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Questions and Answers
What does the B process represent in the Opponent Process Theory?
What does the B process represent in the Opponent Process Theory?
How does the B process adapt over time with repeated exposure to the A process?
How does the B process adapt over time with repeated exposure to the A process?
What occurs during the withdrawal stage according to Opponent Process Theory?
What occurs during the withdrawal stage according to Opponent Process Theory?
What role does the Basal Ganglia play in the stages of addiction?
What role does the Basal Ganglia play in the stages of addiction?
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What happens to the A process when tolerance develops?
What happens to the A process when tolerance develops?
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What effect does a reduction in D2 receptors have on the pleasure derived from stimulants?
What effect does a reduction in D2 receptors have on the pleasure derived from stimulants?
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Which brain region is primarily involved in habit formation related to drug use?
Which brain region is primarily involved in habit formation related to drug use?
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In the context of addiction, what does the B process refer to?
In the context of addiction, what does the B process refer to?
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What role does the Insula play in the context of addiction?
What role does the Insula play in the context of addiction?
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Which treatment option uses a drug that provides partial effects to prevent withdrawal and cravings?
Which treatment option uses a drug that provides partial effects to prevent withdrawal and cravings?
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What is the primary action of Naloxone in treating heroin addiction?
What is the primary action of Naloxone in treating heroin addiction?
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How does hypofrontality affect decision-making in individuals with addiction?
How does hypofrontality affect decision-making in individuals with addiction?
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What is the primary goal of antidrug vaccines used in addiction treatment?
What is the primary goal of antidrug vaccines used in addiction treatment?
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Study Notes
Opponent-Process Theory of Addiction
- A and B Processes: The brain responds to a stimulus (A process), and then there's a counter-response (B process) to the initial reaction.
- Magnitude and Duration: With repeated exposure, the B process increases in magnitude and duration. The A process weakens.
- Opponent Nature: The B process is the opposite of the A process.
- Addiction Application: Tolerance develops as the A process adapts, while withdrawal occurs when the B process becomes more prominent. The effects of the B process oppose those of the A process.
Brain Disease Model of Addiction
- Stages and Underlying Circuitry: Addiction involves distinct stages with different brain areas playing key roles.
Binge/Intoxication Stage
- Basal Ganglia (Striatum): Active in the reward pathway. Drug use triggers dopamine release.
- Reward Pathway: The initial response to drug use involves the reward pathway.
- Incentive Salience: Drug use and cues associated with drug use are progressively important.
- Habit Formation: The basal ganglia is critical for habit formation in addiction.
Withdrawal/Negative Affect Stage
- Limbic System (Amygdala): The stress system is activated, leading to negative feelings and urges.
- Stress System (HPA axis): Associated with negative moods that develop during withdrawal.
- There's a "dark side" with reduced sensitivity to reward and heightened stress response.
Preoccupation/Anticipation Stage
- Prefrontal Cortex (PFC): Executive control is diminished, leading to poor decision-making and impulsivity.
- Stress System (HPA axis): The PFC is desensitized to natural rewards and more attentive to drug cues.
- Insula: Sensitive to cravings.
- Basal Ganglia: The basal ganglia remains involved in the autopilot-like habit formation.
Pharmacotherapy of Addiction
- Agonist Treatments: Replace the addictive substance with a similar-acting substance (e.g., methadone for heroin).
- Partial Agonist Treatments: Mimic some effects of the addiction without providing the same high. Varenicline is an example.
- Antagonist Treatments: Block the effects of the addictive substance (e.g., naloxone for heroin and Suboxone).
- Aversive Treatments: Induce negative reactions when the addictive substance is used (e.g., disulfiram for alcohol).
- Antidrug Vaccines: Inject synthetic molecules to trigger antibody production, reducing drug uptake.
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Description
Explore the intricacies of the Opponent-Process Theory of Addiction and the Brain Disease Model. This quiz delves into how the brain reacts to stimuli, develops tolerance, and the stages of addiction involving key brain areas. Test your understanding of these fundamental concepts in addiction psychology.
