Units of Measure and Conversions

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Questions and Answers

Which crack detection method is specifically designed for ferrous/magnetic materials and is effective in detecting surface cracks and laminations?

  • Eddy Current
  • Radiography
  • Ultrasonic
  • Magnetic Particle (correct)

What is the primary advantage of using dye penetrant crack detection?

  • It is cost-effective and efficient for inspecting large areas. (correct)
  • It can detect flaws deeper within the material.
  • It is the most reliable method for detecting surface cracks.
  • It is highly accurate for detecting tiny flaws.

What is the primary difference between the crack detection methods used for general lifting equipment and those used for high-value items or with stricter safety requirements?

  • The complexity of the equipment used.
  • The type of materials being inspected.
  • The level of training required for the operators.
  • The level of detail and accuracy required. (correct)

What happens when a magnetic particle inspection detects a flaw in a material?

<p>The magnetic field is disrupted, causing leakage around the flaw. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method typically used for detailed crack detection examinations?

<p>Dye Penetrant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using magnetic particle inspection (MPI) in crack detection?

<p>To visualize surface defects on ferrous/magnetic materials. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which crack detection method is considered highly accurate and efficient for detecting tiny flaws in materials?

<p>Eddy Current (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the increased costs associated with detailed crack detection examinations using methods like eddy current, radiography, and ultrasonic?

<p>The need for specialized training and highly skilled personnel. (A), The complexity and cost of the equipment used in these methods. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of performing a bend test on welds?

<p>To ensure proper fusion of the weld to the parent metal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can be subjected to bend testing?

<p>Metals, polymers, and any material that can experience plastic deformation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended method for marking lifting equipment?

<p>Using a suitable means such as a metal tab or textile label permanently attached (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided when re-marking lifting equipment?

<p>Using sharp or excessively deep stamping (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does increasing the angle of multi-leg slings to the vertical have?

<p>It increases the load in the individual sling legs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which area is it preferable to stamp lifting equipment?

<p>In a non-load bearing or low-stress area (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of improper marking on lifting equipment?

<p>Loss of identity and information about the equipment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When marking lifting equipment, what must be considered regarding the mechanical properties?

<p>The mechanical properties should not be significantly impaired (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What angle does the LEEA COPSULE currently recommend for rating multi-leg slings?

<p>Angle to the vertical (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the working load limit for slings rated under the Uniform Load Method at angles above 45° to the vertical?

<p>Reduced working load limit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option describes the prescribed rating method for all multipurpose slings?

<p>Uniform Load Method (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the included angle defined in the context of sling usage?

<p>Angle between the legs of the sling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which geographical region is known for using the angle of the sling leg to the horizontal for rating?

<p>USA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the Trigonometric Method for sling rating?

<p>It provides several working load limits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what included angle does the Uniform Load Method begin to apply restrictions on working load limits?

<p>45° (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of rating is considered the simpler approach for ensuring sling safety?

<p>Uniform Load Method (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the working load limit (WLL) of a two-leg sling at an included angle of 0-45°?

<p>1.4 x WLL of a single leg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For a three or four-leg sling at an included angle of 45°-60°, what is its WLL relative to a single leg?

<p>1.5 x WLL of a single leg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the WLL of multipurpose four-leg slings?

<p>They are rated the same as three-leg slings. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation do some national standards impose on the rating of three-leg slings?

<p>They are not recommended for used at angles greater than 90°. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the assumption made by some national standards regarding four-leg slings?

<p>Two of the legs will carry the load. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Australia, what is the WLL limitation for multi-leg slings with more than two legs?

<p>It is the same as that of a two-leg sling. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the WLL for a single leg sling?

<p>1.0 x WLL of a single leg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'included angle' refer to in the context of slings?

<p>The angle to the vertical. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which NDT method utilizes high-frequency sound waves to detect material defects?

<p>Ultrasonic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary limitation of ultrasonic testing?

<p>It cannot be used on materials that are non-conductive. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of ultrasonic testing?

<p>It allows for the recording and comparison of test results over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of radiography as an NDT method?

<p>It involves exposure to ionizing radiation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following NDT methods is commonly used to assess the condition of wire ropes?

<p>Electromagnetic Wire Rope Examination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of using Electromagnetic Wire Rope Examination compared to other NDT methods?

