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Questions and Answers
What is the view of addiction in the Disease model?
What is the view of addiction in the Disease model?
What is the underlying assumption of the 12 Step Models?
What is the underlying assumption of the 12 Step Models?
According to the 12 Step Models, what is the nature of alcoholism?
According to the 12 Step Models, what is the nature of alcoholism?
What is the goal of treatment according to the Disease model?
What is the goal of treatment according to the Disease model?
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What is the role of a higher power in the 12 Step Models?
What is the role of a higher power in the 12 Step Models?
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What is an advantage of the Disease model?
What is an advantage of the Disease model?
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What is a characteristic of addiction according to the 12 Step Models?
What is a characteristic of addiction according to the 12 Step Models?
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What is a key component of support in the 12 Step Models?
What is a key component of support in the 12 Step Models?
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What are the key characteristics of a psychological theory?
What are the key characteristics of a psychological theory?
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Why are theories important in understanding substance use?
Why are theories important in understanding substance use?
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What is the focus of the Moral theory of substance use?
What is the focus of the Moral theory of substance use?
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According to the Moral theory, what is the primary cause of problematic substance use?
According to the Moral theory, what is the primary cause of problematic substance use?
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What is a consequence of the Moral theory's approach to substance use?
What is a consequence of the Moral theory's approach to substance use?
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What is a limitation of the Moral theory?
What is a limitation of the Moral theory?
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What is the impact of the Moral theory on individuals with problematic substance use?
What is the impact of the Moral theory on individuals with problematic substance use?
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What is a key assumption of the Moral theory?
What is a key assumption of the Moral theory?
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What is a benefit of learning through others' experiences?
What is a benefit of learning through others' experiences?
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Why do first-time drinkers often try alcohol despite not finding the taste pleasant?
Why do first-time drinkers often try alcohol despite not finding the taste pleasant?
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What does modelling provide an alternative explanation for?
What does modelling provide an alternative explanation for?
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What does the cognitive model focus on?
What does the cognitive model focus on?
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What is a key aspect of the cognitive model?
What is a key aspect of the cognitive model?
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What is an important predictor of high-risk drinking?
What is an important predictor of high-risk drinking?
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What is the main focus of Cognitive-Behavioural Approaches in treating substance use?
What is the main focus of Cognitive-Behavioural Approaches in treating substance use?
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According to the expectancy theory, what is the primary reasons why individuals choose addictive behaviours over other behaviours?
According to the expectancy theory, what is the primary reasons why individuals choose addictive behaviours over other behaviours?
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What is the main goal of Motivational interviewing in the Transtheoretical Approach?
What is the main goal of Motivational interviewing in the Transtheoretical Approach?
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What is the primary focus of Family and systems theory in understanding substance use?
What is the primary focus of Family and systems theory in understanding substance use?
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What is the key difference between traditional CBT and Third Wave Psychotherapies like ACT, DBT, and Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention?
What is the key difference between traditional CBT and Third Wave Psychotherapies like ACT, DBT, and Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention?
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What is the cycle of conflicting desires that leads to substance use?
What is the cycle of conflicting desires that leads to substance use?
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What is the primary role of society in substance use according to Family and systems theory?
What is the primary role of society in substance use according to Family and systems theory?
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What is the main focus of Cognitive-Behavioural Approaches in treating psychological problems comorbid with substance use?
What is the main focus of Cognitive-Behavioural Approaches in treating psychological problems comorbid with substance use?
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What is the primary function of the cerebral cortex?
What is the primary function of the cerebral cortex?
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What is the result of 'flipping the lid'?
What is the result of 'flipping the lid'?
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What is the effect of drug use on the lower brain?
What is the effect of drug use on the lower brain?
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What is the function of the limbic system?
What is the function of the limbic system?
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What is the result of alcohol and drug use on brain function?
What is the result of alcohol and drug use on brain function?
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What is the function of the brain stem?
What is the function of the brain stem?
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What motivates us to repeat behaviors?
What motivates us to repeat behaviors?
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What is the relationship between the higher brain and lower brain after drug use?
What is the relationship between the higher brain and lower brain after drug use?
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What is the primary focus of psychoanalytic theory in relation to drug use?
What is the primary focus of psychoanalytic theory in relation to drug use?
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According to Freudian psychoanalytic theory, what is the primary function of the ego?
According to Freudian psychoanalytic theory, what is the primary function of the ego?
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What is a characteristic of an anxious-avoidant insecure attachment style?
What is a characteristic of an anxious-avoidant insecure attachment style?
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Which personality trait is a predictor of drug use?
Which personality trait is a predictor of drug use?
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What is the role of the id in the human psyche, according to Freudian psychoanalytic theory?
What is the role of the id in the human psyche, according to Freudian psychoanalytic theory?
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What is a characteristic of a secure attachment style?
What is a characteristic of a secure attachment style?
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What is the concept of 'self-medication' in the context of psychoanalytic theory?
What is the concept of 'self-medication' in the context of psychoanalytic theory?
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What is a key distinction between alcoholics/drug users and the general population?
What is a key distinction between alcoholics/drug users and the general population?
