Pharmacology: Amantadine
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary use of amantadine in veterinary medicine?

  • Treating some influenza viruses
  • Treating equine-2 influenza
  • Antagonizing N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors
  • Relieving chronic pain in dogs and cats (correct)

How is amantadine administered in dogs and cats for chronic pain therapy?

  • Orally twice a day
  • Topically
  • Intravenously
  • Orally once a day (correct)

What percentage of the dose of amantadine is absorbed in horses when given orally?

  • 70%
  • 90%
  • 20%
  • 50% (correct)

How long does it take for amantadine to be eliminated in horses?

<p>3.5 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of amantadine in influenza viruses?

<p>By blocking the ion channel activity of the M2 protein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect of amantadine administration in horses?

<p>Seizures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How rapidly does resistance to amantadine develop?

<p>Rapidly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another use of amantadine besides treating chronic pain?

<p>Treating influenza viruses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a rare adverse effect of terbinafine?

<p>Bone marrow suppression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended dosage of terbinafine for treating dermatophytic infections in dogs and cats?

<p>30 mg/kg/day (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is terbinafine absorbed in humans when given orally?

<p>Readily absorbed (&gt;70%) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is terbinafine distributed in the body?

<p>Skin and into the sebum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the elimination half-life of terbinafine in humans?

<p>36 hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does terbinafine inhibit fungal growth?

<p>By blocking the synthesis of ergosterol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of food on the GI absorption of terbinafine?

<p>Food enhances absorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what type of tissue can terbinafine persist for more than 30 days?

<p>Adipose tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of acyclovir?

<p>Inhibiting the viral DNA polymerase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the oral absorption rate of acyclovir in humans?

<p>20% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of action of zidovudine (AZT)?

<p>Competing with host 5'-thymidine for proviral DNA formation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the administration route and frequency of acyclovir for cats?

<p>Orally, twice a day (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary organ responsible for the metabolism of acyclovir?

<p>Liver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential adverse effect of acyclovir therapy?

<p>Leucopenia and anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distribution of acyclovir in the body?

<p>Widely distributed throughout body tissues and fluids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the protein binding of acyclovir?

<p>Low (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of ionophore toxicity in animals?

<p>Cellular electrolyte imbalances, increased extracellular K+ and intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ concentrations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the slower metabolism of ionophores in monogastric animals?

<p>The incomplete metabolism of ionophores in monogastric animals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of griseofulvin against dermatophytes?

<p>It binds to microtubules to inhibit spindle formation and mitosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the absorption rate of griseofulvin in the gut?

<p>25-70% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of griseofulvin on infected cells?

<p>It is shed and replaced with uninfected cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of griseofulvin in veterinary medicine?

<p>Treating multifocal dermatophyte infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the species most susceptible to the toxic effects of ionophores?

<p>Horses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the exchange of Na+ for Ca2+ by Na+ –Ca2+ exchanger in the cardiac and skeletal muscles?

<p>Increased intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ concentrations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of administration for nystatin in treating Candidal infections?

<p>Oral administration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main adverse effect of polyene antifungals at high doses?

<p>Gastrointestinal upset (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of azole antifungals in treating fungal infections?

<p>Inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol in fungal cytoplasmic membranes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic use of ketoconazole in dogs and cats?

<p>Treating systemic mycoses and severe yeast infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of azole antifungals on mammalian steroid synthesis at high doses?

<p>Inhibition of steroid synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fungal infections are azole antifungals effective against?

<p>Systemic infections caused by Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Cryptococcus, and Histoplasma spp. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of natamycin in veterinary medicine?

<p>Treating ocular mycotic infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of azole antifungals on fungal cell membranes?

<p>Increasing cellular permeability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of amantadine in inhibiting viral replication?

<p>By inhibiting the ion channel activity of M2 protein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of amantadine on chronic pain sensation?

<p>It antagonizes the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the elimination half-life of amantadine in horses?

<p>3.5 hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pharmacokinetic characteristic of amantadine in horses?

