohexane benzofuran antibiotic
- Mechanism of action: binds to microtubules, inhibits spindle formation and mitosis, fungistatic for dermatophytes
- Therapeutic uses: treatment of multifocal dermatophyte infections in dogs, cats, and horses
- Pharmacokinetics: GI absorption rate varies from 25-70%
- Administration: orally every 6-8 hours for Candidal infections in dogs and cats
Azoles
- Chemistry: imidazole antifungals (ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole)
- Mechanism of action: inhibit synthesis of ergosterol, block cytochrome P450 enzymes, increase cellular permeability
- Therapeutic uses: treatment of systemic mycoses, severe yeast infections, and hyperadrenocorticism in dogs and cats
Antimicrobial Drugs
Griseofulvin
- Griseofulvin is a cyclohexane benzofuran antibiotic derived from Penicillium griseofulvum
- It is insoluble in water
- Mechanism of action: Griseofulvin is actively taken up by growing dermatophytes, binds to microtubules to inhibit spindle formation and mitosis
- Therapeutic uses: Griseofulvin is used in dogs, cats, and horses for multifocal dermatophyte infections
- Pharmacokinetics: GI absorption rate varies from 25–70%, mild GI disturbances and bone marrow suppression have been reported
Nystatin and Natamycin
- Nystatin and natamycin are polyene antibiotics derived from Streptomyces spp.
- Mechanism of action: Nystatin and natamycin are fungicidal to yeast infections caused by Candida spp. and Malassezia spp. by binding to ergosterol of the protoplast membrane of fungi
- Therapeutic uses: Nystatin and natamycin are administered topically for yeast infections of the eye, ear, and skin, and orally for treating mucosal yeast infections of the mouth and GI tract
- Pharmacokinetics: Nystatin is not absorbed orally and is excreted in the feces
Terbinafine
- Terbinafine is an allylamine derivative
- Mechanism of action: Terbinafine inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a component of fungal cell membranes, by blocking the enzyme squalene monooxygenase
- Therapeutic uses: Terbinafine is used to treat dermatophytic infections in dogs and cats, and systemic mycotic infections in birds
- Pharmacokinetics: Terbinafine is readily absorbed (>70%) when given orally, distributed to skin and into the sebum, and metabolized in the liver into demethylated, deaminated, and dealkylated conjugates
Antiviral Agents
Amantadine
- No information is available in the text
Antifungal Agents
Amphotericin B
- Amphotericin B is a polyene macrolide that is stabilized with sodium desoxycholate as a colloidal suspension
- Mechanism of action: Amphotericin B binds to ergosterol of fungal cell membranes to form pores or channels, resulting in leakage of cell contents
- Therapeutic uses: Amphotericin B is used to treat systemic fungal infections in dogs, cats, horses, and birds
- Pharmacokinetics: Amphotericin B is not absorbed from the GI tract, slowly distributes to most tissues except the CNS, eye, and bone, and eliminated biphasically with plasma t1/2 of 24–48 hours and 1–2 weeks
Flucytosine
- Flucytosine is a fluorinated pyrimidine that is deaminated by fungi (not mammalian cells) to 5-fluorouracil, a potent antimetabolite
- Mechanism of action: Flucytosine inhibits thymidylate synthase and DNA and RNA synthesis in susceptible fungi
- Therapeutic uses: Flucytosine is combined with amphotericin B for synergistic action in the treatment of cryptococcosis (especially meningeal cryptococcosis) in dogs and cats
- Pharmacokinetics: Flucytosine is well absorbed orally and widely distributed, including the CNS, and excreted unchanged in urine
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
