5705 Module 2

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Questions and Answers

What does the abbreviation 'SQ/SC' stand for in the context of injection routes?

Subperiosteal

Subcutaneous (correct)

Subdermal

Supracutaneous

What is the primary advantage of using the SOAP format of history and record-taking?

It allows for more detailed recording of patient information

It ensures that everyone in the clinic is consistent with the way information is recorded (correct)

It is more efficient than other record-keeping methods

It reduces the likelihood of missing important patient information

What is the primary purpose of an ACTH stim test in the presented SOAP example?

To confirm the presence of a brain tumour

To rule out toxicity as a cause of symptoms

To monitor for changes in a patient's condition

To diagnose Cushings disease (correct)

What is the primary advantage of using an intraosseous (IO) injection route?

It is typically used in emergency situations when IV access is difficult Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a pain relief trial in the presented SOAP example?

To provide temporary relief from symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of ticking off each section of the SOAP format?

To ensure that all necessary information is recorded Signup and view all the answers

What does the prefix 'intra' mean in the context of injection routes?

inside of/within Signup and view all the answers

What is the main deciding factor in choosing an injection route?

The drug itself Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of administering a medication via the wrong route?

Skin or vein necrosis Signup and view all the answers

Why is proper technique important when administering an injection?

To minimize the risk of pain and tissue damage Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the location where a drug is administered?

Injection site Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of poor injection technique?

Animal pain Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to consider the purpose of the drug being administered?

To select the appropriate injection route Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication of injection administration?

Abscesses and scarring Signup and view all the answers

What should you consider when choosing the correct needle and syringe size for an injection?

The size of the animal and the injection site Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of inverting the bottle when withdrawing medication using a syringe?

To allow the medication to flow into the syringe Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to use the smallest needle reasonable for the product and injection site?

To make the injection easier to administer and minimize tissue damage Signup and view all the answers

What should you do with the needle and syringe after using them for an injection?

Change the needle and syringe between animals Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of washing your hands before starting an injection procedure?

To reduce the risk of infection Signup and view all the answers

What should you do with the bottle after withdrawing the medication?

Remove the needle and store the bottle safely Signup and view all the answers

What determines the correct needle length for an injection?

The size of the animal and the injection site Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a small amount of spirit on a cotton swab to clean the top of the bottle?

To clean the top of the bottle before withdrawing the medication Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to rotate sites when giving multiple IM injections or daily injections?

To avoid giving in the same place each time and causing discomfort Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended site for most IM injections in cattle, sheep, and horses?

Neck Signup and view all the answers

Why is an intravenous catheter (cannula) used?

To avoid repeatedly puncturing the vein Signup and view all the answers

What is an advantage of administering medication intravenously?

Drugs are delivered directly to the bloodstream and quickly reach effective concentrations Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential disadvantage of administering medication intravenously?

An aseptic technique must be used to avoid infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended vein for intravenous injections in cats and dogs?

Cephalic vein (front-leg) or lateral saphenous vein (hind-leg) Signup and view all the answers

What should you do if blood appears when administering an IM injection?

Remove the needle and inject at a different location at least one inch away Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to administer medications slowly when giving intravenous injections?

To reduce the chance of a heart/brain reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of subcutaneous injections?

Large volumes can be administered Signup and view all the answers

In which location is the subcutaneous injection typically administered in cats and dogs?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of aspirating the needle during a subcutaneous injection?

To ensure the needle has not entered a blood vessel Signup and view all the answers

What can be observed after a successful subcutaneous injection?

A bubble of fluid beneath the skin Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to hold the needle parallel to the animal's body during a subcutaneous injection?

To avoid puncturing underlying structures Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of subcutaneous injections?

Slow absorption due to lack of large blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

What should be done after withdrawing the needle during a subcutaneous injection?

Press the skin to seal the needle's exit hole Signup and view all the answers

In which species is the neck a common site for subcutaneous injections?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What can occur if a medication is administered via the wrong route?

Seizures, skin or vein necrosis, and even death Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to consider the purpose of the drug being administered?

To decide how long the treatment needs to be given Signup and view all the answers

What can be a consequence of poor injection technique?

Animal pain, abscesses, and scarring can occur Signup and view all the answers

What does the prefix 'intra' mean in the context of injection routes?

Inside of or within Signup and view all the answers

What is the main deciding factor in choosing an injection route?

The drug itself Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication of injection administration?

Abscesses and scarring Signup and view all the answers

Why is proper technique important when administering an injection?

To prevent harm to the animal and ensure the medication is effective Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the location where a drug is administered?

Injection site Signup and view all the answers

What should you do before starting an injection procedure?

Wash your hands Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using the smallest needle reasonable for the product and injection site?

