Unit IV: Personality and Sociocultural Factors
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Questions and Answers

What does the Affective Domain primarily relate to?

  • Behavioral responses
  • Cognitive processing
  • Physical abilities
  • Emotional experiences (correct)

Which of the following best represents the emotional aspect of human behavior?

  • Internalizing values (correct)
  • Engaging in mathematical problem solving
  • Mastering a new language
  • Understanding complex theories

What is an important outcome of internalizing values?

  • Inconsistent behavior
  • Acting consistently according to beliefs (correct)
  • Enhanced memorization skills
  • Development of emotional intelligence

In terms of the Affective Domain, how is problem solving regarded?

<p>Based on a self-consistent value system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the originators of the Bloom's taxonomy related to the Affective Domain?

<p>Benjamin Bloom and Iris (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental notion in the Affective Domain?

<p>Manipulating (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might individuals view themselves in the context of the Affective Domain?

<p>In terms of their affective states (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emotional factor is integral to the interaction within the Affective Domain?

<p>Stereotypes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which personality trait is associated with higher willingness to communicate?

<p>Extroverted (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary factor that facilitates high levels of self-efficacy in students?

<p>Supportive teachers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of self-confidence refers to general confidence in one's second language abilities?

<p>L2 Self-Confidence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to the inhibition of willingness to communicate in a second language?

<p>Fear of judgment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning environment fosters higher willingness to communicate?

<p>Positive and supportive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of social support affects students' willingness to communicate?

<p>Support from friends (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible consequence of self-doubt in learners when facing a second language?

<p>Loss of momentum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do defensive mechanisms built to protect one's ego often stem from?

<p>A lack of self-confidence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary conclusion regarding the effect of Valium on pronunciation?

<p>Valium had no clear effect on pronunciation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do children and adults learn from their mistakes according to the findings?

<p>By venturing to communicate despite uncertainties. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Earl Stevick suggest is a significant barrier to language learning?

<p>Defensive communications. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about 'language ego' from Ehrman's research?

<p>It creates defenses that inhibit learning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unexpected factor was found to influence pronunciation test scores more than Valium?

<p>The tester's impact. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a challenge learners might face regarding their ego during language learning?

<p>Internal self-criticism and external judgment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'thin ego boundaries' refer to in the context of language learning?

<p>Easily permeable barriers that inhibit communication. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role is emphasized as vital for creating a supportive language learning environment?

<p>Encouragement from the teacher. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two factors are considered internal to the learner?

<p>Ability and effort (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Heyde (1979) find about certain sections of a beginning college French course?

<p>They exhibited better oral production and self-esteem scores. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might learners attribute their poor performance on a final exam?

<p>To difficulty of the exam or their own abilities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does self-efficacy play in a learner's effort?

<p>It influences the level of effort devoted to achieving success. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classic question regarding self-esteem and language success?

<p>Does high self-esteem cause language success or vice versa? (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might teachers consider improving according to the content?

<p>Learners' language proficiency. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes 'luck' as a factor in learning?

<p>An external factor contributing to success or failure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best represents the relationship between self-esteem and performance?

<p>Self-esteem and performance affect one another and can be mutually reinforcing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does anxiety have on learners when speaking English?

<p>Anxious learners often overestimate their errors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is empathy defined in the context provided?

<p>Understanding another person's experience by reflecting on one's own. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does nonverbal communication play in empathy according to the content?

<p>It significantly aids in the process of empathizing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a second language context, what challenge do learner-hearers face with empathy?

<p>They often misinterpret their own thoughts by native speakers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are empathy and sympathy differentiated in the content?

<p>Empathy requires comprehension, while sympathy is based on feelings. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely consequence of extroversion in language acquisition mentioned in the content?

<p>Extroversion may complicate the acquisition of emotional understanding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an outcome of anxiety in language learners according to the content?

<p>Heightened error rates and self-correction issues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What misunderstanding commonly exists about extroversion and introversion?

<p>The terms are often misinterpreted due to stereotypes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who conducted the extensive study of foreign language learners over 12 years?

<p>Robert Gardner and Wallace Lambert (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'integrativeness' refer to in the context of language learning?

<p>A desire to learn a language for cultural integration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of orientation is characterized by learning a language for achieving practical goals?

<p>Instrumental Orientation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary conclusion from Gardner and Lambert's research findings?

<p>Attitudinal factors influence language learning success. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Lukmani's findings, which group of students scored higher in English proficiency tests?

<p>Students with instrumental orientations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What area did Gardner and Lambert primarily study for their research on language learning?

<p>Foreign language learners (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Instrumental goals' imply in the context of language learning?

