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Questions and Answers
What is the term for the 'binding' suffix?
What is the term for a 'cell' root?
What is the meaning of the prefix 'retro-'?
What is the term for a 'slow' root?
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What is the term for a 'lip' or 'lips on the face' root?
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What is the meaning of the prefix 'sub-'?
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What is the term for the bony structure that forms the base of the shoulder girdle?
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What is the term for the hollowed-out area in a bone that forms a joint?
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What is the term for a cell that breaks down and reabsorbs bone tissue?
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What is the term for the muscle that has the primary responsibility for a movement?
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What is the term for the protein that stores oxygen in muscle cells?
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Study Notes
Skeletal System
- The skeletal system consists of two main divisions: axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
- The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
- The appendicular skeleton includes the upper and lower limbs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle
Bone Structure
- The foramen is a hole in the bone that allows passage of nerves and blood vessels
- Intervertebral disks are shock-absorbing structures between vertebrae
- The pectoral girdle consists of the scapula and clavicle, while the pelvic girdle consists of the ilium, ischium, and pubis
- The glenoid cavity is a depression in the scapula that forms a joint with the humerus
- The acetabulum is a cup-like structure in the pelvis that forms a joint with the femur
Bone Cells
- Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation
- Osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue
- Osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption
Cartilage
- Chondrocytes are mature cartilage cells that maintain cartilage tissue
- Epiphysis is the end of a long bone that forms a joint
- Diaphysis is the shaft of a long bone
Connective Tissue
- Ligaments are fibrous connective tissue that connect bones to each other
Fractures
- A fracture is a break in a bone
Muscles
- Origin is the attachment of a muscle to a bone that does not move
- Insertion is the attachment of a muscle to a bone that does move
- Prime mover is the muscle that produces the main movement
- Antagonist is the muscle that opposes the movement
- Synergist is the muscle that assists the movement
- Fixator is the muscle that stabilizes the joint
Muscle Physiology
- A sarcomere is the functional unit of muscle contraction
- The threshold is the minimum stimulus required to generate an action potential
- An action potential is the electrical impulse that triggers muscle contraction
- The neuromuscular junction is the site where the motor neuron meets the muscle fiber
- Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals between neurons
- Cross-bridge formation and power stroke are the mechanisms of muscle contraction
- Myoglobin is a protein that stores oxygen in muscles
Prefixes, Roots, and Suffixes
- Retr(o)- means backwards
- Trans- means through, across, or beyond
- Anti- means against or opposing
- Sub- means under, beneath, or below
- Acro- means extremities
- Cost- means ribs
- Brady- means slow
- Cheil- means lip or lips on the face
- Cyt- means cell
- -desis means binding
- -trophy means development
- -esthesia means sensation or feeling
- -emesis means vomiting
Axial Skeleton
- Consists of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
- Forms the central axis of the body
Bones
- Osteoblasts: responsible for bone formation
- Osteocytes: mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue
- Osteoclasts: break down and resorb bone tissue
Chondrocytes
- Mature cartilage cells that maintain cartilage tissue
Long Bones
- Epiphysis: ends of the bone
- Diaphysis: shaft of the bone
Joints
- Ligament: connective tissue that connects bones to each other
- Fracture: break in a bone
Muscles
- Origin: attachment point of a muscle to a bone
- Insertion: attachment point of a muscle to another bone or movable part
- Prime mover: muscle responsible for a particular movement
- Antagonist: muscle opposing the prime mover
- Synergist: muscle assisting the prime mover
- Fixator: muscle stabilizing the joint
Muscle Contraction
- Sarcomere: functional unit of muscle contraction
- Threshold: minimum stimulus required to generate an action potential
- Action potential: electrical signal that triggers muscle contraction
- Neuromuscular junction: site where a nerve ending meets a muscle fiber
- Neurotransmitter: chemical released by the nerve ending to trigger muscle contraction
- Cross-bridge: interaction between actin and myosin filaments that generates muscle contraction
- Power stroke: movement of the myosin head that produces muscle contraction
Muscle Function
- Myoglobin: oxygen-binding protein found in muscle cells that stores oxygen for muscle contraction
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of the skeletal system, including the axial and appendicular skeleton, bone structure, and related components.
