Podcast
Questions and Answers
DNA stands for _____.
DNA stands for _____.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
The existence of DNA was discovered in 1869 by a man named Friedrich _____.
The existence of DNA was discovered in 1869 by a man named Friedrich _____.
Miescher
The structure of DNA was finally discovered by James _____ and Francis _____.
The structure of DNA was finally discovered by James _____ and Francis _____.
Watson, Crick
Watson and Crick borrowed from the works of many scientists (most notably Rosalind _____) to conclude that DNA was in the form of a double helix.
Watson and Crick borrowed from the works of many scientists (most notably Rosalind _____) to conclude that DNA was in the form of a double helix.
DNA can be thought of as the _____ for designing an organism.
DNA can be thought of as the _____ for designing an organism.
DNA is a large molecule (_____) that falls under the category of _____.
DNA is a large molecule (_____) that falls under the category of _____.
Remember a polymer is a large molecule made up of monomers put together. The monomers in nucleic acids are called _____.
Remember a polymer is a large molecule made up of monomers put together. The monomers in nucleic acids are called _____.
The nitrogenous bases can vary. They are either _____, _____, _____, or _____.
The nitrogenous bases can vary. They are either _____, _____, _____, or _____.
Adenine and Guanine are known as _____. Cytosine and Thymine are known as _____.
Adenine and Guanine are known as _____. Cytosine and Thymine are known as _____.
_____ work also helped Watson and Crick. Chargaff discovered that Adenine always binds with Thymine and that Guanine always binds with Cytosine.
_____ work also helped Watson and Crick. Chargaff discovered that Adenine always binds with Thymine and that Guanine always binds with Cytosine.
_____ and _____ This is known as Chargaff's Rule.
_____ and _____ This is known as Chargaff's Rule.
The bonds between the bases are _____ bonds. It is the sequence of the _____ that equal genes and thus determine the traits or characteristics in living things.
The bonds between the bases are _____ bonds. It is the sequence of the _____ that equal genes and thus determine the traits or characteristics in living things.
We have already said that the copying of DNA happens during _____. This must occur before the cell can divide.
We have already said that the copying of DNA happens during _____. This must occur before the cell can divide.
The DNA _____. The enzyme _____ separates the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs.
The DNA _____. The enzyme _____ separates the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs.
The enzyme DNA _____ grabs free-floating nucleotides and begins to pair them with the unzipped templates.
The enzyme DNA _____ grabs free-floating nucleotides and begins to pair them with the unzipped templates.
The two strands are called the _____ strand and the _____ strand. (depending on the direction their deoxyribose molecules are pointing).
The two strands are called the _____ strand and the _____ strand. (depending on the direction their deoxyribose molecules are pointing).
The leading strand builds _____ the replication fork whereas the lagging strand builds _____ from the replication fork.
The leading strand builds _____ the replication fork whereas the lagging strand builds _____ from the replication fork.
Flashcards
Chromatin
Chromatin
Genetic material composed of DNA, RNA, and proteins forming chromosomes within eukaryotic nuclei.
DNA
DNA
A large molecule (polymer) that falls under the category of nucleic acid.
Nucleotide
Nucleotide
A 3-part structure containing a phosphate group, deoxyribose (5-sided sugar), and a nitrogenous base.
Chargaff's Rule
Chargaff's Rule
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DNA Replication
DNA Replication
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Helicase
Helicase
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DNA Polymerase
DNA Polymerase
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Leading strand
Leading strand
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Lagging strand
Lagging strand
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Study Notes
- Chromatin is wound tightly to form a visible chromosome structure.
- DNA is obtained by unwinding chromatin.
- DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
- DNA's existence was discovered in 1869 by Friedrich Miescher.
- The importance of DNA as a "transformative factor" was discovered in 1944 by Oswald Avery.
- The structure of DNA was discovered in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick.
- Watson and Crick concluded DNA was a double helix, inspired by Rosalind Franklin's work.
- Watson and Crick received the Nobel Prize, but Franklin was excluded due to posthumous rules.
- DNA serves as the blueprint for designing an organism.
- Each individual's DNA is unique, except in the case of identical twins.
- DNA is a polymer and falls under the category of nucleic acids.
- Nucleic acids consist of monomers called nucleotides linked together.
- A nucleotide has a 3-part structure: phosphate, deoxyribose (5-sided sugar), and nitrogenous base.
- Phosphate and deoxyribose remain constant in nucleotides, but nitrogenous bases vary.
- Nitrogenous bases can be adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine.
- Adenine and Guanine are purines, while Cytosine and Thymine are pyrimidines.
- Erwin Chargaff's work contributed to Watson and Crick's discoveries.
- Chargaff found that Adenine binds with Thymine, and Guanine binds with Cytosine.
- A-T and G-C pairings are known as Chargaff’s Rule.
- Hydrogen bonds exist between the bases.
- The sequence of bases equates to genes and determines traits or characteristics.
DNA Replication
- DNA copying occurs during interphase.
- First the DNA unzips.
- Helicase separates the hydrogen bonds between base pairs and the strands become templates.
- DNA Polymerase grabs free nucleotides to pair them with unzipped templates.
- There is a leading and lagging strand.
- The leading and lagging strand depends on the direction of deoxyribose molecules.
- The leading strand builds towards the replication fork, while the lagging strand builds away.
- Okazaki Fragments are segments in which the lagging strand is laid.
- Separate strands are simultaneously assembled.
- Two identical DNA molecules are created once the original molecule separates.
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