<p>Variable oral absorption and moderate elimination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the administration route of amantadine for treating chronic pain in dogs and cats?

<p>Oral once a day (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the development of resistance to amantadine?

<p>It develops quite rapidly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another use of amantadine besides treating chronic pain?

<p>Treating influenza viruses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of amantadine in the CNS?

<p>Antagonizing the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of terbinafine on fungal cell membranes?

<p>It blocks the synthesis of ergosterol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is terbinafine distributed in the body?

<p>It is distributed to the skin and sebum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of terbinafine against fungi?

<p>It inhibits the conversion of squalene to sterols (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the oral absorption rate of terbinafine in humans?

<p>More than 70% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of terbinafine in veterinary medicine?

<p>Treating dermatophytic infections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does terbinafine persist in adipose tissue and skin?

<p>More than 30 days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the protein binding of terbinafine in humans?

<p>More than 99% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the elimination half-life of terbinafine in humans?

<p>Around 36 hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of acyclovir?

<p>Inhibiting the viral DNA polymerase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the oral absorption rate of acyclovir in humans?

<p>About 20% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary organ responsible for the metabolism of acyclovir?

<p>Liver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the administration route and frequency of acyclovir for cats?

<p>Orally, twice a day (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distribution of acyclovir in the body?

<p>Widely distributed throughout body tissues and fluids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential adverse effect of acyclovir therapy?

<p>Leucopenia and anemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of zidovudine (AZT)?

<p>Competing with host 5'-thymidine for incorporation into proviral DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of acyclovir on the viral DNA?

<p>Inhibiting the viral DNA polymerase, ending the nucleotide chain prematurely (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of griseofulvin against dermatophytes?

<p>It binds to microtubules to inhibit spindle formation and mitosis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the absorption rate of griseofulvin in the gut?

<p>25-70% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which species is griseofulvin used to treat multifocal dermatophyte infections?

<p>Dogs, cats, and horses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of griseofulvin on infected cells?

<p>It induces the shedding and replacement of infected cells with uninfected cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of griseofulvin in veterinary medicine?

<p>To treat multifocal dermatophyte infections. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the exchange of Na+ for Ca2+ by Na+ –Ca2+ exchanger in the cardiac and skeletal muscles?

<p>Increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which species is most susceptible to the toxic effects of ionophores?

<p>Horses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of ionophore toxicity?

<p>Cellular electrolyte imbalances. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of azole antifungals in treating fungal infections?

<p>Inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol in fungal cytoplasmic membranes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is nystatin primarily administered in animals for treating Candidal infections?

<p>Orally every 6-8 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of azole antifungals on mammalian steroid synthesis at high doses?

<p>Inhibition of steroid synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fungal infections are azole antifungals effective against?

<p>Candidiasis, griseofulvin-resistant dermatophytes, and systemic infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of natamycin in veterinary medicine?

<p>Treating ocular mycotic infections in horses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of azole antifungals on fungal cell membranes?

<p>Increasing cellular permeability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic use of ketoconazole in dogs and cats?

<p>Treating systemic mycoses and severe yeast infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of azole antifungals in treating fungal infections, besides inhibiting ergosterol synthesis?

<p>Blocking cytochrome P450 enzymes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of terbinafine against fungal cells?

<p>By blocking the synthesis of ergosterol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of food on the gastrointestinal absorption of terbinafine?

<p>Food enhances the absorption of terbinafine by increasing bile secretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distribution pattern of terbinafine in the body?

<p>Terbinafine is distributed primarily in the skin and sebum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the elimination half-life of terbinafine in humans?

<p>36 hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic use of terbinafine in veterinary medicine?

<p>Treating dermatophytic infections in dogs and cats (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does terbinafine inhibit fungal growth?

<p>By blocking the synthesis of ergosterol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the protein binding of terbinafine in the plasma?

<p>More than 99% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of terbinafine on fungal cell membranes?