To minimize tissue damage Signup and view all the answers

Why should you not store bottles with needles left in them?

To prevent contamination Signup and view all the answers

What determines the correct needle length for an injection?

The size of the animal Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to change the needle and syringe between animals?

To prevent cross-contamination Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of cleaning the top of the bottle with spirit before withdrawing medication?

To prevent contamination Signup and view all the answers

Why should you invert the bottle when withdrawing medication using a syringe?

To ensure the correct dosage is withdrawn Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the type of needle used for injections?

Hypodermic Needle Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to loose tablets or capsules?

Put them in Child Resistant Safety Containers (CRSCs) Signup and view all the answers

What must be ensured for medications with specific storage requirements?

That the client understands the instructions Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to communicate effectively with the client?

So the client can take the medication correctly Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to ensure the client understands the instructions?

Use simple language to explain the instructions Signup and view all the answers

What should be done before dispensing medication to a client?

Check the client has the equipment to administer the medication Signup and view all the answers

What is important to consider when communicating with clients with English as a second language?

Use an interpreter if necessary Signup and view all the answers

What should be done after dispensing medication to a client?

Have another staff member double-check what was dispensed Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for ensuring the client understands the dispensing instructions?

Finding the best way to explain the instructions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of maintaining clear and accurate clinical records?

To enable another veterinarian to take over the management of the case at any time Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of marking chronological changes on a clinical record?

To provide a clear audit trail of changes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the S.O.A.P. acronym in veterinary medical records?

To provide a standard format for recording medical history Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Subjective section in the S.O.A.P. protocol?

It includes the patient's signalment Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to know what system your clinic or place of work uses for storing clinical records?

To ensure accurate and efficient record-keeping Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the HEAP acronym in veterinary medical records?

It is an alternative to the S.O.A.P. protocol Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of retaining clinical records for a specified period?

To comply with statutory requirements Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of making clinical records accessible to clients on request?

It ensures transparency and accountability in patient care Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of intramuscular injections over subcutaneous injections?

Faster absorption of the drug Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to check for blood flow in the syringe before injecting a drug intramuscularly?

To ensure the needle is not in a vein Signup and view all the answers

What is a common site for intramuscular injections in cats and dogs?

Proximal hind-leg muscles Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to use a needle long enough to penetrate skin, subcutaneous tissue, and fat when giving an intramuscular injection?

To ensure the drug is administered deep into the muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of intramuscular injections?

Can be more painful than other routes Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to tap the syringe barrel with your finger before injecting a drug?

To remove air bubbles from the syringe Signup and view all the answers

What should be done before injecting a drug intramuscularly to desensitize the animal?

Rubbing or tapping the site Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk of administering an intramuscular injection in the semimembranosus/semitendinosus muscles?

Damaging the sciatic nerve Signup and view all the answers

What should be checked for when inspecting a bandage?

Slippage, tightness, odor, edema, discharge, skin irritation, wetness, strikethrough, and patient soiling Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using Elizabethan collars and pet shirts/vests?

To minimize patient interference Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to keep a limb bandage dry while walking a patient?

To reduce the risk of complications Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a fibrin seal in surgical wounds?

To prevent bacterial contamination Signup and view all the answers

What type of dressing is typically used as a primary layer for surgical wounds?

Simple non-adherent dressing Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Robert Jones bandage?

To stabilize and reduce swelling Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a non-adhesive primary layer?

Telfa/melonin non-adhesive contact layers Signup and view all the answers

Why should IV fluid bags not be left on for long periods when creating a waterproof bootie?

To reduce the risk of complications Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

SOAP Format

Owner reports not acting normally, stumbling occasionally, vacant look, still wants to play, and enjoying the park
Interacting less with family at home, eating/toileting normally, no history of seizures, doesn't usually eat things he isn't supposed to
Proprioception slow, no nystagmus, rest of neuro exam NAD, weight stable, T=N, no obvious pain, walking normally in carpark
Diagnosis: Cushings, brain tumor, toxicity, dementia
Plan: Bloods/ACTH stim/US/UA/xrays/MRI/pain relief trial
Pain relief trial, monitor for changes, bloods and UA initially, consider MRI if all results normal

Injection Sites and Routes

Subcutaneous (SQ/SC)
Intraosseous (IO)
Intrathecal (into the fluid in the spinal canal/Cerebrospinal Fluid)
Intradermal (into the dermis of the skin)
Intra-articular (into the articular space of a joint)
Intraperitoneal (IP) (into the peritoneal cavity/abdominal cavity)
Intra-arterial (into an artery)
Intracardiac (IC) (into the heart/chambers of the heart)

