Addiction Theories and Drug Relapse Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a significant factor in drug relapse according to priming theory?

  • Increased withdrawal symptoms
  • Detoxification in a hospital
  • Single exposure to the drug (correct)
  • Positive effects of the drug

Which factor does NOT contribute to the cycle of addiction according to physical dependence theory?

  • Self-administration of the drug
  • Habitual use patterns
  • Severe withdrawal symptoms (correct)
  • Binge and detoxification cycles

What is the primary focus of positive incentive theory in understanding addiction?

  • Physical dependence on substances
  • The positive effects of drugs (correct)
  • Detoxification processes
  • The avoidance of withdrawal symptoms

Which limitation is associated with positive incentive theory in explaining addiction?

<p>It cannot clarify why some users are not addicted (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does incentive-sensitization theory suggest regarding addiction-prone individuals?

<p>They develop a higher positive-incentive value with repeated use (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do alternating cycles of binge and detoxification challenge physical dependence theory?

<p>They show that withdrawal symptoms are not severe. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the hedonistic value from the positive-incentive value in addiction?

<p>Hedonic value is based on actual pleasure experienced, positive-incentive value is based on anticipated pleasure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do external cues contribute to drug relapse?

<p>They trigger cravings associated with previous drug use. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary hypothesis regarding testosterone's effect on handedness during intrauterine life?

<p>It inhibits the development of the left hemisphere. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which season is left-handedness significantly more common in, according to the content?

<p>Spring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the time-dependent increase in drug craving and relapse?

<p>Incubation of drug craving (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about alcohol is accurate?

<p>Moderate doses can cause motor impairment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated as a possible cause of left-handedness related to seasonal birth?

<p>Reduced sunlight leading to altered vitamin D metabolism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the resting potential of a neuron approximately measured at?

<p>-70 mV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes an agonist from an antagonist in drug action?

<p>An agonist mimics or increases the effects of a neurotransmitter. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is primarily characterized by memory loss and sensory dysfunction associated with chronic alcohol consumption?

<p>Korsakoff’s syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the depolarization phase of an action potential?

<p>Sodium ions rapidly enter the cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does alcohol primarily affect the body at high doses?

<p>It causes respiratory depression and unconsciousness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of neurotransmission, what distinguishes ionotropic receptors from metabotropic receptors?

<p>Metabotropic receptors can modulate neuronal excitability over time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes empathogens, such as ecstasy?

<p>Drugs that increase feelings of empathy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump in neuronal function?

<p>It maintains a resting potential by decreasing sodium concentration inside the cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes EPSPs from IPSPs in synaptic transmission?

<p>EPSPs cause depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential consequence of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) in children?

<p>Poor coordination and muscle tone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the effects of drugs on the central nervous system vary among individuals?

<p>They vary due to differences in receptor types and quantities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of neuron primarily integrates neural activity within a single brain structure?

<p>Interneuron (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which commissure is specifically known to enable the exchange of information between the two cerebral hemispheres?

<p>Corpus callosum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hemisphere of the cerebral cortex connects to the skin receptors and muscles on the right side of the body?

<p>Left hemisphere (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests a division of labor between the two cerebral hemispheres?

<p>Analytic-synthetic theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a sensory neuron?

<p>Receives excitation from various stimuli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon is associated with communication between the split hemispheres during split-brain experiments?

<p>Helping-hand phenomenon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of a unipolar neuron?

<p>Has a single process extending from the cell body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the left hemisphere to exhibit different functions compared to the right hemisphere?

<p>Hemispheric specialization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of sodium and potassium channels during the action potential?

<p>They allow selective ion flow to initiate and propagate the action potential. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes hyperpolarization in a neuron?

<p>An outflow of potassium ions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the all-or-none law in action potentials?

<p>The frequency of action potentials can be altered to signal stimulus intensity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the depolarization phase, what is primarily responsible for the change in membrane potential?

<p>The rapid influx of sodium ions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens immediately after the peak of an action potential?

<p>Voltage-gated potassium channels open, leading to potassium ions exiting. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary mechanism does cocaine utilize to affect dopamine levels in the brain?

<p>Altering the activity of dopamine transporters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the regeneration of the action potential along the axon?

<p>The influx of sodium ions triggering the next segment to reach its threshold. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to dopamine levels during a cocaine spree?

<p>Dopamine levels accumulate in the synapse due to inhibited reuptake (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of sodium ions entering the axon during an action potential?

<p>It creates a temporary positive charge relative to neighboring areas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common effect experienced during a cocaine spree?

<p>Drowsiness and prolonged sleep (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mainly changes in an axon's action potentials to communicate varying intensities of stimuli?

<p>The frequency of action potentials. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At usual social doses, which effect of marijuana is most likely to be observed?