<p>Goals associated with professional or academic advancement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who noted that Indian English is a variety of 'Englishes'?

<p>Braj Kachru (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Affective Domain

The emotional side of human behavior, contrasted with the cognitive side, involving feelings and attitudes.

Bloom's Taxonomy

A system for classifying and understanding the affective domain in human behavior, encompassing levels like receiving, responding, and valuing.

Receiving

The initial stage of the affective domain where individuals become aware of and attend to stimuli.

Responding

The stage where individuals actively participate in the learning process by reacting to stimuli.

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Valuing

The stage where individuals develop preferences for certain stimuli or behaviors and attach worth to them.

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Organizing

The stage where individuals internalize values and integrate them into their personal value system.

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Characterizing by Value System

The final stage where individuals act consistently with their internalized values, forming a consistent personal philosophy.

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Internalizing Values

The process of integrating beliefs, ideas, and attitudes into a comprehensive worldview, which shapes problem-solving.

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Self-Efficacy

The belief in one's own ability to succeed at a task.

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Willingness to Communicate (WTC)

The extent to which learners are willing to use a second language, even if they make mistakes.

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Inhibition

Defensive mechanisms we build to protect our ego, often stemming from a lack of self-confidence.

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Why is self-efficacy important for learning a second language?

It helps learners overcome self-doubt and build confidence in their abilities to learn the language.

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How does a positive learning environment influence WTC?

It fosters a sense of support and reduces anxiety, making learners more willing to communicate.

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What are the two levels of self-confidence in language learning?

Situational Self-Esteem: Confidence in specific communication situations. L2 Self-Confidence: Overall confidence in one's second language abilities.

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How does social support affect WTC?

Learners who receive social support, especially from friends, tend to have higher WTC.

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How does extroversion influence WTC?

Extroverted individuals tend to have higher WTC compared to introverted ones.

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Attribution Theory

This theory explains how people interpret the causes of their success or failure in a task. It identifies four main factors: ability, effort, task difficulty, and luck.

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Internal Factors

Factors within a person's control, like ability and effort, that can influence success or failure.

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External Factors

Factors outside a person's control, like task difficulty and luck, that can influence success or failure.

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Self-Esteem

A general feeling of self-worth and positive evaluation of oneself.

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Chicken-or-Egg Question

Describes a situation where it's impossible to determine which factor came first, like whether high self-esteem causes language success or vice versa.

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Teacher's Impact

Teachers can significantly influence students' linguistic performance and emotional well-being.

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Attribution of Failure

People explain their failures differently depending on individual factors. Some might blame their own ability or effort, others task difficulty, and others bad luck.

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Integrativeness

A positive attitude towards the target language and its speakers, leading to a desire to learn and integrate into the culture.

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Instrumental Orientation

Motivation driven by practical benefits, such as career advancement or academic success.

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Gardner and Lambert

Researchers who studied the role of attitudes and motivations in foreign language learning.

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How did Integrativeness impact language learning?

Studies by Gardner, Lambert, and Spolsky found that learners with high integrativeness tended to score better on language proficiency tests.

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What did Lukmani's study show?

Lukmani's research revealed that Marathi-speaking students in India with an Instrumental Orientation, focused on practical gains, scored higher on English proficiency tests.

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What are 'Englishes'?

Kachru's concept of 'Englishes' refers to the various varieties of English spoken around the world, including those in India.

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How does motivation affect language learning?

Foreign language learning success is influenced by a combination of attitudes and motivations, including integrativeness and instrumental orientation.

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What did Gardner and Lambert's research conclude?

Their research indicated that integrativeness is a vital factor contributing to successful foreign language learning.

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What is Empathy?

Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person. It's like putting yourself in their shoes to understand their perspective.

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How does Empathy work?

Empathy involves understanding the other person's emotions, thoughts, and experiences, even if you don't agree with them. It's about seeing the world from their point of view.

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What is the relationship between Empathy and Language?

Language is a powerful tool for empathy, allowing us to express and understand emotions. However, non-verbal communication also plays a crucial role in conveying empathy.

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Why is Empathy a challenge for language learners?

When learning a new language, it's difficult to understand the nuances of meaning and emotion. This can make it challenging to accurately grasp the other person's feelings.

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What is Extroversion?

Extroversion is a personality trait characterized by outgoingness, sociability, and a preference for being around other people.

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How does Extroversion affect language learning?

Extroverted individuals might find it easier to interact and practice a new language because they're naturally comfortable in social situations. But introverts have their own advantages.

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What's the difference between Empathy and Sympathy?

Empathy is about understanding someone else's feelings, while sympathy is about feeling sorry for them. Empathy is more about understanding while sympathy is about sharing their sadness.

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Why is Empathy important for communication?