Importance of Proper Injection Technique

Injection is the only or best method of administration for many medicines and most vaccines
Medications given via the wrong route can cause skin or vein necrosis, seizures, and even death
Poor injection technique can cause animal pain, abscesses, and scarring
Proper technique requires considering the drug, route, and animal's needs

Preparing to Inject a Medication

Read the label to ensure correct drug, amount, method, and site
Choose clean, dry skin, correct needle and syringe size, and appropriate needle length and gauge
Use the smallest needle and syringe reasonable to minimize tissue damage
Change the needle and syringe between animals, never reuse them

Subcutaneous Injection (SQ/SC)

Subcutaneous injections involve administering medication into the "subcutaneous space" under the skin.
Common sites for SQ/SC injections in cats and dogs: scruff of the neck, side of the chest, and flank.
Common sites for SQ/SC injections in cattle, sheep, and horses: neck.
Advantages: large volumes can be administered, generally less painful, and well-tolerated.
Disadvantages: slow absorption due to lack of large blood vessels, not suitable for fluid administration in emergency situations.

Technique for SQ/SC Injection

Lift the skin over the scruff of the neck to form a tent.
Insert the needle at the tent base, avoiding directing the needle at fingers.
Hold the needle parallel to the animal's body to avoid puncturing underlying structures.
Aspirate to ensure the needle has not entered a blood vessel.
Inject the full volume at a moderate rate.
Withdraw the needle and press the skin to seal the exit hole and prevent fluid from leaking out.
Check the animal for any bleeding.

Intramuscular (IM) Injection

Common sites for IM injections in cattle, sheep, and horses: neck muscle.
IM injection in horses: into the neck muscle.

Intravenous (IV) Injection

Common sites for IV injections in cats, dogs, and rabbits: cephalic vein (front-leg), medial saphenous vein (hind-leg), and marginal ear vein (rabbits).
Common sites for IV injections in large animals: jugular vein (cattle, sheep, and horses), and tail (coccygeal vein) in cattle.
Advantages: drugs administered IV are delivered directly to the bloodstream and quickly reach effective concentrations.
Disadvantages: requires aseptic technique, drugs must be administered slowly to reduce the chance of heart/brain reaction.

Other Injection Routes

Intradermal (into the dermis of the skin)
Intra-articular (into the articular space of a joint)
Intraperitoneal (IP) (into the peritoneal cavity or abdominal cavity)
Intra-arterial (into an artery)
Intracardiac (IC) (into the heart or the chambers of the heart)

Importance of Injection Routes

The route of administration depends on the medication being given.
Medications given via the wrong route can cause skin or vein necrosis, seizures, and even death.
Poor injection technique can cause animal pain, abscesses, and scarring.
Consideration of the drug, its purpose, and the animal's welfare is crucial when choosing an injection route.

Clinical Records

Veterinarians must maintain clear and accurate clinical records that can be easily understood by another veterinarian taking over the case.
Records must be detailed, retained for statutory periods or until they remain relevant, and not altered retrospectively without marking changes chronologically.
Records must be accessible to clients on request, unless there are justifiable legal reasons to withhold them.

Record Keeping Acronyms

S.O.A.P (Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan) is a standard record keeping acronym used for veterinary medical records.
HEAP (History, Examination, Assessment, Plan) is another acronym used, with History equivalent to Subjective, and Examination equivalent to Objective.

Medication Administration

General principle: Read the label, ensure correct drug, amount, method, and site.
Choose the correct needle and syringe size for the job, using the smallest needle and syringe reasonable for the product and injection site.
Use the appropriate needle length and gauge for the animal, injection site, and drug.

Injection Techniques

Subcutaneous (SQ) injection: administer medication into the subcutaneous tissue, just beneath the skin.
Intramuscular (IM) injection: administer medication into a large muscle, with common sites including proximal hind-leg muscles and back muscles.
IM advantages: faster absorption, but can be more painful and has a risk of accidental IV administration.
IM technique: fill syringe, eject air bubbles, give injection deep into muscle, and check for blood flow.

Packaging and Storage

Unopened manufacturer's packages normally meet safety requirements.
Loose tablets or capsules must be put in Child Resistant Safety Containers (CRSCs).
Check client has necessary equipment and understands storage and handling requirements, such as refrigeration or sensitivity to light.

Client Communication

Ensure owners understand what to give, when to give, and how to administer medication.
Never assume owner understanding and use clear, simple language.
Use standardization, clarification, and double-checking to ensure client comprehension.

Bandaging

Check bandages for slippage, tightness, odor, edema, discharge, skin irritation, wetness, strikethrough, patient soiling, and patient interference.
Increasing mental stimulation can help minimize patient interference with bandages.
Different types of Elizabeth collars and pet shirts can be used to assist with bandage management.

