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What is the primary focus of the scientific study of psychology?
What is the primary focus of the scientific study of psychology?
What does the term 'scientific' refer to in the definition of psychology?
What does the term 'scientific' refer to in the definition of psychology?
Which of the following is an example of a mental process?
Which of the following is an example of a mental process?
What is one of the primary goals of psychology?
What is one of the primary goals of psychology?
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Who is credited as the founder of psychology?
Who is credited as the founder of psychology?
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What is the term for the study of the structure of the mind?
What is the term for the study of the structure of the mind?
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What is the primary focus of the goal of prediction in psychology?
What is the primary focus of the goal of prediction in psychology?
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What is the primary focus of the goal of control in psychology?
What is the primary focus of the goal of control in psychology?
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What was the primary focus of Sigmund Freud's theory?
What was the primary focus of Sigmund Freud's theory?
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Who founded the Gestalt psychology?
Who founded the Gestalt psychology?
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What was the primary criticism of Sigmund Freud's theory?
What was the primary criticism of Sigmund Freud's theory?
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What was the primary focus of Humanistic Psychology?
What was the primary focus of Humanistic Psychology?
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Who were the primary figures associated with Humanistic Psychology?
Who were the primary figures associated with Humanistic Psychology?
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What was the primary focus of Cognitive Psychology?
What was the primary focus of Cognitive Psychology?
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What was the primary criticism of Humanistic Psychology?
What was the primary criticism of Humanistic Psychology?
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What is the primary principle of Gestalt Psychology?
What is the primary principle of Gestalt Psychology?
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What was the main limitation of the introspection method used to uncover the structure of consciousness?
What was the main limitation of the introspection method used to uncover the structure of consciousness?
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What was a key concern for William James when studying consciousness?
What was a key concern for William James when studying consciousness?
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What was the main focus of the behavioral perspective in psychology?
What was the main focus of the behavioral perspective in psychology?
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What was a criticism of the behavioral perspective in psychology?
What was a criticism of the behavioral perspective in psychology?
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Who introduced the concept of functionalism in psychology?
Who introduced the concept of functionalism in psychology?
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What was the main influence of the behavioral perspective on the study of psychology?
What was the main influence of the behavioral perspective on the study of psychology?
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What was a limitation of using introspection to study consciousness?
What was a limitation of using introspection to study consciousness?
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What was the main concern of William James when studying the mind?
What was the main concern of William James when studying the mind?
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Which of the following perspectives examines how knowledge is acquired, organized, remembered, and used to guide behaviour?
Which of the following perspectives examines how knowledge is acquired, organized, remembered, and used to guide behaviour?
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What is the aim of Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)?
What is the aim of Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)?
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What is the primary focus of the Behavioural Genetics perspective?
What is the primary focus of the Behavioural Genetics perspective?
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How many distinct divisions of psychology are recognized by the American Psychology Association?
How many distinct divisions of psychology are recognized by the American Psychology Association?
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What is the primary focus of the Socio-cultural perspective?
What is the primary focus of the Socio-cultural perspective?
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Which of the following is NOT a specialized field of psychology?
Which of the following is NOT a specialized field of psychology?
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What is the primary focus of the Psychodynamic perspective?
What is the primary focus of the Psychodynamic perspective?
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Which of the following perspectives examines the influence of natural selection on psychological phenomena?
Which of the following perspectives examines the influence of natural selection on psychological phenomena?
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What is the primary focus of the scientific study of human and animal behaviour?
What is the primary focus of the scientific study of human and animal behaviour?
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Which psychologist established the first 'psychology' laboratory in 1879?
Which psychologist established the first 'psychology' laboratory in 1879?
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Which psychological perspective emphasizes the study of conscious experience?
Which psychological perspective emphasizes the study of conscious experience?
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Which of the following goals of psychology involves identifying the factors that influence behaviour?
Which of the following goals of psychology involves identifying the factors that influence behaviour?
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Who is known for developing the concept of self-actualization?
Who is known for developing the concept of self-actualization?
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Which psychological perspective emphasizes the role of unconscious forces in shaping behaviour?
Which psychological perspective emphasizes the role of unconscious forces in shaping behaviour?
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Which of the following is a primary goal of psychology?
Which of the following is a primary goal of psychology?
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What is the primary focus of functionalism?
What is the primary focus of functionalism?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Psychology
- Psychology is the scientific study of human and animal behaviour and mental processes.
- It involves the systematic approach of objective, reliable, valid, empirical research to understand behaviour and mental processes.
Goals of Psychology
- Describe behaviour: understanding the nature or cause of behaviour to determine what is normal or abnormal.
- Understand and explain behaviour: identifying why and when behaviour occurs and what factors contribute to it.
- Predict behaviour: forecasting when and under what circumstances behaviour will occur.
- Control behaviour: influencing behaviour to enhance human welfare.
History of Psychology
Structuralism
- Founded by Wilhelm Wundt in 1897, establishing the first "psychology" laboratory in Germany.
- Focuses on breaking down mental processes into their most basic components through introspection.
- Criticisms: unreliable method due to varying responses, with limitations in verbalizing experiences and the choice of words used.
Functionalism
- Founded by William James, emphasizing the conscious experience and functions of mental processes.
- Focuses on how the mind and behaviour adapt to the environment.
Behaviourism
- Founded by John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov, and Edward Thorndike.
- Focuses on observable behaviour, emphasizing the role of the environment in shaping behaviour.
- Criticisms: neglects internal experiences (thoughts, emotions) and is too one-directional.
Psychoanalysis
- Founded by Sigmund Freud, focusing on the unconscious mind and behaviour.
- Methodologies include hypnosis, dream analysis, and ink blot tests.
- Criticisms: overemphasizes the unconscious, difficult to measure, and based on clinical case studies.
Humanistic Psychology
- Founded by Carol Rogers and Abraham Maslow, emphasizing human free will and self-actualization.
- Focuses on the actual and lived experiences of persons, shaping behaviour.
- Criticisms: too subjective, unverifiable observations.
Gestalt Psychology
- Founded by Max Wertheimer, focusing on studying mental processes and behaviours as "wholes".
- Emphasizes that "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts".
Cognitive Psychology
- Founded by John Piaget, focusing on mental processes and how we encode, process, and store information.
- Emphasizes how we perceive, process, and remember information.
Psychology Perspectives
- Neuroscience: functioning of the brain and other systems and how they affect behaviour.
- Evolutionary: principles of natural selection applied to psychological phenomena.
- Behavioural Genetics: genes and environment influence individual differences.
- Psychodynamic: unconscious forces that influence behaviour.
- Behavioural: observable or learnt behaviours.
- Cognitive: how knowledge is acquired, organized, remembered, and used to guide behaviour.
- Socio-cultural: how our thinking varies across cultures and situations.
Psychology Divisions
- Clinical psychology
- Health psychology
- Counselling psychology
- Developmental psychology
- School/Educational Psychology
- Cognitive psychology
- Psychobiology
- Experimental psychology
- Social psychology
- Personality psychology
- Industrial and organizational psychology
- Community psychology
- Engineering psychology
- Environmental psychology
- Forensic psychology
- Sports psychology
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