Unit Test Review for Inheritance

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Questions and Answers

Define gametes.

Sex cells. A mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.

What is a female gamete?

Female gametes are also called eggs or ova. They are created during the cellular reproduction process known as meiosis.

What is a male gamete?

Male gametes are called sperm.

Which cells are gametes?

4 daughter cells. Signup and view all the answers

Define diploid.

(of a cell or nucleus) containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. Signup and view all the answers

Define haploid.

Having the same number of sets of chromosomes as a germ cell, or half the diploid number of a somatic cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a haploid cell and a diploid cell?

The main difference is the number of chromosome sets; haploid cells have one set while diploid cells have two. Signup and view all the answers

What are all the cells that are diploid?

Parent cell (A) and DNA Replicates (B). Signup and view all the answers

Which cell is a haploid cell?

Daughter Cells and 4 Daughter cells. Signup and view all the answers

Haploid cells come together to form what type of cell?

Diploid Cells. Signup and view all the answers

Define fertilization.

Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell. Signup and view all the answers

Which cell is included in the fertilization process?

4 daughter cells. Signup and view all the answers

Define sexual reproduction.

Fusion of sex cells; the production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different types (sexes). Signup and view all the answers

Define crossing-over.

Physical exchange of chromatid regions; the exchange of genes between two chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

Identify where crossing-over takes place.

DNA replication (B) and 2 daughter cells (C). Signup and view all the answers

How does crossing-over affect genetic variation in the offspring?

Crossing over creates genetic variation by exchanging DNA between two nonsister chromatids. Signup and view all the answers

What is an allele?

An allele is one of the possible forms of a gene. Signup and view all the answers

Define genotype.

The genetic makeup of an organism with reference to traits. Signup and view all the answers

Define phenotype.

Phenotype is defined as an organism's expressed physical traits. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the difference between the terms phenotype and genotype.

The genotype is the set of genes responsible for a trait; the phenotype is the physical expression of that trait. Signup and view all the answers

What are the genotype letters for BB, bb, and Bb?

Homozygous dominant genotype- BB, Homozygous Recessive genotype- bb, Heterozygous genotype- Bb. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the difference between the terms heterozygous and homozygous.

Heterozygous individuals have one mutated gene; homozygous individuals have both copies mutated. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a dominant allele and a recessive allele?

Dominant alleles are always expressed, while recessive traits are expressed only when the dominant allele is absent. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Gametes

Gametes are mature haploid sex cells capable of uniting during sexual reproduction to form a zygote.
Female gametes, also known as eggs or ova, are produced through meiosis.
Male gametes are referred to as sperm.

Chromosome Sets

Gametes consist of four daughter cells.
Diploid cells contain two complete sets of chromosomes from each parent.
Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes, with the human haploid number being 23.
Key distinction: haploid cells have one set of chromosomes, while diploid cells have two sets.

Fertilization

Fertilization is the process where male and female reproductive cells fuse to create a zygote, marking the beginning of a new organism's development.
During fertilization, sperm binds with the secondary oocyte, and their nuclei combine to form a diploid cell.

Types of Reproduction

Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of sex cells and mixing genetic information from two individuals of opposite sexes.

Genetic Variation

Crossing-over is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, creating non-identical chromatids and enhancing genetic diversity in offspring.
This exchange occurs during prophase 1 of meiosis, leading to recombinant chromosomes.

Alleles and Traits

An allele represents one of the variations of a gene, commonly falling into dominant and recessive categories.
Genotype is the genetic makeup regarding specific traits, whereas phenotype refers to the observable physical characteristics of those traits.
Heterozygous individuals possess two different alleles for a trait, while homozygous individuals have identical alleles.

Dominance in Alleles

Dominant alleles are expressed regardless of the presence of other alleles, while recessive alleles manifest only when dominant alleles are absent.
The Law of Segregation explains the relationship between dominant and recessive alleles, influencing how traits are inherited.

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Description

This quiz contains flashcards designed to review key concepts related to gametes in the context of inheritance. Definitions and explanations are provided for both male and female gametes, offering a comprehensive overview for students preparing for exams.