16 Questions
What is the primary purpose of biotransformation in the body?
To change toxic molecules into more water-soluble forms
How do biotransformed metabolites differ from the original toxicant molecules?
They are chemically distinct from the original toxicant
What is a key benefit of the hydrophilic nature of biotransformed metabolites?
It facilitates their elimination from the body
Which phase of xenobiotic metabolism introduces a polar group into the molecule?
Phase I
What is the main effect of introducing a polar group in phase I of xenobiotic metabolism?
Enhance water solubility of the xenobiotic
How does reducing reabsorption of metabolites by organs of elimination contribute to detoxification?
It ensures that the toxicants are effectively eliminated from the body
What is the primary purpose of phase II reactions in biotransformation?
To produce a water-soluble conjugation product
Where do microsomal enzymes, which are involved in phase I reactions, primarily occur?
Bound to the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum
Which enzyme system is most important in catalyzing phase I biotransformation reactions?
Cytochrome P-450
What is the main process that occurs during phase I biotransformation reactions?
Oxidation
Which organ has the highest capacity for biotransformation?
Liver
What is the primary outcome of phase II reactions in biotransformation?
Detoxification of toxicants
Which group enhances the solubility of a toxicant in water during phase I biotransformation reactions?
'Unmasking' group
Which cells are primarily involved in glucuronidation during phase II reactions?
Hepatocytes
What is the primary role of cytochrome P-450 in phase I biotransformation reactions?
Catalyzing oxidation of toxicants
Which body parts have a low capacity for biotransformation?
Skin, testes, placenta
Explore the process of biotransformation where substances are transformed from hydrophobic to hydrophilic molecules for elimination from the body. Learn how this process produces metabolites that are chemically distinct from the original toxicant.
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