<p>Terbinafine causes the accumulation of squalene in fungal cell membranes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of amphotericin B is excreted unchanged into urine and feces?

<p>65% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of flucytosine?

<p>Inhibiting thymidylate synthase and DNA and RNA synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is flucytosine administered in treating aspergillosis and candidiasis in psittacine birds?

<p>Orally (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of flucytosine in combination with amphotericin B?

<p>Treating meningeal cryptococcosis in dogs and cats (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the elimination half-life of flucytosine in humans?

<p>3-6 hours (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect of amphotericin B?

<p>Nephrotoxicity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is amphotericin B administered?

<p>Intravenously (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is monitored weekly during amphotericin B therapy?

<p>Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of griseofulvin against fungal infections?

<p>It alters the permeability of the fungal cell membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of high-fat foods on the absorption of griseofulvin in animals?

<p>It increases the absorption of griseofulvin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is griseofulvin metabolized in the body?

<p>It is metabolized by the liver through demethylation and glucuronide conjugation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of administration for griseofulvin in animals?

<p>Oral administration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary therapeutic use of nystatin in veterinary medicine?

<p>Treatment of fungal infections, particularly yeast infections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of nystatin on the fungal cell membrane?

<p>It increases the permeability of the fungal cell membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the excretion route of nystatin in animals?

<p>Fecal excretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pharmacokinetic characteristic of griseofulvin in animals?

<p>It is stored in the keratin cells of the skin, hair, and nails (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of griseofulvin against dermatophytes?

<p>It binds to microtubules to inhibit spindle formation and mitosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary therapeutic use of griseofulvin in veterinary medicine?

<p>Treating multifocal dermatophyte infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the absorption rate of griseofulvin in the gut?

<p>25-70% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of griseofulvin on infected cells?

<p>It inhibits the growth of infected cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which species is most susceptible to the toxic effects of ionophores?

<p>Horses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the exchange of Na+ for Ca2+ by Na+ –Ca2+ exchanger in the cardiac and skeletal muscles?

<p>Increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of toxicity of ionophores in animals?

<p>Cellular electrolyte imbalances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for the slower metabolism of ionophores in monogastric animals?

<p>More complete and slower metabolism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common administration route for clotrimazole and miconazole in the treatment of yeast or dermatophyte infections?

<p>Topical (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the adverse effect of ketoconazole in cats?

<p>Anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of amphotericin B?

<p>Binding to ergosterol of fungal cell membranes to form pores or channels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic use of amphotericin B?

<p>Treating systemic fungal infections in dogs, cats, horses, and birds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pharmacokinetic characteristic of amphotericin B?

<p>Not absorbed from the GI tract (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the elimination half-life of amphotericin B?

<p>1–2 weeks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common adverse effect of fluconazole or itraconazole therapy?

<p>Rare, unless in patients with impaired renal function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of combining amphotericin B with other antifungals?

<p>To reduce toxicity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Amantadine

  • Chemistry: 1-aminoadamantane
  • Mechanism of action: binds to M2 protein, blocks ion-channel activity, and inhibits viral uncoating and replication
  • Antiviral activity: effective against some influenza viruses
  • Additional effect: antagonizes N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in CNS, alleviates chronic pain
  • Therapeutic uses: adjunct to NSAIDs for chronic pain in dogs and cats, treatment of influenza viruses
  • Pharmacokinetics: oral absorption variable in horses, eliminated unchanged by kidneys, elimination half-life 3.5 hours in horses
  • Administration: orally once a day for chronic pain therapy in dogs and cats
  • Resistance: develops rapidly
  • Adverse effects: mild GI disturbances, rare bone marrow suppression

Terbinafine

  • Chemistry: allylamine derivative
  • Mechanism of action: inhibits synthesis of ergosterol, accumulates squalene, and causes fungal cell membrane disruption
  • Antifungal activity: fungicidal against dermatophytes, fungistatic against yeast
  • Therapeutic uses: treatment of dermatophytic infections in dogs and cats, systemic mycotic infections in birds
  • Pharmacokinetics: oral absorption >70% in humans, distributed to skin and sebum, metabolized in liver, eliminated in urine, elimination half-life 36 hours
  • Adverse effects: rare, includes agitation, loose stools, flatulence, and diarrhea, particularly early in therapy

