Addiction Theories and Drug Relapse Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is a significant factor in drug relapse according to priming theory?

Increased withdrawal symptoms

Detoxification in a hospital

Single exposure to the drug (correct)

Positive effects of the drug

Which factor does NOT contribute to the cycle of addiction according to physical dependence theory?

Self-administration of the drug

Habitual use patterns

Severe withdrawal symptoms (correct)

Binge and detoxification cycles

What is the primary focus of positive incentive theory in understanding addiction?

Physical dependence on substances

The positive effects of drugs (correct)

Detoxification processes

The avoidance of withdrawal symptoms

Which limitation is associated with positive incentive theory in explaining addiction?

It cannot clarify why some users are not addicted Signup and view all the answers

What does incentive-sensitization theory suggest regarding addiction-prone individuals?

They develop a higher positive-incentive value with repeated use Signup and view all the answers

How do alternating cycles of binge and detoxification challenge physical dependence theory?

They show that withdrawal symptoms are not severe. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the hedonistic value from the positive-incentive value in addiction?

Hedonic value is based on actual pleasure experienced, positive-incentive value is based on anticipated pleasure. Signup and view all the answers

In what way do external cues contribute to drug relapse?

They trigger cravings associated with previous drug use. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary hypothesis regarding testosterone's effect on handedness during intrauterine life?

It inhibits the development of the left hemisphere. Signup and view all the answers

Which season is left-handedness significantly more common in, according to the content?

Spring Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the time-dependent increase in drug craving and relapse?

Incubation of drug craving Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about alcohol is accurate?

Moderate doses can cause motor impairment. Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated as a possible cause of left-handedness related to seasonal birth?

Reduced sunlight leading to altered vitamin D metabolism. Signup and view all the answers

What is the resting potential of a neuron approximately measured at?

-70 mV Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes an agonist from an antagonist in drug action?

An agonist mimics or increases the effects of a neurotransmitter. Signup and view all the answers

What condition is primarily characterized by memory loss and sensory dysfunction associated with chronic alcohol consumption?

Korsakoff’s syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the depolarization phase of an action potential?

Sodium ions rapidly enter the cell. Signup and view all the answers

In what way does alcohol primarily affect the body at high doses?

It causes respiratory depression and unconsciousness. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of neurotransmission, what distinguishes ionotropic receptors from metabotropic receptors?

Metabotropic receptors can modulate neuronal excitability over time. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes empathogens, such as ecstasy?

Drugs that increase feelings of empathy Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump in neuronal function?

It maintains a resting potential by decreasing sodium concentration inside the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes EPSPs from IPSPs in synaptic transmission?

EPSPs cause depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential consequence of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) in children?

Poor coordination and muscle tone Signup and view all the answers

How do the effects of drugs on the central nervous system vary among individuals?

They vary due to differences in receptor types and quantities. Signup and view all the answers

What type of neuron primarily integrates neural activity within a single brain structure?

Interneuron Signup and view all the answers

Which commissure is specifically known to enable the exchange of information between the two cerebral hemispheres?

Corpus callosum Signup and view all the answers

Which hemisphere of the cerebral cortex connects to the skin receptors and muscles on the right side of the body?

Left hemisphere Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests a division of labor between the two cerebral hemispheres?

Analytic-synthetic theory Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a sensory neuron?

Receives excitation from various stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon is associated with communication between the split hemispheres during split-brain experiments?

Helping-hand phenomenon Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of a unipolar neuron?

Has a single process extending from the cell body Signup and view all the answers

What causes the left hemisphere to exhibit different functions compared to the right hemisphere?

Hemispheric specialization Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of sodium and potassium channels during the action potential?

They allow selective ion flow to initiate and propagate the action potential. Signup and view all the answers

What causes hyperpolarization in a neuron?

An outflow of potassium ions. Signup and view all the answers

What defines the all-or-none law in action potentials?

The frequency of action potentials can be altered to signal stimulus intensity. Signup and view all the answers

During the depolarization phase, what is primarily responsible for the change in membrane potential?

The rapid influx of sodium ions. Signup and view all the answers

What happens immediately after the peak of an action potential?

Voltage-gated potassium channels open, leading to potassium ions exiting. Signup and view all the answers

What primary mechanism does cocaine utilize to affect dopamine levels in the brain?

Altering the activity of dopamine transporters Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the regeneration of the action potential along the axon?

The influx of sodium ions triggering the next segment to reach its threshold. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to dopamine levels during a cocaine spree?

