36 Questions
What is the primary focus of the biogenic theory of depression?
Deficiency of neurotransmitters in the brain
Which neurotransmitters are believed to be deficient in key brain areas in individuals with depression?
Norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine
What defines depression as an affective disorder?
Experiencing intense sadness beyond the event's impact
Why are neurotransmitters like norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine crucial in preventing depression?
Their deficiency is linked to depression
Which action is NOT associated with antidepressants?
Enhancing the breakdown of neurotransmitters
In terms of antidepressants, what is a drug–drug interaction?
The way different medications interact with each other in the body
What differentiates a therapeutic indication from a contraindication in antidepressant use?
Indications refer to positive effects while contraindications refer to side effects.
What is the pharmacological action of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) in the central nervous system (CNS)?
Mood elevation
Which receptor blockade is associated with TCAs' effects on the central nervous system?
H1-receptor
What is a common cardiovascular side effect associated with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)?
Orthostatic hypotension
Which of the following TCAs is a secondary amine?
Nortriptyline
What is the most potent anticholinergic action associated with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)?
Desipramine
Which neurotransmitter system is mainly affected by tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) in the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
Cholinergic system
Which TCA is commonly used for the treatment of depression and neuropathic pain?
Nortriptyline
Which type of drug specifically blocks the reuptake of serotonin and increases its concentration in the synaptic cleft?
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
What is the primary effect of ingesting foods high in tyramine while taking an MAOI?
Severe hypertensive crisis
Which drug prevents the enzyme monoamine oxidase from breaking down norepinephrine, leading to increased NE levels in the synaptic cleft?
Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI)
What distinguishes SSRIs from TCAs in terms of adverse effects?
SSRIs are not associated with anticholinergic effects
What is a common symptom experienced by patients who are depressed?
Lack of energy
Which drug blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, causing anticholinergic and sedative effects?
Tricyclic antidepressant (TCA)
What can ingesting foods high in tyramine while on an MAOI lead to?
Severe hypertensive crisis
How do deficiencies of neurotransmitters like NE and 5HT develop according to the text?
By rapid fire of the neurons leading to depletion
Which neurotransmitters are mentioned in the text as being deficient in depression?
Norepinephrine (NE), dopamine, and serotonin (5HT)
What physical problems can untreated clinical depression lead to?
Multiple physical problems that can lead to further depression or suicide
What theory of depression is discussed in the text?
Biogenic Amine Theory
Why might depression occur as mentioned in the text?
As a result of unknown causes
What functions are regulated by neurotransmitters like NE and 5HT, according to the text?
Arousal, alertness, attention, moods, appetite, and sensory processing
How might rapid fire of neurons lead to depletion of neurotransmitters like NE and 5HT?
By exhausting the available neurotransmitter stores
What is the principal mechanism of action of Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)?
Blocking reuptake of monoamine neurotransmitters
What effect do Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) have on dopamine system?
Have no impact on dopamine system
What was the original intended use of Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) when they were first developed in 1949?
Antipsychotics
How do Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) lead to increased neurotransmitter levels in the synaptic cleft?
By blocking reuptake by the releasing nerve
Which neurotransmitters are primarily affected by Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)?
Noradrenaline and serotonin
What is the characteristic chemical structure of Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)?
Three-ring nucleus
In comparison to cocaine, how important is the effect of Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) on the dopamine system?
Less important
Besides blocking reuptake, what other mechanism may Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) use to increase neurotransmitter levels in the synaptic cleft?
Regulating receptor sites
Learn about monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) drugs, their mechanisms of action, and effects on neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and serotonin. Understand how these drugs are used to treat depression and their different side effects.
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