<p>Alteration of sensory perceptions and an increased sense of well-being (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes an effect of marijuana at high doses?

<p>Short-term memory impairment and emotional intensification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential serious consequence of frequent cocaine use?

<p>Loss of consciousness and respiratory arrest (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What respiratory symptoms are commonly associated with heavy marijuana smoking?

<p>Bronchitis and persistent coughing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which effect is associated with the binge behavior of cocaine addicts?

<p>Tolerant response requiring larger doses over time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Corpus Callosum

The bundle of axons connecting the two hemispheres of the brain, allowing them to communicate and share information. Responsible for coordination and integrated processing.

Contralateral Organization

Refers to the specialized function of each hemisphere of the brain, where each side controls the opposite side of the body.

Left Hemisphere Functions

The left hemisphere is typically dominant for language, speech, logic, and analytical thinking.

Right Hemisphere Functions

The right hemisphere is generally dominant for spatial awareness, emotional processing, creativity, and artistic abilities.

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Split-Brain Experiments

A set of experiments that investigate the independent functioning of each hemisphere after the corpus callosum is severed, often revealing distinct abilities.

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Cross-Cueing

One hemisphere may compensate for the other's limitations by providing indirect cues or actions. For example, the left hemisphere may try to convey information to the right hemisphere through gestures or body movements.

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Visual Half-Field Paradigm

The process of studying the brain's reactions to visual stimuli presented in the right or left half of the visual field. This allows researchers to observe the specialization of each hemisphere for visual processing.

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Analytic-Synthetic Theory

The theory that the left hemisphere is specialized for analytical processing, breaking down information, while the right hemisphere is specialized for holistic and synthetic processing.

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Resting Potential

The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a neuron when it is at rest.

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Depolarization

The opening of sodium channels allows sodium ions to rush into the neuron, making the inside more positive.

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Repolarization

The neuron's membrane returns to its original negative charge after depolarization.

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Hyperpolarization

The neuron becomes even more negative than its resting potential after repolarization.

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Refractory Period

A brief period during which a neuron cannot fire another action potential.

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All-or-None Law

A neuron fires at full strength, or it doesn't fire at all.

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Propagation of the Action Potential

The movement of an action potential down the axon, away from the cell body.

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Myelin Sheath

A fatty substance that insulates axons, speeding up the transmission of the action potential.

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Threshold

The point at which a neuron will fire an action potential.

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Action Potential

A brief electrical impulse that travels down the axon of a neuron.

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Propagation of Action Potential

The process by which an action potential travels down the axon of a neuron.

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Sodium Ion Flow

The phenomenon where the positive charge of the action potential spreads down the axon, causing the next area of the axon to reach its threshold and fire its own action potential.

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Drug Priming

Repeated exposure to the drug, even a single use, can quickly lead to a full relapse into addiction.

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Cue-Induced Relapse

Environmental cues like people, places, or times associated with drug use can trigger relapse.

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Positive Incentive Theory

This theory suggests that people seek drugs for their positive effects, not just to avoid withdrawal symptoms.

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Incentive-Sensitization Theory

This theory explains the escalating desire for drugs despite decreasing actual pleasure with repeated use.

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Positive-Incentive Value

Repeated drug use can heighten the craving for the drug, even if the actual pleasure experienced decreases.

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Hedonic Value

The actual pleasure derived from the drug, which may decline with repeated use.

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Physical Dependence Theory

This theory explains addiction as a vicious cycle of drug use and withdrawal, leading to compulsive use to avoid the unpleasant symptoms.

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Detoxification and Relapse

Programs aimed at gradually withdrawing drugs from addicts were largely ineffective due to relapse.

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Drug Affinity

The tendency of a drug to bind to a specific receptor.

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Drug Efficacy

The ability of a drug to activate a receptor once bound to it.

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Agonist

A drug that mimics or enhances the effects of a neurotransmitter.

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Antagonist

A drug that blocks or inhibits the effects of a neurotransmitter.

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Incubation of Drug Craving

The increased craving for a drug over time after abstinence, even without exposure to the drug.

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Empathogen

A psychoactive drug that produces feelings of empathy, closeness, and heightened sensory experiences.

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Stimulant

A drug that primarily increases neural and behavioral activity.

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Korsakoff's Syndrome

A neuropsychological disorder characterized by memory loss, sensory and motor dysfunction, typically caused by chronic alcohol abuse.

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How Cocaine Affects Dopamine Signaling?

The process by which cocaine blocks the dopamine transporter (DAT), preventing the reuptake of dopamine into the presynaptic neuron. This leads to an accumulation of dopamine in the synapse, enhancing dopamine signaling and causing the euphoric effects of cocaine.

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What is a Cocaine Spree?

Cocaine sprees are characterized by prolonged periods of heavy cocaine use, often lasting a day or two. During these sprees, users experience increasing tolerance, requiring ever-larger doses to achieve the desired effects.

