Podcast
Questions and Answers
Methods used that summarize or describe characteristics of data are called​ _______ statistics.
Methods used that summarize or describe characteristics of data are called​ _______ statistics.
descriptive
A value at the center or middle of a data set is​ a(n) _______.
A value at the center or middle of a data set is​ a(n) _______.
measure of center
Which of the following is NOT a measure of center?
Which of the following is NOT a measure of center?
- Census (correct)
- Mode
- Mean
- Median
The measure of center that is the value that occurs with the greatest frequency is the​ _______.
The measure of center that is the value that occurs with the greatest frequency is the​ _______.
Which of the following is always true?
Which of the following is always true?
If the standard deviation for a set of data is 0, which of the following must be true?
If the standard deviation for a set of data is 0, which of the following must be true?
The Range Rule of Thumb roughly estimates the standard deviation of a data set as _______.
The Range Rule of Thumb roughly estimates the standard deviation of a data set as _______.
What is the role of the term average in statistics?
What is the role of the term average in statistics?
The symbol for sample standard deviation is _______.
The symbol for sample standard deviation is _______.
The symbol for population standard deviation is _______.
The symbol for population standard deviation is _______.
The symbol for sample variance is _______.
The symbol for sample variance is _______.
The symbol for population variance is _______.
The symbol for population variance is _______.
If sample data consist of weights measured in grams, then the unit for sample standard deviation would be _______.
If sample data consist of weights measured in grams, then the unit for sample standard deviation would be _______.
The unit for population standard deviation would be _______.
The unit for population standard deviation would be _______.
The unit for sample variance would be _______.
The unit for sample variance would be _______.
The unit for population variance would be _______.
The unit for population variance would be _______.
For data sets having a distribution that is approximately​ bell-shaped, _______ states that about​ 68% of all data values fall within one standard deviation from the mean.
For data sets having a distribution that is approximately​ bell-shaped, _______ states that about​ 68% of all data values fall within one standard deviation from the mean.
The square of the standard deviation is called the _______.
The square of the standard deviation is called the _______.
When a data value is converted to a standardized scale representing the number of standard deviations the data value lies from the​ mean, we call the new value a​ _______.
When a data value is converted to a standardized scale representing the number of standard deviations the data value lies from the​ mean, we call the new value a​ _______.
Whenever a data value is less than the​ mean, _______.
Whenever a data value is less than the​ mean, _______.
The 5-number summary includes _______.
The 5-number summary includes _______.
Which of the following is NOT a value in the 5-number summary?
Which of the following is NOT a value in the 5-number summary?
What do P(A) and P(Ä€) represent when A denotes the event of selecting someone with blue eyes?
What do P(A) and P(Ä€) represent when A denotes the event of selecting someone with blue eyes?
When using the ______, always be careful to avoid double-counting outcomes.
When using the ______, always be careful to avoid double-counting outcomes.
Events that are​ _______ cannot occur at the same time.
Events that are​ _______ cannot occur at the same time.
What does​ P(B|A) represent?
What does​ P(B|A) represent?
Two events A and B are​ _______ if the occurrence of one does not affect the probability of the occurrence of the other.
Two events A and B are​ _______ if the occurrence of one does not affect the probability of the occurrence of the other.
​'At least​ one' is equivalent to​ _______.
​'At least​ one' is equivalent to​ _______.
A​ _______ probability of an event is a probability obtained with knowledge that some other event has already occurred.
A​ _______ probability of an event is a probability obtained with knowledge that some other event has already occurred.
What is the probability of getting the correct Social Security number of the person who was given the​ receipt?
What is the probability of getting the correct Social Security number of the person who was given the​ receipt?
If radio station call letters must begin with either K or W and must include either two or three additional​ letters, how many different possibilities are​ there?
If radio station call letters must begin with either K or W and must include either two or three additional​ letters, how many different possibilities are​ there?
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Study Notes
Descriptive Statistics
- Descriptive statistics summarize or describe characteristics of data without making conclusions beyond the data.
- Measures of center include mean, median, and mode.
Measures of Center
- The measure of center represents the middle value in a data set.
- The mode is the most frequently occurring value, while the census is not a measure of center.
- In a symmetric, bell-shaped distribution, the mean, median, and mode are equal.
Data Characteristics
- A standard deviation of 0 indicates that all data values are identical.
- The Range Rule of Thumb estimates standard deviation as ( s = \text{range}/4 ).
Terminology in Statistics
- The term "average" is not used; "mean" refers to the sum of sample values divided by the total number of values.
- Sample standard deviation is symbolized as ( s ), while population standard deviation is represented by ( \sigma ).
Variance
- The sample variance is denoted by ( s^2 ) and population variance by ( \sigma^2 ).
- Units for standard deviation in grams remain in grams (g), while variance is expressed in square grams (g²).
Empirical Rule
- According to the Empirical Rule, approximately 68% of data values in a bell-shaped distribution fall within one standard deviation from the mean.
Standardized Scores
- A z-score indicates how many standard deviations a data value is from the mean; scores below the mean yield negative z-scores.
Five-Number Summary
- The five-number summary includes minimum, Q1, median, Q3, and maximum values, while the mean is not part of this summary.
Probability Concepts
- The probability of event A (e.g., selecting someone with blue eyes) is denoted as ( P(A) ) and ( P(\bar{A}) ) represents the probability of the complementary event.
- The addition rule requires careful application to avoid double-counting outcomes.
Event Relationships
- Disjoint events cannot occur simultaneously, while independent events are unaffected by each other's occurrence.
- Conditional probability ( P(B|A) ) describes the probability of event B occurring given that event A has occurred.
Probability of Events
- "At least one" is synonymous with "one or more."
- The probability of selecting the correct Social Security number after knowing partial digits is extremely low at ( \frac{1}{100,000} ).
Combinatorial Probability
- For radio station call letters that start with K or W and have two or three additional letters, there are 36,504 unique combinations possible.
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