Acyclovir

  • Chemistry: guanosine derivative
  • Mechanism of action: metabolized to monophosphate, then triphosphate, which inhibits viral DNA polymerase
  • Antiviral activity: active against herpes virus 1 in cats, equine herpes virus type-1 in vitro
  • Therapeutic uses: treatment of ocular and respiratory infections in cats
  • Pharmacokinetics: poorly absorbed orally, widely distributed, low protein binding, and crosses placenta, elimination half-life 3 hours in humans
  • Administration: orally twice a day in cats
  • Adverse effects: reversible leucopenia and anemia

Zidovudine (AZT)

  • Chemistry: analog of thymidine
  • Mechanism of action: phosphorylated to AZT 5'-triphosphate, competes with host 5'-thymidine, essential for proviral DNA formation by reverse transcriptase

Antifungal Agents

Griseofulvin

  • Chemistry: cyclohexane benzofuran antibiotic
  • Mechanism of action: binds to microtubules, inhibits spindle formation and mitosis, fungistatic for dermatophytes
  • Therapeutic uses: treatment of multifocal dermatophyte infections in dogs, cats, and horses
  • Pharmacokinetics: GI absorption rate varies from 25-70%
  • Administration: orally every 6-8 hours for Candidal infections in dogs and cats

Azoles

  • Chemistry: imidazole antifungals (ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole)
  • Mechanism of action: inhibit synthesis of ergosterol, block cytochrome P450 enzymes, increase cellular permeability
  • Therapeutic uses: treatment of systemic mycoses, severe yeast infections, and hyperadrenocorticism in dogs and cats

Amantadine

  • Chemistry: 1-aminoadamantane
  • Mechanism of action: binds to M2 protein, blocks ion-channel activity, and inhibits viral uncoating and replication
  • Antiviral activity: effective against some influenza viruses
  • Additional effect: antagonizes N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in CNS, alleviates chronic pain
  • Therapeutic uses: adjunct to NSAIDs for chronic pain in dogs and cats, treatment of influenza viruses
  • Pharmacokinetics: oral absorption variable in horses, eliminated unchanged by kidneys, elimination half-life 3.5 hours in horses
  • Administration: orally once a day for chronic pain therapy in dogs and cats
  • Resistance: develops rapidly
  • Adverse effects: mild GI disturbances, rare bone marrow suppression

Terbinafine

  • Chemistry: allylamine derivative
  • Mechanism of action: inhibits synthesis of ergosterol, accumulates squalene, and causes fungal cell membrane disruption
  • Antifungal activity: fungicidal against dermatophytes, fungistatic against yeast
  • Therapeutic uses: treatment of dermatophytic infections in dogs and cats, systemic mycotic infections in birds
  • Pharmacokinetics: oral absorption >70% in humans, distributed to skin and sebum, metabolized in liver, eliminated in urine, elimination half-life 36 hours
  • Adverse effects: rare, includes agitation, loose stools, flatulence, and diarrhea, particularly early in therapy

Acyclovir

  • Chemistry: guanosine derivative
  • Mechanism of action: metabolized to monophosphate, then triphosphate, which inhibits viral DNA polymerase
  • Antiviral activity: active against herpes virus 1 in cats, equine herpes virus type-1 in vitro
  • Therapeutic uses: treatment of ocular and respiratory infections in cats
  • Pharmacokinetics: poorly absorbed orally, widely distributed, low protein binding, and crosses placenta, elimination half-life 3 hours in humans
  • Administration: orally twice a day in cats
  • Adverse effects: reversible leucopenia and anemia

Zidovudine (AZT)

