Unit Test Review for Inheritance
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Questions and Answers

Define gametes.

Sex cells. A mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.

What is a female gamete?

Female gametes are also called eggs or ova. They are created during the cellular reproduction process known as meiosis.

What is a male gamete?

Male gametes are called sperm.

Which cells are gametes?

<p>4 daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define diploid.

<p>(of a cell or nucleus) containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define haploid.

<p>Having the same number of sets of chromosomes as a germ cell, or half the diploid number of a somatic cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a haploid cell and a diploid cell?

<p>The main difference is the number of chromosome sets; haploid cells have one set while diploid cells have two.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are all the cells that are diploid?

<p>Parent cell (A) and DNA Replicates (B).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell is a haploid cell?

<p>Daughter Cells and 4 Daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Haploid cells come together to form what type of cell?

<p>Diploid Cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define fertilization.

<p>Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell is included in the fertilization process?

<p>4 daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define sexual reproduction.

<p>Fusion of sex cells; the production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different types (sexes).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define crossing-over.

<p>Physical exchange of chromatid regions; the exchange of genes between two chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify where crossing-over takes place.

<p>DNA replication (B) and 2 daughter cells (C).</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does crossing-over affect genetic variation in the offspring?

<p>Crossing over creates genetic variation by exchanging DNA between two nonsister chromatids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an allele?

<p>An allele is one of the possible forms of a gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define genotype.

<p>The genetic makeup of an organism with reference to traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define phenotype.

<p>Phenotype is defined as an organism's expressed physical traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the difference between the terms phenotype and genotype.

<p>The genotype is the set of genes responsible for a trait; the phenotype is the physical expression of that trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the genotype letters for BB, bb, and Bb?

<p>Homozygous dominant genotype- BB, Homozygous Recessive genotype- bb, Heterozygous genotype- Bb.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the difference between the terms heterozygous and homozygous.

<p>Heterozygous individuals have one mutated gene; homozygous individuals have both copies mutated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a dominant allele and a recessive allele?

<p>Dominant alleles are always expressed, while recessive traits are expressed only when the dominant allele is absent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Gametes

  • Gametes are mature haploid sex cells capable of uniting during sexual reproduction to form a zygote.
  • Female gametes, also known as eggs or ova, are produced through meiosis.
  • Male gametes are referred to as sperm.

Chromosome Sets

  • Gametes consist of four daughter cells.
  • Diploid cells contain two complete sets of chromosomes from each parent.
  • Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes, with the human haploid number being 23.
  • Key distinction: haploid cells have one set of chromosomes, while diploid cells have two sets.

Fertilization

  • Fertilization is the process where male and female reproductive cells fuse to create a zygote, marking the beginning of a new organism's development.
  • During fertilization, sperm binds with the secondary oocyte, and their nuclei combine to form a diploid cell.

Types of Reproduction

  • Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of sex cells and mixing genetic information from two individuals of opposite sexes.

Genetic Variation

  • Crossing-over is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, creating non-identical chromatids and enhancing genetic diversity in offspring.
  • This exchange occurs during prophase 1 of meiosis, leading to recombinant chromosomes.

Alleles and Traits

  • An allele represents one of the variations of a gene, commonly falling into dominant and recessive categories.
  • Genotype is the genetic makeup regarding specific traits, whereas phenotype refers to the observable physical characteristics of those traits.
  • Heterozygous individuals possess two different alleles for a trait, while homozygous individuals have identical alleles.

Dominance in Alleles

  • Dominant alleles are expressed regardless of the presence of other alleles, while recessive alleles manifest only when dominant alleles are absent.
  • The Law of Segregation explains the relationship between dominant and recessive alleles, influencing how traits are inherited.

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This quiz contains flashcards designed to review key concepts related to gametes in the context of inheritance. Definitions and explanations are provided for both male and female gametes, offering a comprehensive overview for students preparing for exams.

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