Theories of Addiction
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Questions and Answers

What is the view of addiction in the Disease model?

  • Addiction is a personal choice.
  • Addiction is a spiritual disease.
  • Addiction is a sickness or disease that a person has. (correct)
  • Addiction is a result of poor upbringing.

    • What is the underlying assumption of the 12 Step Models?

  • Addiction is a lack of self-control.
  • Addiction is a moral weakness.
  • Addiction is a medical condition.
  • Addiction is a spiritual disease. (correct)

    • According to the 12 Step Models, what is the nature of alcoholism?

  • Alcoholism is a progressive disease. (correct)
  • Alcoholism is a curable disease.
  • Alcoholism is a personal choice.
  • Alcoholism is a manageable condition.

    • What is the goal of treatment according to the Disease model?

    <p>To treat the addiction through lifetime withdrawal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a higher power in the 12 Step Models?

    <p>To provide support and guidance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of the Disease model?

    <p>Drug use becomes a health issue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of addiction according to the 12 Step Models?

    <p>Addiction is an all or nothing condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component of support in the 12 Step Models?

    <p>Peer support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key characteristics of a psychological theory?

    <p>It makes predictions about the future behavior and must have evidence to support it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are theories important in understanding substance use?

    <p>They provide a framework for understanding and addressing substance use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the Moral theory of substance use?

    <p>The moral character of the individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Moral theory, what is the primary cause of problematic substance use?

    <p>Lack of willpower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the Moral theory's approach to substance use?

    <p>Reduced self-esteem and reluctance to seek aid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of the Moral theory?

    <p>It stereotypes individuals with problematic substance use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of the Moral theory on individuals with problematic substance use?

    <p>It decreases self-esteem and increases feelings of powerlessness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key assumption of the Moral theory?

    <p>Individuals with problematic substance use are morally weak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of learning through others' experiences?

    <p>It lowers the risk of harm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do first-time drinkers often try alcohol despite not finding the taste pleasant?

    <p>Because they have seen others enjoying it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does modelling provide an alternative explanation for?

    <p>Why drinking behaviours seem to 'run in families'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cognitive model focus on?

    <p>The thoughts and beliefs that impact behaviours and feelings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of the cognitive model?

    <p>It examines how people interpret specific situations and how this influences their feelings and motivations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important predictor of high-risk drinking?

    <p>Peer and family drinking behaviours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Cognitive-Behavioural Approaches in treating substance use?

    <p>Targeting psychological problems commonly comorbid with substance use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the expectancy theory, what is the primary reasons why individuals choose addictive behaviours over other behaviours?

    <p>Due to the individual's expectancies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of Motivational interviewing in the Transtheoretical Approach?

    <p>To emphasize intrinsic motivation for change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Family and systems theory in understanding substance use?

    <p>On the individual's role within a system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between traditional CBT and Third Wave Psychotherapies like ACT, DBT, and Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention?

    <p>Emphasis on mindfulness and acceptance strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cycle of conflicting desires that leads to substance use?

    <p>The desire to use drugs and the desire to be free of drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of society in substance use according to Family and systems theory?

    <p>Society has a significant impact on an individual's drug use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Cognitive-Behavioural Approaches in treating psychological problems comorbid with substance use?

    <p>Targeting depression, anxiety, and self-stigma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cerebral cortex?

    <p>Responsible for planning, problem-solving, and decision-making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of 'flipping the lid'?

    <p>The lower brain takes control, leading to impulsive decision-making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of drug use on the lower brain?

    <p>It strengthens the lower brain, leading to impulsive decision-making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the limbic system?

    <p>Linking together brain structures involved in emotion, pleasure, and memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of alcohol and drug use on brain function?

    <p>It leads to impulsive decision-making and decreases self-control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the brain stem?

    <p>Controlling basic functions critical to life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivates us to repeat behaviors?

    <p>Pleasure and reward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the higher brain and lower brain after drug use?

    <p>The higher brain is weakened, while the lower brain is strengthened</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of psychoanalytic theory in relation to drug use?

    <p>Underlying psychological disorders as a cause of substance misuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Freudian psychoanalytic theory, what is the primary function of the ego?

    <p>Mediating between the id and superego</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of an anxious-avoidant insecure attachment style?

    <p>Fear of rejection and reluctance to trust others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is a predictor of drug use?

    <p>Sensation seeking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the id in the human psyche, according to Freudian psychoanalytic theory?

    <p>Operating based on the pleasure principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a secure attachment style?

    <p>Healthy balance of independence and intimacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of 'self-medication' in the context of psychoanalytic theory?

    <p>The role of the ego in managing conflicts between the id and superego</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key distinction between alcoholics/drug users and the general population?