  • Chemistry: analog of thymidine
  • Mechanism of action: phosphorylated to AZT 5'-triphosphate, competes with host 5'-thymidine, essential for proviral DNA formation by reverse transcriptase

Antifungal Agents

Griseofulvin

  • Chemistry: cyclohexane benzofuran antibiotic
  • Mechanism of action: binds to microtubules, inhibits spindle formation and mitosis, fungistatic for dermatophytes
  • Therapeutic uses: treatment of multifocal dermatophyte infections in dogs, cats, and horses
  • Pharmacokinetics: GI absorption rate varies from 25-70%
  • Administration: orally every 6-8 hours for Candidal infections in dogs and cats

Azoles

  • Chemistry: imidazole antifungals (ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole)
  • Mechanism of action: inhibit synthesis of ergosterol, block cytochrome P450 enzymes, increase cellular permeability
  • Therapeutic uses: treatment of systemic mycoses, severe yeast infections, and hyperadrenocorticism in dogs and cats

Antimicrobial Drugs

Griseofulvin

  • Griseofulvin is a cyclohexane benzofuran antibiotic derived from Penicillium griseofulvum
  • It is insoluble in water
  • Mechanism of action: Griseofulvin is actively taken up by growing dermatophytes, binds to microtubules to inhibit spindle formation and mitosis
  • Therapeutic uses: Griseofulvin is used in dogs, cats, and horses for multifocal dermatophyte infections
  • Pharmacokinetics: GI absorption rate varies from 25–70%, mild GI disturbances and bone marrow suppression have been reported

Nystatin and Natamycin

  • Nystatin and natamycin are polyene antibiotics derived from Streptomyces spp.
  • Mechanism of action: Nystatin and natamycin are fungicidal to yeast infections caused by Candida spp. and Malassezia spp. by binding to ergosterol of the protoplast membrane of fungi
  • Therapeutic uses: Nystatin and natamycin are administered topically for yeast infections of the eye, ear, and skin, and orally for treating mucosal yeast infections of the mouth and GI tract
  • Pharmacokinetics: Nystatin is not absorbed orally and is excreted in the feces

Terbinafine

  • Terbinafine is an allylamine derivative
  • Mechanism of action: Terbinafine inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a component of fungal cell membranes, by blocking the enzyme squalene monooxygenase
  • Therapeutic uses: Terbinafine is used to treat dermatophytic infections in dogs and cats, and systemic mycotic infections in birds
  • Pharmacokinetics: Terbinafine is readily absorbed (>70%) when given orally, distributed to skin and into the sebum, and metabolized in the liver into demethylated, deaminated, and dealkylated conjugates

Antiviral Agents

Amantadine

  • No information is available in the text

Antifungal Agents

Amphotericin B

  • Amphotericin B is a polyene macrolide that is stabilized with sodium desoxycholate as a colloidal suspension
  • Mechanism of action: Amphotericin B binds to ergosterol of fungal cell membranes to form pores or channels, resulting in leakage of cell contents
  • Therapeutic uses: Amphotericin B is used to treat systemic fungal infections in dogs, cats, horses, and birds
  • Pharmacokinetics: Amphotericin B is not absorbed from the GI tract, slowly distributes to most tissues except the CNS, eye, and bone, and eliminated biphasically with plasma t1/2 of 24–48 hours and 1–2 weeks

Flucytosine

  • Flucytosine is a fluorinated pyrimidine that is deaminated by fungi (not mammalian cells) to 5-fluorouracil, a potent antimetabolite
  • Mechanism of action: Flucytosine inhibits thymidylate synthase and DNA and RNA synthesis in susceptible fungi
  • Therapeutic uses: Flucytosine is combined with amphotericin B for synergistic action in the treatment of cryptococcosis (especially meningeal cryptococcosis) in dogs and cats
  • Pharmacokinetics: Flucytosine is well absorbed orally and widely distributed, including the CNS, and excreted unchanged in urine

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Description

Learn about Amantadine, a medication with antiviral properties, used to treat influenza viruses and chronic pain in animals. Understand its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic uses.

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