47 Questions
What is the total estimated length of the vessels in the adult circulatory system?
125,000 kilometers
Which layer of the pericardium corresponds to the visceral layer of the pericardium?
Epicardium
What are the sites of O2, CO2, nutrient, and waste product exchange between blood and tissues?
Capillaries
Which layer prevents friction within the pericardium by producing lubricant fluid?
Epicardium
What cushions the underlying structures during heart movements in the circulatory system?
Adipose tissue
Which system includes both the blood and lymphatic vascular systems?
Circulatory system
What type of response involves antibody production?
Humoral response
Which immunoglobulin class is known for its ability to bind specific antigens and neutralize viral particles?
Immunoglobulin M (IgM)
Which process involves clumping microorganisms bearing the antigens for easier removal?
Precipitation
What is the molecule recognized by cells of the adaptive immune system that typically elicits a response from these cells?
Epitopes
Which immunoglobulin class promotes complement activation and opsonization?
IgG
What is the main function of antibodies in binding specific antigens?
Neutralizing viral particles
What is the main function of melanocytes in the epidermis?
Produce and distribute melanin to keratinocytes
Where are Merkel cells primarily located?
Stratum basale
Which characteristic feature distinguishes melanocytes from Merkel cells?
Presence of Birbeck granules
In which layer of the skin is the subpapillary plexus located?
Papillary layer
What is the role of the reticular layer in the dermis?
Supporting and nourishing the epidermis
Which cell type is responsible for sensing gentle touch in the skin?
Merkel cells
What type of cells infiltrate the dense connective tissue in the spleen?
Myofibroblast
Which zone in the spleen is mainly composed of lymphocytes surrounding an artery?
Periarterial lymphatic sheath
Where do central arterioles branch into short straight penicillar arterioles and capillaries?
White pulp
What is the main component of the splenic white pulp that surrounds central arterioles?
B cells
Which area in the spleen occupies most of the parenchyma?
Red pulp
What is the primary function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in the immune response?
Destroy infected cells and tumor cells
Which of the following best describes the function of regulatory T cells?
Maintain immune tolerance and suppress excessive immune responses
Where do lymphocytes undergo positive and negative selection?
Thymus
What is the function of antigen-presenting cells in the immune response?
Produce cytokines that promote differentiation of B cells into plasma cells
What characterizes the cortical zone of an active thymus?
Packed with small, highly basophilic lymphoblasts that undergo selection
What distinguishes lymphoid organs from other tissues in the body?
They actively monitor body surfaces for harmful substances
What is a characteristic of palatine tonsils?
Located near the oral cavity and lack distinct capsules
Which tonsil type lacks crypts and is covered by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?
Pharyngeal tonsils
What is a distinguishing feature of lingual tonsils?
Near the oral cavity
Which of the following types of epithelium is found around the tonsillar crypts?
Stratified squamous epithelium
What represents large, irregular masses of lymphoid tissue in the mucosa of the posterior oral cavity and nasopharynx?
Tonsils
Which type of tonsil has a thin underlying capsule, lacks crypts, and is near the oropharynx?
Pharyngeal tonsils
What type of cells are predominantly found in the paracortex region of a lymph node?
T cells
Which specialized postcapillary venules serve as an important entry point for most circulating lymphocytes into lymph nodes?
High endothelial venules (HEVs)
What specific surface glycoproteins on endothelial cells facilitate the entry of B and T cells from the blood into the paracortex of a lymph node?
Apical surface glycoproteins
Which component of the spleen is primarily responsible for filtration of blood?
Red pulp
What is the main function of the medullary sinuses in a lymph node?
Contain a final lymph filter
Where in the spleen are antibodies and activated lymphocytes produced?
White pulp
What is the main function of veins in the circulatory system?
Distribute deoxygenated blood towards the tissues
What distinguishes capillaries from other blood vessels?
Endothelium only structure
Which vessels are referred to as conducting arteries?
Elastic arteries
What is the most prominent feature of elastic arteries?
Elastic lamellae in tunica media
Which layer shows folds in cross-section due to loss of blood pressure and vessel contraction at death?
Tunica intima
What is the function of the numerous elastic laminae in elastic arteries?
Make blood flow more uniform
Test your knowledge on antigen-presenting cells and the role of T lymphocytes in immune responses. Learn about the functions of B cells, plasma cells, macrophages, and regulatory T cells in the immune system.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