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Study Notes
Disease Model of Addiction
- Assumes addiction originates within the individual
- Considers addiction as a sickness or disease caused by a breakdown of healthy neurochemical or behavioral processes
- Addiction is not a continuous state, but rather an illness that can be treated through lifetime withdrawal
- Addicts are unable to control their consumption and are overcome with strong urges when unable to obtain the substance
12 Step Models of Addiction
- Views dependence as a 'spiritual disease' and a 'lack of control'
- Main premises:
- Alcoholism is an 'all or nothing' condition, where individuals are either seen as having a problem or not having a problem
- Individuals struggling with alcoholism are powerless over alcohol and their experiences
- Alcoholism is a progressive disease that cannot be cured, but rather managed
- Support is provided through attending groups, peer support, and submitting to a higher power
Advantages of 12 Step Models
- Drug use is viewed as a health issue, not just a legal issue
- Addicts can better understand their behavior
- This treatment strategy (abstinence) may be effective for certain individuals and minimizes feelings of shame associated with addiction
Disadvantages of 12 Step Models
- Removes user responsibility
- Provides only one treatment option (abstinence) that may not be appropriate for many individuals, especially young people
- Lacks evidence-based support
- Treatment outcomes are related to increased friendship, spiritual connection, and finding meaning in life (Kaskutas, 2009)
What Constitutes Psychological Theory?
- Describes a behavior
- Makes predictions about future behavior
- Must have evidence to support the idea
- Must be testable
Importance of Theories
- Explains why a drug is more or less addictive in one society than another, for one individual and not another, or for the same individual at one time and not another
- Makes sense of similar behavior (e.g., compulsive)
- Explains the cycle of growing problematic drug use
- Must accurately reflect the actual human experience
Psychological Theories of Substance Use
Moral Theory
- Originated in the early-mid 1800s with the Temperance movement
- Views addiction as a sin, a fault on one's character and a moral weakness
- Users are characterized as 'misfits', 'no-hopers', or as objects of pity
- Dealers are routinely described as 'scum', 'vermin', or 'an evil menace'
- Focuses on choice, highlighting the progression from voluntary substance use to loss of control
- Concerns: stereotyping, reluctance to seek aid, and reduced self-esteem
Effects of Drug Use on the Brain
- Flipping the lid demonstrates how drug use affects the brain, leaving the lower brain in control
- Flipping the lid occurs in response to immediate danger or intense emotions like anger and stress
- Alcohol and drug use weaken the higher brain and strengthen the lower brain, leading to impulsive decision-making based on memory, reward, and pleasure
- The impact of alcohol and drugs on brain function persists even after substance use has ceased, affecting decision-making and recovery
The Brain
- The brain stem (or base brain) controls basic functions critical to life, such as heart rate, breathing, and sleeping
- The limbic system (or lower brain) contains the brain's reward circuit, linking brain structures that control and regulate pleasure, emotions, impulses, and memory
Psychoanalytic Theory
- Holds that drug use is a sign of underlying psychological disorders
- Severe psychopathology is considered to cause substance misuse
- Addiction is considered a universal disorder
- Example: unconscious processes of the id, ego, and superego
- Fixation at the 'oral' stage can lead to personality traits associated with this developmental phase
- Id operates based on the pleasure principle and is focused on immediate gratification
- Ego functions based on the reality principle and mediates between the id and superego
Attachment Theory
- Attachment styles by Bowlby:
- Secure attachment style is characterized by a healthy balance of independence and intimacy
- Ambivalent-avoidant insecure attachment style involves mixed feelings of closeness and discomfort with intimacy
- Anxious-avoidant insecure attachment style shows a fear of rejection and reluctance to trust others
- Disorganized-insecure attachment style displays inconsistent behaviors in relationships
Personality and Addiction
- Certain personality traits distinguish alcoholics/drug users from the general population
- Limited evidence supports the concept of an 'addictive personality' as a predisposing factor
- Personality predictors of drug use include behavioral disinhibition, emotional negativity, sensation seeking, non-conformity, social isolation, and tolerance for deviance
Cognitive and Cognitive Behavioral Theory
- Focuses on the thoughts/beliefs and their impact on behaviors and feelings
- The way people interpret specific situations influences feelings, motivations, and actions
- Layers of beliefs -- core beliefs/schemas
- Cycle of conflicting desires leads to a cycle of behavioral, emotional, and thinking patterns
Expectancy Theory
- Addictive behaviors are chosen over other behaviors due to our expectancies
- Two specific cognitions: outcome expectancy and self-efficacy
Motivation and Change Theories
- Transtheoretical approach: increase client's awareness of problems, consequences, and risks to initiate behavior change
- Motivational interviewing emphasizes intrinsic motivation for change
Family and Systems Theory; Socio-Cultural
- Determinants of behavior are based on an individual's role within a system
- Focuses on society as a whole and not just on individuals
- Family and other systems (e.g., peers) have a role in initiating and maintaining substance use
- The type of society in which people live has an impact on their drug use
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Description
Learn about the Disease Model of Addiction and the 12 Step Models of Addiction, understanding the differences in their approaches to addiction treatment.