    <p>Personality traits such as behavioural disinhibition and emotional negativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Disease Model of Addiction

    • Assumes addiction originates within the individual
    • Considers addiction as a sickness or disease caused by a breakdown of healthy neurochemical or behavioral processes
    • Addiction is not a continuous state, but rather an illness that can be treated through lifetime withdrawal
    • Addicts are unable to control their consumption and are overcome with strong urges when unable to obtain the substance

    12 Step Models of Addiction

    • Views dependence as a 'spiritual disease' and a 'lack of control'
    • Main premises:
      • Alcoholism is an 'all or nothing' condition, where individuals are either seen as having a problem or not having a problem
      • Individuals struggling with alcoholism are powerless over alcohol and their experiences
      • Alcoholism is a progressive disease that cannot be cured, but rather managed
      • Support is provided through attending groups, peer support, and submitting to a higher power

    Advantages of 12 Step Models

    • Drug use is viewed as a health issue, not just a legal issue
    • Addicts can better understand their behavior
    • This treatment strategy (abstinence) may be effective for certain individuals and minimizes feelings of shame associated with addiction

    Disadvantages of 12 Step Models

    • Removes user responsibility
    • Provides only one treatment option (abstinence) that may not be appropriate for many individuals, especially young people
    • Lacks evidence-based support
    • Treatment outcomes are related to increased friendship, spiritual connection, and finding meaning in life (Kaskutas, 2009)

    What Constitutes Psychological Theory?

    • Describes a behavior
    • Makes predictions about future behavior
    • Must have evidence to support the idea
    • Must be testable

    Importance of Theories

    • Explains why a drug is more or less addictive in one society than another, for one individual and not another, or for the same individual at one time and not another
    • Makes sense of similar behavior (e.g., compulsive)
    • Explains the cycle of growing problematic drug use
    • Must accurately reflect the actual human experience

    Psychological Theories of Substance Use

    Moral Theory

    • Originated in the early-mid 1800s with the Temperance movement
    • Views addiction as a sin, a fault on one's character and a moral weakness
    • Users are characterized as 'misfits', 'no-hopers', or as objects of pity
    • Dealers are routinely described as 'scum', 'vermin', or 'an evil menace'
    • Focuses on choice, highlighting the progression from voluntary substance use to loss of control
    • Concerns: stereotyping, reluctance to seek aid, and reduced self-esteem

    Effects of Drug Use on the Brain

    • Flipping the lid demonstrates how drug use affects the brain, leaving the lower brain in control
    • Flipping the lid occurs in response to immediate danger or intense emotions like anger and stress
    • Alcohol and drug use weaken the higher brain and strengthen the lower brain, leading to impulsive decision-making based on memory, reward, and pleasure
    • The impact of alcohol and drugs on brain function persists even after substance use has ceased, affecting decision-making and recovery

    The Brain

    • The brain stem (or base brain) controls basic functions critical to life, such as heart rate, breathing, and sleeping
    • The limbic system (or lower brain) contains the brain's reward circuit, linking brain structures that control and regulate pleasure, emotions, impulses, and memory

    Psychoanalytic Theory

    • Holds that drug use is a sign of underlying psychological disorders
    • Severe psychopathology is considered to cause substance misuse
    • Addiction is considered a universal disorder
    • Example: unconscious processes of the id, ego, and superego
    • Fixation at the 'oral' stage can lead to personality traits associated with this developmental phase
    • Id operates based on the pleasure principle and is focused on immediate gratification
    • Ego functions based on the reality principle and mediates between the id and superego

    Attachment Theory

    • Attachment styles by Bowlby:
      • Secure attachment style is characterized by a healthy balance of independence and intimacy
      • Ambivalent-avoidant insecure attachment style involves mixed feelings of closeness and discomfort with intimacy
      • Anxious-avoidant insecure attachment style shows a fear of rejection and reluctance to trust others
      • Disorganized-insecure attachment style displays inconsistent behaviors in relationships

    Personality and Addiction

    • Certain personality traits distinguish alcoholics/drug users from the general population
    • Limited evidence supports the concept of an 'addictive personality' as a predisposing factor
    • Personality predictors of drug use include behavioral disinhibition, emotional negativity, sensation seeking, non-conformity, social isolation, and tolerance for deviance

    Cognitive and Cognitive Behavioral Theory

    • Focuses on the thoughts/beliefs and their impact on behaviors and feelings
    • The way people interpret specific situations influences feelings, motivations, and actions
    • Layers of beliefs -- core beliefs/schemas
    • Cycle of conflicting desires leads to a cycle of behavioral, emotional, and thinking patterns

    Expectancy Theory

    • Addictive behaviors are chosen over other behaviors due to our expectancies
    • Two specific cognitions: outcome expectancy and self-efficacy

    Motivation and Change Theories

    • Transtheoretical approach: increase client's awareness of problems, consequences, and risks to initiate behavior change
    • Motivational interviewing emphasizes intrinsic motivation for change

    Family and Systems Theory; Socio-Cultural

    • Determinants of behavior are based on an individual's role within a system
    • Focuses on society as a whole and not just on individuals
    • Family and other systems (e.g., peers) have a role in initiating and maintaining substance use
    • The type of society in which people live has an impact on their drug use

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    Description

    Learn about the Disease Model of Addiction and the 12 Step Models of Addiction, understanding the differences in their approaches to addiction treatment.

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