Unraveling the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Airway Obstruction in Emphysema vs Chron...

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Which of the following is a cause of emphysema other than protease antiprotease imbalance and oxidative stress?

Smoking or exposure to air pollutants

Congenital deficiency of alpha 1 antitrypsin (correct)

Inflammatory mediators

Activated neutrophils and macrophages

What is the role of neutrophils and macrophages in emphysema?

They migrate from the alveoli to the capillaries

They generate reactive oxygen species

They inhibit proteases to prevent tissue damage

They release proteases that can cause tissue damage (correct)

What is the consequence of antiprotease insufficiency in emphysema?

Minimal or no tissue damage

Loss of elastic recoil in the airways

Enlargement of the airways

Tissue damage and inflammation (correct)

What causes an imbalance between ROS generation and elimination in emphysema?

Smoking and release of reactive oxygen species (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens when there is sufficient antiprotease activity in emphysema?

Tissue damage does not occur or is minimal (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of emphysema involves the respiratory bronchioles but spares the distal alveoli?

Centriacinar emphysema (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of emphysema involves distal airspaces, which are the alveolar duct and the alveoli?

Paraseptal emphysema (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of emphysema involves the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and the alveoli?

Panacinar emphysema (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of emphysema does not show centriacinar, panacinar, or distal acinar distribution?

Irregular emphysema (A) Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe air-containing sacs in emphysema when they are smaller than 1 cm in size?

Bleb (C) Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe air-containing sacs in emphysema when they are larger than 1 cm in size?

Bullae (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication of bullae in emphysema?

Pneumothorax (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential cause of bronchiectasis?

Pneumonia (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary defect in Cystic Fibrosis?

Loss of chloride secretion (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of CFTR in the respiratory epithelium?

Active chloride secretion (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the water content of the surface fluid layer in the airways of individuals with Cystic Fibrosis?

It increases (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of the mucus in individuals with Cystic Fibrosis?

It is thick and sticky (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which process may be the initiating factor in the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis?

Both obstruction and chronic infection (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of inflammation due to infection in bronchiectasis?

Airway destruction (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of mucous gland hyperplasia in bronchiectasis?

Increased airway secretion (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of recurrent infection in bronchiectasis?

Airway destruction (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the appearance of the airways in bronchiectasis?

The airways are dilated up to 4 times the normal size. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the mucopurulent secretions found in the dilated airways in bronchiectasis?

A mixture of mucus and pus. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the lining epithelium in the bronchi and bronchioles in bronchiectasis?

It desquamates and leads to ulceration. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes restrictive pulmonary disease?

A group of disorders characterized by reduced expansion of the lung and difficulty in getting air in (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the interstitium?

The area between the pulmonary capillaries and the alveolar epithelium (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the interstitium consist of?

Collagen fibers and elastic tissue with fibroblast and macrophages (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of interstitial lung disease?

Reduction in lung expansion (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the two conditions in which restrictive pulmonary disease can occur?

Chest wall disorders and neuromuscular disorders (B) Signup and view all the answers