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What are the Risks of Cocaine Sprees?

Cocaine sprees can lead to severe consequences, including sleeplessness, tremors, nausea, hyperthermia, and in rare cases psychotic symptoms. Users may also experience loss of consciousness, seizures, respiratory arrest, heart attacks, or strokes.

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What is THC?

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the primary psychoactive component of marijuana, responsible for the drug's intoxicating effects. At low doses, THC can induce a state of relaxation, altered perceptions, and heightened sensory experiences.

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What Happens at High Doses of Marijuana?

High doses of marijuana can lead to memory impairments, difficulty with complex tasks, slurred speech, and altered mental states. Users may experience a sense of unreality, emotional intensification, sensory distortions, paranoia, and motor impairment.

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What are the Respiratory Risks of Heavy Marijuana Use?

Excessive marijuana smoking can cause respiratory problems, with bronchitis and coughing being among the most common. The respiratory system can be affected by the smoke inhalation.

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Study Notes

Major Brain Divisions

  • Three major divisions of the brain are hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain
  • Smaller subdivisions: hindbrain (metencephalon, myelencephalon), midbrain (mesencephalon), forebrain (diencephalon, telencephalon)

Nervous System Divisions

  • Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): somatic and autonomic nervous systems
  • Somatic nervous system: controls voluntary muscles
  • Autonomic nervous system: controls involuntary muscles
    • Sympathetic: prepares the body for action
    • Parasympathetic: calms the body

Brain Structures and Function

  • Cerebral cortex is divided into temporal, parietal, frontal, and occipital lobes
  • Major structures in the mesencephalon include the tectum (inferior and superior colliculi) and the tegmentum (periaqueductal gray, substantia nigra, red nucleus)
  • The medulla oblongata controls vital functions
  • The pons plays a role in transferring information between the brain hemispheres
  • Cerebellum coordinates movement and balance

Neuron Structure and Types

  • Neurons are cells that receive and transmit information.
  • Types of neurons: interneurons, motor neurons, sensory neurons
  • Neuroanatomical directions: dorsal, anterior, posterior, ventral, medial, lateral.
  • Neuronal planes: sagittal, horizontal, coronal

Neuronal Communication

  • Resting potential: a difference in electrical charge across the neuron's membrane
  • Action potential: a rapid change in electrical charge, allowing a signal to travel down the axon
  • All-or-none law: the amplitude and velocity of an action potential are independent of the stimulus intensity.
  • Propagation of action potential: the transmission of an action potential along the axon
  • Refractory period: the time after an action potential during which the neuron cannot fire another action potential
  • Temporal summation: the combination of repeated stimuli
  • Spatial summation: the combination of stimuli from different locations

Chemical Transmission

  • Neurotransmitters: chemicals released at synapses for communication between neurons
  • Chemical transmission steps: synthesis, storage, release, receptor binding.
  • Difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors
  • Examples of neurotransmitters: glutamate, GABA, dopamine, serotonin.

Brain Lobes

  • Occipital lobe processes visual information
  • Parietal lobe processes sensations and spatial awareness (touch, body location)
  • Temporal lobe processes hearing and some aspects of vision
  • Frontal lobe: controls fine movements, higher-level cognitive functions

Other Brain Regions and Their Functions

  • Thalamus: central relay station for sensory information
  • Hypothalamus: part of the limbic system, regulated motivated behaviors
  • Basal ganglia: involved in voluntary movement and reward
  • Cerebellum: refined motor control, some cognitive functions
  • Amygdala: regulation of emotions
  • Hippocampus: essential for memory

Cerebral Hemispheres and Lateralization

  • The division of labor between the two cerebral hemispheres
  • Lateralization: specialization of functions in one hemisphere
  • Corpus callosum: a band of nerve fibers connecting the hemispheres, facilitating communication between them
  • Split-brain experiments: demonstration of lateralization and the effect of severing the corpus callosum

Addiction

  • Definition of drug addiction
  • Stages of addiction
  • Theories about addiction: physical dependence, positive incentive, incentive-sensitization theories
  • Drug tolerance, cross-tolerance, and withdrawal syndromes.

Brain Damage

  • Frontal lobe damage can have different outcomes in terms of decision and risk assessment making.
  • Orbitofrontal cortex and dorsomedial frontal cortex are critical in social decision-making.
  • Effects of damage to prefrontal cortex and other areas of the brain are multifaceted and differ depending on the specific area affected.

Prenatal Influences on Handedness

  • Potential effects of early developmental stages on handedness

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Description

Explore key concepts in addiction theories, including priming theory, positive incentive theory, and physical dependence theory. This quiz examines the factors contributing to drug relapse and addiction cycles. Test your understanding of these theories and their interpretations of addiction-related behaviors.

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