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Cells, Tissues, & Diseases
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Cells, Tissues, & Diseases

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a key target of cell injury?

  • Permeabilization of cell membranes
  • ATP depletion
  • DNA replication (correct)
  • Disruption of biochemical pathways

    • What are the key targets of cell injury?

  • Membrane permeability and Ca2+ influx
  • ATP depletion and biochemical pathway disruption (correct)
  • DNA damage and organelle breakdown
  • Cellular swelling and protein denaturation

    • Which of the following is NOT a key target of cell injury?

  • Permeabilization of cell membranes
  • ATP depletion
  • DNA replication (correct)
  • Disruption of biochemical pathways

    • What are the key targets of cell injury?

    <p>ATP depletion and biochemical pathway disruption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?

    <p>Apoptosis is a programmed cell death involving biochemical events while necrosis involves denaturation of proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between necrosis and apoptosis?

    <p>Necrosis involves severe cellular swelling, cell rupture, and denaturation and coagulation of proteins, while apoptosis is a programmed cell death involving a series of biochemical events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?

    <p>Apoptosis is a programmed cell death involving biochemical events while necrosis involves denaturation of proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between necrosis and apoptosis?

    <p>Necrosis involves severe cellular swelling, cell rupture, and denaturation and coagulation of proteins, while apoptosis is a programmed cell death involving a series of biochemical events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of injury in celiac disease?

    <p>Autoimmune reaction to gluten</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of injury in celiac disease?

    <p>Autoimmune reaction to gluten</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of cell injury?

    <p>Regular exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of cell injury?

    <p>Regular exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?

    <p>Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, while hyperplasia is an increase in cell number.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the development of Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Accumulation of beta-amyloid around neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?

    <p>Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, while hyperplasia is an increase in cell number.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the development of Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Accumulation of beta-amyloid around neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tissues?

    <p>To perform specific functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tissues?

    <p>To perform specific functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of cell injury?

    <p>Activation of the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of cell injury?

    <p>Activation of the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the morphology of injury in necrosis?

    <p>Denaturation and coagulation of proteins, and cell rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the morphology of injury in necrosis?

    <p>Denaturation and coagulation of proteins, and cell rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between necrosis and apoptosis in terms of neighboring cells/tissues and the immune system?

    <p>Necrosis involves minimal involvement of neighboring cells/tissues and no activation of the immune system, while apoptosis involves significant involvement of neighboring cells/tissues and activation of the immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between necrosis and apoptosis in terms of neighboring cells/tissues and the immune system?

    <p>Necrosis involves minimal involvement of neighboring cells/tissues and no activation of the immune system, while apoptosis involves significant involvement of neighboring cells/tissues and activation of the immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between metaplasia and dysplasia?

    <p>Metaplasia is abnormal cell differentiation, while dysplasia is abnormal cell growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between hyperplasia and hypertrophy?

    <p>Hyperplasia involves an increase in cell number while hypertrophy involves an increase in cell size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between hyperplasia and hypertrophy?

    <p>Hyperplasia involves an increase in cell number while hypertrophy involves an increase in cell size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between metaplasia and dysplasia?

    <p>Metaplasia is abnormal cell differentiation, while dysplasia is abnormal cell growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of cell injury by physical agents?

    <p>Mechanical trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Accumulation of beta-amyloid around neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Accumulation of beta-amyloid around neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of cell injury by physical agents?

    <p>Mechanical trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of cell injury by ROS?

    <p>Oxidative stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between physiological and pathological changes in response to stress?

    <p>Physiological changes are normal responses to stress, while pathological changes are abnormal responses to stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of cell injury by ROS?

    <p>Oxidative stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between physiological and pathological changes in response to stress?

    <p>Physiological changes are normal responses to stress, while pathological changes are abnormal responses to stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of accumulation of damage in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Neuron death and dementia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of accumulation of damage in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Neuron death and dementia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lysosomes in a healthy cell?

    <p>To break down cellular waste and debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lysosomes in a healthy cell?

    <p>To break down cellular waste and debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    1. The lecture covers cellular adaptations, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, causes and mechanisms of cell injury, apoptosis, and necrosis.
    2. A healthy cell has a cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes.
    3. Tissues are collections of specific cell types that perform a specific function.
    4. Cellular response to stress includes physiological and pathological changes.
    5. Causes of cell injury include oxygen deprivation, physical agents, chemical agents and drugs, infectious agents, immunologic dysfunction, genetic derangements, nutritional imbalances, and aging.
    6. Key targets of cell injury are ATP depletion, permeabilization of cell membranes, disruption of biochemical pathways, and DNA damage.
    7. Mechanisms of cell injury include Ca2+ influx, ROS, mitochondrial damage, and defects in membrane permeability.
    8. Damage to DNA and proteins can trigger programmed cell death.
    9. Morphology of injury can be necrosis or apoptosis.
    10. Necrosis involves severe cellular swelling, denaturation and coagulation of proteins, breakdown of organelles, and cell rupture, while apoptosis is a programmed cell death involving a series of biochemical events.
    • Cell death can occur through apoptosis or necrosis.
    • Injury can occur through various mechanisms such as ischemia, infection, immune system, and inherited genetic mutations.
    • Pathological changes occur in response to damage at the cellular and tissue level.
    • Damage may be resolvable or permanent.
    • Cellular damage can have pathological consequences.
    • Celiac disease is an example of injury caused by an autoimmune reaction to gluten that leads to damage of the intestinal villi.
    • Alzheimer's disease is irreversible and starts with the accumulation of beta-amyloid around neurons, which develop into plaques.
    • Accumulation of damage impacts cognition and leads to neuron death and dementia.
    • Adaption may take place through hypertrophy, atrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia.
    • Apoptosis is an orchestrated demolition of the cell, with minimal involvement of neighboring cells/tissues and no activation of the immune system.

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