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Questions and Answers
What is a common cause of chronic gastritis?
What is the main difference between acute and chronic gastritis?
What is the result of chronic gastritis?
What is peptic ulcer characterized by?
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What is a common complication of chronic gastritis?
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What is the name of the bacteria that causes chronic gastritis?
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What type of stimulus can stimulate nociceptors?
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What type of pain is elicited by mechanical and thermal stimuli?
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What are nociceptors located on?
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What are the ion channels called that are responsible for nociception?
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What is the approximate ratio of cold spots to warmth spots in the human body?
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What is the primary function of receptors in the body?
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What type of receptors are responsible for detecting temperature changes in the body?
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What is the most sensitive mechanoreceptor in the somatosensory system?
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What is the density of Meissner's corpuscle receptors in the hand?
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What is the function of the Ruffini ending in the somatosensory system?
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What is the size of the receptive fields on the fingertips?
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What is the difference in tactile acuity between men and women?
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Study Notes
Gastritis
- Inflammation of the gastric mucous membrane, which can be acute or chronic.
- Acute gastritis involves inflammation of the superficial layers of the mucous membrane and infiltration with leukocytes, primarily neutrophils.
- Chronic gastritis involves inflammation of the deeper layers and infiltration with more lymphocytes.
Causes of Gastritis
- NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs)
- Alcohol
- Factors that increase peptic activity
- Bacterial, viral, and traumatic causes (e.g., nasogastric tubes)
- Chronic gastritis is often caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori
Gastric Atrophy
- Result of chronic gastritis
- Characterized by the shrinkage and weakening of the stomach muscles and glands
- Leads to a deficiency of gastric juice
- Also known as Chronic Gastric Atrophy
Peptic Ulcer
- Erosion of the surface of an organ due to the shedding of inflamed necrotic tissue
- Can occur in the stomach (Gastric ulcer) or duodenum (Duodenal ulcer)
- Caused by the digestive action of gastric juice
Sensory Nervous System
- The sensory system starts from receptors, which are detectors of any changes in the body.
- Receptors are connected to dendrites, located in the dorsal spinal ganglia.
- The sensory information is transmitted to the spinal cord, CNS, and finally interpreted in the somatosensory cortex.
Types of Somatosensory Receptors
-
Mechanoreceptors:
- Tactile receptors (touch, pressure)
- Proprioceptors (muscle spindle, Golgi tendon organ, joint capsule receptors)
- Nociceptors
-
Thermoreceptors:
- Cold receptor (Ad fibre): 10°C to 40°C, peak 24°C
- Warm receptor (C fibre): 30°C to 49°C, peak 45°C
- Heat nociceptor (Ad fibre): stimulated when temp >45°C
- Cold nociceptor (C fibre): stimulated when temp < 5°C
- Chemoreceptors: smell, taste, and osmoreceptors (detect gases in the blood)
- Photoreceptors: rods and cones (electromagnetic receptors)
- Polymodal Receptors: nociceptors – C fibers
Tactile Receptors
- Pacinian Corpuscle: the most sensitive mechanoreceptor in the somatosensory system
- Meissner's Corpuscle: the most numerous tactile receptor in the hand, with a density of approximately 2 per mm at the fingertip
- Receptive Fields: smallest on the fingertips, averaging 11 mm for Merkel's cell fibers and approximately 25 mm for Meissner's corpuscle
- Tactile Acuity: slightly greater in women than in men, and varies between fingers but not between hands
Nociceptors and Thermoreceptors
- Nociceptors: mediate pain, can be stimulated by mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli
- Polymodal Nociceptors: can respond to different modalities of stimuli
- Fast Pain: elicited by mechanical and thermal stimuli
- Slow Pain: can be elicited by all three types of stimuli
- Nociceptors Location: on the ending of nociceptive nerve (free nerve ending) that mediates pain and temperature (Ad and C fibers)
- Transient Receptor Potential Channel (TRP): an ion channel that mediates nociceptors, with at least 6 types of TRP
Notes for Remembering
- In the human body, there are 3 to 10 times more cold spots (receptors) than warmth spots
- Maximum cold spots are present in the lips (15 to 25 cold spots/cm2), 3 to 5 in the finger, and less than 1 cold in some areas of the trunk
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Description
Learn about the causes and types of gastritis, a condition characterized by inflammation of the gastric mucous membrane. Understand the differences between acute and chronic gastritis.