Surgical Wound Bandaging

Often, surgical wounds are left without a dressing, but a simple non-adherent dressing may be applied as a primary layer.
The dressing is usually removed after 24 hours, and additional padding may be required for adsorption or stabilization of the surgical site.

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Identify the possible diagnosis and plan for a dog exhibiting abnormal behavior and neurological signs. The dog is still active and eating normally, but has a vacant look and interacts less with family.

5705 Module 2

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Questions and Answers

What does the abbreviation 'SQ/SC' stand for in the context of injection routes?

What is the primary advantage of using the SOAP format of history and record-taking?

What is the primary purpose of an ACTH stim test in the presented SOAP example?

What is the primary advantage of using an intraosseous (IO) injection route?

What is the primary purpose of a pain relief trial in the presented SOAP example?

What is the primary purpose of ticking off each section of the SOAP format?

What does the prefix 'intra' mean in the context of injection routes?

What is the main deciding factor in choosing an injection route?

What is a potential consequence of administering a medication via the wrong route?

Why is proper technique important when administering an injection?

What is the term for the location where a drug is administered?

What is a potential consequence of poor injection technique?

Why is it important to consider the purpose of the drug being administered?

What is a potential complication of injection administration?

What should you consider when choosing the correct needle and syringe size for an injection?

What is the purpose of inverting the bottle when withdrawing medication using a syringe?

Why is it essential to use the smallest needle reasonable for the product and injection site?

What should you do with the needle and syringe after using them for an injection?

What is the purpose of washing your hands before starting an injection procedure?

What should you do with the bottle after withdrawing the medication?

What determines the correct needle length for an injection?

What is the purpose of using a small amount of spirit on a cotton swab to clean the top of the bottle?

Why is it important to rotate sites when giving multiple IM injections or daily injections?

What is the recommended site for most IM injections in cattle, sheep, and horses?

Why is an intravenous catheter (cannula) used?

What is an advantage of administering medication intravenously?

What is a potential disadvantage of administering medication intravenously?

What is the recommended vein for intravenous injections in cats and dogs?

What should you do if blood appears when administering an IM injection?

Why is it important to administer medications slowly when giving intravenous injections?

What is the primary advantage of subcutaneous injections?

In which location is the subcutaneous injection typically administered in cats and dogs?

What is the purpose of aspirating the needle during a subcutaneous injection?

What can be observed after a successful subcutaneous injection?

Why is it important to hold the needle parallel to the animal's body during a subcutaneous injection?

What is a disadvantage of subcutaneous injections?

What should be done after withdrawing the needle during a subcutaneous injection?

In which species is the neck a common site for subcutaneous injections?

What can occur if a medication is administered via the wrong route?

Why is it important to consider the purpose of the drug being administered?

What can be a consequence of poor injection technique?

What does the prefix 'intra' mean in the context of injection routes?

What is the main deciding factor in choosing an injection route?

What is a potential complication of injection administration?

Why is proper technique important when administering an injection?

What is the term for the location where a drug is administered?

What should you do before starting an injection procedure?

What is the purpose of using the smallest needle reasonable for the product and injection site?

Why should you not store bottles with needles left in them?

What determines the correct needle length for an injection?

Why is it essential to change the needle and syringe between animals?

What is the purpose of cleaning the top of the bottle with spirit before withdrawing medication?

Why should you invert the bottle when withdrawing medication using a syringe?

What is the term for the type of needle used for injections?

What should be done to loose tablets or capsules?

What must be ensured for medications with specific storage requirements?

Why is it important to communicate effectively with the client?

What should be done to ensure the client understands the instructions?

What should be done before dispensing medication to a client?

What is important to consider when communicating with clients with English as a second language?

What should be done after dispensing medication to a client?

What is essential for ensuring the client understands the dispensing instructions?

What is the primary purpose of maintaining clear and accurate clinical records?

What is the significance of marking chronological changes on a clinical record?

What is the primary purpose of the S.O.A.P. acronym in veterinary medical records?

What is the significance of the Subjective section in the S.O.A.P. protocol?

Why is it important to know what system your clinic or place of work uses for storing clinical records?

What is the significance of the HEAP acronym in veterinary medical records?

What is the primary purpose of retaining clinical records for a specified period?

What is the significance of making clinical records accessible to clients on request?

What is the primary advantage of intramuscular injections over subcutaneous injections?

Why is it important to check for blood flow in the syringe before injecting a drug intramuscularly?

What is a common site for intramuscular injections in cats and dogs?

Why is it important to use a needle long enough to penetrate skin, subcutaneous tissue, and fat when giving an intramuscular injection?

What is a disadvantage of intramuscular injections?

Why is it important to tap the syringe barrel with your finger before injecting a drug?