<p>It is a fast and efficient way to assess long lengths of wire rope. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of defects can be detected by Electromagnetic Wire Rope Examination?

<p>Both surface and internal defects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The content describes several NDT methods. Which of the following pairs of methods share the characteristic of being able to locate internal and surface-breaking defects?

<p>Ultrasonic and Radiography (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key requirement for an operative when using multipurpose slings?

<p>Training in judging a range of angles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is strongly recommended for rating multipurpose slings?

<p>Uniform load method (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the working load limit (WLL) calculated for a two-leg sling?

<p>2.0 x WLL of a single leg x cos β (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if a multi-leg sling is used with fewer legs than specified?

<p>The safe working load must be reduced (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which standards support the uniform load method of rating slings?

<p>Many national and international standards (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary disadvantage of using the trigonometric method for slings?

<p>It complicates the rating process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it advised to reduce the safe working load marked on a sling?

<p>To increase safety margins when unsure of load type (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additional capability does the uniform load method provide for slings?

<p>Removes the necessity for table references (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Anomaly Detection

Identifying irregularities in materials using techniques like ultrasonic testing.

Ultrasonic Testing (UT)

A non-destructive testing method using high-frequency sound waves to detect internal defects.

Limitations of Ultrasonic Testing

Not applicable for non-conductive materials; accuracy decreases in these cases.

Radiography in NDT

A method using ionising radiation to detect internal and surface defects in materials.

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Electromagnetic Wire Rope Examination

A fast technique to detect defects in wire ropes using magnetic fields.

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Magnetic Flux Method

Detects presence and magnitude of metal loss from corrosion and wear in wire ropes.

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Magnetic Flux Leakage Method

Identifies defects like broken wires in ferromagnetic materials through magnetic field disturbances.

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Benefits of Ultrasonic Testing

Offers speed, reliability, and the ability to track deterioration over time.

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Precision Measuring Equipment

Tools that require regular verification for accuracy in measurements.

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Crack Detection

Methods used to identify cracks in materials, ensuring structural integrity.

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Dye Penetrant Testing

A crack detection method that uses liquid dye to reveal surface-breaking defects.

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Magnetic Particle Inspection (MPI)

A technique to detect surface cracks using magnetism and fine iron particles.

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Eddy Current Testing

A method using induction to find small cracks or material degradation in conductive materials.

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Periodic Verification

Regular checks required for equipment to ensure accuracy and reliability.

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Trained Operatives

Skilled workers required to perform and interpret testing methods accurately.

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Radiography

A method of crack detection using X-rays to visualize internal flaws in materials.

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Ductility

The ability of a material to deform under tensile stress.

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Bend Test

A test to assess a material's ductility or resistance to fracture by bending it.

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Weld Testing

Verification of Weld quality to ensure it fuses properly and is defect-free.

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Marking Lifting Equipment

Permanent identification and information marking on lifting equipment for safety.

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Stamping Requirements

Guidelines on how and where to stamp equipment for identification without compromising structural integrity.

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Re-marking Equipment

The process of updating identification marks on equipment with precautions to prevent stress raisers.

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Sling Angles Impact

The load on sling legs increases as the angle to the vertical increases.

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Multi-leg Slinging

Use of multiple sling legs where angle changes affect load distribution.

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Single Leg Sling WLL

Working Load Limit (WLL) equals 1.0 times WLL of a single leg.

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Two Leg Sling 0-45° WLL

WLL equals 1.4 times WLL of a single leg for angles between 0-45°.

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Two Leg Sling 45-60° WLL

WLL equals 1.0 times WLL of a single leg for angles between 45-60°.

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Three/Four Leg Sling 0-45° WLL

Working load is 2.1 times WLL of a single leg for angles between 0-45°.

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Three/Four Leg Sling 45-60° WLL

WLL equals 1.5 times WLL of a single leg for angles between 45-60°.

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Mulitpurpose Four-Leg Sling WLL

Rated the same as a three-leg sling assuming only three legs bear the load.

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Angle to Vertical Limitation

Three leg slings are not recommended for angles over 90° due to safety risks.

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Two-Leg Sling WLL in Australia

Multi-leg slings rated the same as a two-leg sling at 60° included angle.