Empathy is crucial for effective communication because it allows us to connect with others on a deeper level, understand their perspectives, and build stronger relationships.

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Ego Threats in Language Learning

Mistakes can be perceived as threats to one's ego, both internally (self-criticism) and externally (perceived judgment from others).

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Alienation in Language Learning

Language learning can create a sense of separation between the learner and various aspects of their life, such as their native culture, teacher, or fellow students, because of the learning process itself.

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Importance of Mistakes

Learning from mistakes is crucial for progress in language acquisition. Avoiding mistakes at all costs can hinder communication.

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Teacher’s Role in Language Learning

The teacher's impact on a student's language learning can be significant, even more so than external factors like medication.

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Language Ego

This refers to the personal defenses we build around ourselves when learning a new language, influenced by factors like self-confidence and openness to new experiences.

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Inhibition in Language Learning

These are barriers, defenses, we put up between ourselves and others, potentially hindering language acquisition.

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Permeable Ego

Learners with a permeable ego, meaning they are more open and tolerant, may have a different experience in language acquisition.

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Removing Defenses

To enhance language learning, it's essential to reduce or remove internal defenses that may be hindering progress.

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Study Notes

Unit IV: Personality and Sociocultural Factors

  • Affective factors in second language acquisition include stereotypes, generalizations, and attitudes, as well as social distance.
  • Members of a group include Faciolan, Alvine Cornelia; Elbanbuena, Bernadith Mae; Celestre, Gerritz Jay; Laraya, Ma. Erenica Gina; Napatang, Darl Syde; Palmes, Marie Eugenie; Jaen, Zoie; Tacdoro, Angela; Garalda, Doreen Mae; Tajapal, Paul Christian.
  • The affective domain is the emotional side of human behavior, distinct from the cognitive side.
  • The development of feelings (affect) involves various personal factors.
  • Individuals have feelings about themselves and others, which shape their responses.
  • Krathwohl, Bloom, and Masia (1964) provided a commonly used definition of the affective domain.

The Affective Domain in Second Language Acquisition

  • Affect encompasses emotion and feeling.
  • Receiving, responding, valuing, and organizing values into a system are key stages in developing affect in the context of language learning, according to Bloom's taxonomy.
  • Language is deeply embedded in virtually every aspect of human behavior, inseparable from a person's overall experience.
  • Language is a form of human behavior, not entirely distinguishable from non-verbal behavior.
  • Self-esteem is described as the evaluation made of oneself, and the approval or disapproval related to that evaluation.
  • Self-esteem is an attitude of capability, significance, and value judgments, expressed in overall self-appraisals.
  • Situational or specific self-esteem is dependent on specific situations and certain personality traits, as opposed to general, global self-esteem.

Self-Esteem, Attribution, and Self-Efficacy Theory

  • Self-esteem is the most pervasive aspect of human behavior.
  • Successful behavior and activity often depend on self-esteem.
  • Malinowski (1923) emphasized self-definition and acceptance for personality development.
  • Self-esteem involves acceptance of oneself in relation to others.
  • Coopersmith (1967) defines self-esteem as an individual's judgment of their value and how well they perceive themselves.
  • Global, situational, and task-oriented forms of self-esteem are presented.
  • Heyde (1979) found a correlation between oral proficiency and self-esteem in French.

Willingness to Communicate (WTC)

  • Willingness to Communicate is a learner's intention to engage in communication.
  • Motivation, personality, and social support relate to WTC levels.
  • Personality traits like introversion and extroversion influence communicative behavior.
  • Inhibition plays a role in communication, often stemming from lack of self-confidence.

Anxiety

  • Anxiety plays a significant role in second language acquisition.
  • Anxiety can be broadly categorized as trait anxiety (general predisposition) or state anxiety (temporary, situational).
  • Spielberger (1983) describes anxiety as subjective feelings of tension and worry.
  • Scovel (1978) categorized anxiety levels as facilitative and debilitative.

Culture

  • Culture is a way of life, influencing how individuals think, feel, and relate to others.
  • Cultural contexts are significant for cognitive and affective behavior.
  • Culture and language are intertwined.
  • Cultural beliefs, norms, and values can either help or hinder language acquisition.

Socio-cultural Factors

  • These factors significantly affect language learners.
  • Stereotypes, generalizations, and attitudes are examples of sociocultural elements.
  • Social distance refers to differences in perception between two interacting cultures.
  • Perceived social distance is more influential than actual distance.

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Description

This quiz explores the affective factors in second language acquisition, including attitudes, stereotypes, and emotional responses. Understanding the affective domain is crucial for comprehending how feelings influence learning and interactions. It draws on definitions and theories from notable scholars in the field.

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