Unit 5 Review AP World History 1750-1914

Key Historical Figures

• Louis XVI: Last Bourbon king of France (1774-1792), executed during the French Revolution.
• Napoleon Bonaparte: French military leader who became Emperor; notable for his reforms and expansion across Europe.
• Otto von Bismarck: German statesman who unified Germany and maintained peace in Europe from 1871 to 1914 through a balance of power.
• Karl Marx: Philosopher and economist; co-authored The Communist Manifesto, a foundational text for socialism.
• Charles Darwin: Naturalist known for the theory of evolution, which explains biological change over time.

Independence Movements

• Toussaint Louverture: Leader of the Haitian independence movement during the French Revolution, instrumental in ending slavery on the island.
• Simón Bolívar: Venezuelan military leader; played a key role in Latin American independence from Spanish rule.
• José de San Martín: Argentine general and leader of the southern campaign for independence in South America.

Reforms and Leadership

• Selim III: Ottoman Sultan (1789-1807) focused on modernization; deposed by the Janissaries.
• Muhammad Ali: Albanian soldier who became viceroy of Egypt; modernized Egypt and established it as a powerful state by removing Ottoman control.
• Cixi: Influential Empress Dowager of the Qing dynasty in China, ruled during a period of turmoil in the late 19th century.

Revolutionary Groups

• Bolsheviks: Radical faction of Russian Social Democrats led by Lenin; overthrew the provisional government during the Russian Revolution.

Conflicts and Victories

• Menelik II: Emperor of Ethiopia; successfully defended against Italian invasion at the Battle of Adowa, ensuring Ethiopian independence.
• Theodore Roosevelt: 26th President of the U.S.; led the country during the Spanish-American War; facilitated the construction of the Panama Canal.

Notable Leaders in America

• Porfirio Díaz: President of Mexico; known for establishing a centralized state, leading to economic modernization.
• George Washington: 1st President of the U.S. and commander-in-chief during the American Revolution; key figure in gaining independence.

Major Historical Events

• American Revolution: Conflict in which the 13 colonies gained independence from Britain (1775-1783) due to taxes and other grievances, culminating in the Treaty of Paris.
• Population Revolution: Significant population growth in Western Europe around 1730; set the stage for the Industrial Revolution.
• French Revolution: Began in 1789, overthrew the monarchy and established republicanism, ultimately leading to Napoleon's rise to power.
• Brazilian Revolution: Bloodless independence movement in 1822; a petition led to Brazil's independence from Portugal without bloodshed.
• Haitian Revolution: Successful uprising led by Toussaint Louverture against French colonial rule, resulting in Haiti becoming the first independent black-led nation in 1804.