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Included Angle

The angle between the legs of a multi-leg sling, often expressed in degrees.

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Angle to the Vertical

The angle between a sling leg and a vertical line, recommended by LEEA.

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Uniform Load Method

A simpler method rating slings based on a maximum working load limit at lower angles.

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Trigonometric Method

A more complex method of rating slings accounting for various angles.

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Working Load Limit (WLL)

The maximum load that a sling can safely lift, depending on the angle.

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Safety Standards in Sling Use

Best practices encouraged by organizations like LEEA to ensure safe lifting.

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Regional Variations in Sling Ratings

Different regions may use varied methods or angles for rating slings.

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Multipurpose Slings

Slings designed for varied applications and rated using the uniform load method.

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Single Leg Sling

A sling type with one leg, rated at 1.0 x WLL.

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Multi-Leg Sling Usage

Using a sling with fewer legs than rated reduces the safe load capacity.

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Cosine Factor in Sling Rating

Used to adjust WLL based on angle of slings with multiple legs.

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National Standards for Slings

Regulations that specify the safe use and rating methods for slings.

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Safe Working Load Adjustment

Reduces the marked load limit based on how many sling legs are used.

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Study Notes

Units of Measure

  • A unit of measure is a standardized quantity of a physical property used to determine multiple quantities of that property.
  • Examples include weight, length, mass, and force.
  • Different systems of units are based on fundamental units.
  • The most widely used system is the International System of Units (SI).
  • The SI system uses seven base units.
  • Other SI units are derived from these base units.
  • When marking lifting equipment, use one decimal place for fractions of a tonne unless marking 0.25, which always uses two decimal places, e.g., 2.1t, 2.2t, 2.25t, 2.3t, 2.4t, 2.5t, 2.6t, 2.7t, 2.8t, 2.9t
  • Some manufacturer use 2.75t, though this is not consistent with the sequence.

Symbols and Conversions

  • Ton (US): T = 2000lbs = 907.185kg = 0.907t (metric)
  • Tonne (Metric): t = 1000kg = 2204.62lbs
  • Ton (Imperial): 1016kg = 2239.9lbs
  • Hundredweight (cwt): 50kg

Other Useful Conversions

  • 1kg = 2.2lbs
  • 1inch = 25.4mm
  • 1foot = 12inches
  • 10kN = 1000kg (approximately)

Test Machines and Force/Load Measuring Equipment

  • Accuracy requirements for test loads and forces are specified in many product standards and codes of practice.
  • The accuracy of test machines and load cells must be calibrated and verified by a competent person or authority.
  • Calibration intervals should not exceed 12 months.
  • Accuracy of applied load/force must be within the standard's requirements and within ±2% of the nominal load/force.
  • ISO 7500-1 specifies various classes of machines with different accuracies.
  • Certificates of calibration and verification will provide details of these accuracies.
  • Certificates will specify minimum load and maximum/upper load.

Types of Verification

  • Verification is a general term for procedures manufacturers or competent persons use to ensure lifting equipment meets standards, legal requirements, and safety requirements. This includes various tests.
  • Dimensional, operational, light load, working load limit deflection, proof load, breaking load/minimum breaking load, hardness test, electromagnetic wire rope examinations.

Dimensional Measuring equipment

  • Only simple measuring equipment (e.g., tape measure, ruler) is normally required for lifting equipment verification. Measuring equipment should be graduated in 1mm increments. For certain items, a Vernier gauge may be necessary. These normally have 0.1mm gradations.

Crack Detection

  • Crack detection methods (dye penetration, magnetic particle) are often used to examine welds on lifting equipment.
  • More detailed examinations (eddy current, radiography, ultrasonic) may be used for high-value or safety-critical items.

Hardness

  • Hardness testing (Vickers, Brinell, Rockwell) is used to verify the hardness of lifting equipment, especially after heat treatment. Brinell is the most commonly used method in the lifting equipment industry.

Bend Test

  • Bend testing welds is a qualitative test used to ensure proper fusion and weld integrity without causing breakage. It determines ductility for metal or metallic materials and is useful for plastic or polymers

Marking Lifting Equipment

  • Lifting equipment marking should use suitable means (plate, metal tab, textile label) in a low-stress area or a non-load bearing region. The marking should follow relevant standards for appropriate position and size.

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