Dopamine levels accumulate in the synapse due to inhibited reuptake Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of sodium ions entering the axon during an action potential?

It creates a temporary positive charge relative to neighboring areas. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common effect experienced during a cocaine spree?

Drowsiness and prolonged sleep Signup and view all the answers

What mainly changes in an axon's action potentials to communicate varying intensities of stimuli?

The frequency of action potentials. Signup and view all the answers

At usual social doses, which effect of marijuana is most likely to be observed?

Alteration of sensory perceptions and an increased sense of well-being Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes an effect of marijuana at high doses?

Short-term memory impairment and emotional intensification Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential serious consequence of frequent cocaine use?

Loss of consciousness and respiratory arrest Signup and view all the answers

What respiratory symptoms are commonly associated with heavy marijuana smoking?

Bronchitis and persistent coughing Signup and view all the answers

Which effect is associated with the binge behavior of cocaine addicts?

Tolerant response requiring larger doses over time Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Major Brain Divisions

Three major divisions of the brain are hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain
Smaller subdivisions: hindbrain (metencephalon, myelencephalon), midbrain (mesencephalon), forebrain (diencephalon, telencephalon)

Nervous System Divisions

Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): somatic and autonomic nervous systems
Somatic nervous system: controls voluntary muscles
Autonomic nervous system: controls involuntary muscles
- Sympathetic: prepares the body for action
- Parasympathetic: calms the body

Brain Structures and Function

Cerebral cortex is divided into temporal, parietal, frontal, and occipital lobes
Major structures in the mesencephalon include the tectum (inferior and superior colliculi) and the tegmentum (periaqueductal gray, substantia nigra, red nucleus)
The medulla oblongata controls vital functions
The pons plays a role in transferring information between the brain hemispheres
Cerebellum coordinates movement and balance

Neuron Structure and Types

Neurons are cells that receive and transmit information.
Types of neurons: interneurons, motor neurons, sensory neurons
Neuroanatomical directions: dorsal, anterior, posterior, ventral, medial, lateral.
Neuronal planes: sagittal, horizontal, coronal

Neuronal Communication

Resting potential: a difference in electrical charge across the neuron's membrane
Action potential: a rapid change in electrical charge, allowing a signal to travel down the axon
All-or-none law: the amplitude and velocity of an action potential are independent of the stimulus intensity.
Propagation of action potential: the transmission of an action potential along the axon
Refractory period: the time after an action potential during which the neuron cannot fire another action potential
Temporal summation: the combination of repeated stimuli
Spatial summation: the combination of stimuli from different locations

Chemical Transmission

Neurotransmitters: chemicals released at synapses for communication between neurons
Chemical transmission steps: synthesis, storage, release, receptor binding.
Difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors
Examples of neurotransmitters: glutamate, GABA, dopamine, serotonin.

Brain Lobes

Occipital lobe processes visual information
Parietal lobe processes sensations and spatial awareness (touch, body location)
Temporal lobe processes hearing and some aspects of vision
Frontal lobe: controls fine movements, higher-level cognitive functions

Other Brain Regions and Their Functions

Thalamus: central relay station for sensory information
Hypothalamus: part of the limbic system, regulated motivated behaviors
Basal ganglia: involved in voluntary movement and reward
Cerebellum: refined motor control, some cognitive functions
Amygdala: regulation of emotions
Hippocampus: essential for memory

Cerebral Hemispheres and Lateralization

The division of labor between the two cerebral hemispheres
Lateralization: specialization of functions in one hemisphere
Corpus callosum: a band of nerve fibers connecting the hemispheres, facilitating communication between them
Split-brain experiments: demonstration of lateralization and the effect of severing the corpus callosum

Addiction

Definition of drug addiction
Stages of addiction
Theories about addiction: physical dependence, positive incentive, incentive-sensitization theories
Drug tolerance, cross-tolerance, and withdrawal syndromes.

Brain Damage

Frontal lobe damage can have different outcomes in terms of decision and risk assessment making.
Orbitofrontal cortex and dorsomedial frontal cortex are critical in social decision-making.
Effects of damage to prefrontal cortex and other areas of the brain are multifaceted and differ depending on the specific area affected.

Prenatal Influences on Handedness

Potential effects of early developmental stages on handedness

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Description

Explore key concepts in addiction theories, including priming theory, positive incentive theory, and physical dependence theory. This quiz examines the factors contributing to drug relapse and addiction cycles. Test your understanding of these theories and their interpretations of addiction-related behaviors.