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Questions and Answers
Which of the following subfields of psychology focuses on mental processes like thinking and memory?
Which of the following subfields of psychology focuses on mental processes like thinking and memory?
According to Erikson's 8 stages, the stage of 'Identity vs. Role Confusion' occurs during adolescence.
According to Erikson's 8 stages, the stage of 'Identity vs. Role Confusion' occurs during adolescence.
True
What is the main goal of psychology?
What is the main goal of psychology?
Understand and explain human behavior and mental processes.
According to Maslow's hierarchy, self-actualization is the highest level of need, which involves ________________.
According to Maslow's hierarchy, self-actualization is the highest level of need, which involves ________________.
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Which of the following parenting styles is characterized as strict and less responsive?
Which of the following parenting styles is characterized as strict and less responsive?
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Match the following psychologists with their contributions to psychology:
Match the following psychologists with their contributions to psychology:
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Erikson's 8 stages of development only cover the stages from infancy to young adulthood.
Erikson's 8 stages of development only cover the stages from infancy to young adulthood.
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What is the primary focus of humanism in psychology?
What is the primary focus of humanism in psychology?
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What is the main reason for bystander apathy?
What is the main reason for bystander apathy?
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According to the attribution theory, people tend to underestimate the impact of personal factors on others' behavior.
According to the attribution theory, people tend to underestimate the impact of personal factors on others' behavior.
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What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?
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The ______________________ theory explains how people explain others' behavior.
The ______________________ theory explains how people explain others' behavior.
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Match the following personality traits with their descriptions:
Match the following personality traits with their descriptions:
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What is the main factor that influences conformity?
What is the main factor that influences conformity?
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Perfectionism is always a positive trait.
Perfectionism is always a positive trait.
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What is the main idea behind the behavioral change model?
What is the main idea behind the behavioral change model?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Psychology
- Psychology's main goal is to understand and explain human behavior and mental processes.
- Subfields of psychology include psychoanalysis, behaviorism, cognitive, and humanism.
Psychoanalysis
- Freud's psychoanalysis focuses on the unconscious mind.
- Key concepts in Freud's psychoanalysis include the id, ego, and superego.
Erikson's 8 Stages
- Erikson's 8 stages of development range from infancy to adulthood.
- Infancy (0-1 year): Trust vs. Mistrust - Learning to trust caregivers.
- Early Childhood (1-3 years): Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - Learning to do things on their own.
- Preschool (3-6 years): Initiative vs. Guilt - Starting new activities and ideas.
- School Age (6-12 years): Industry vs. Inferiority - Gaining skills and feeling competent.
- Adolescence (12-18 years): Identity vs. Role Confusion - Figuring out who they are.
- Young Adulthood (18-40 years): Intimacy vs. Isolation - Forming close relationships.
- Middle Adulthood (40-65 years): Generativity vs. Stagnation - Contributing to society.
- Maturity (65+ years): Integrity vs. Despair - Reflecting on life with satisfaction or regret.
Conditioning and Learning
- Pavlov's classical conditioning: Learning through association.
- Skinner's operant conditioning: Learning through consequences.
- Bandura's social cognitive theory: Learning through observation.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
- Basic Needs: Food, water, and sleep.
- Safety: Feeling safe and secure.
- Love and Belonging: Friends and family.
- Esteem: Self-respect, recognition, and achievements.
- Self-Actualization: Realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, and growth.
Parenting Styles & Family Environment
- Authoritative parenting style: Balanced, responsive.
- Authoritarian parenting style: Strict, less responsive.
- Permissive parenting style: Lenient, indulgent.
- Uninvolved parenting style: Neglectful, indifferent.
- Family environment impacts emotional and social development.
Conformity
- Conformity: Adjusting behavior to fit group norms.
- Factors influencing conformity include group size, unanimity, cohesion.
- Friends can influence behavior through peer pressure and social norms.
Bystander Apathy
- Definition: Failure to help in emergencies.
- Reasons include diffusion of responsibility and fear of judgment.
- Social media can spread awareness but also desensitize people.
Motivation & Attitude
- Theories of motivation include intrinsic (internal satisfaction) and extrinsic (external rewards).
- Impact on behavior: Drives actions and goals.
- Changing attitudes can occur through persuasion and cognitive dissonance.
- Attribution theory explains others' behavior.
- Fundamental attribution error: Overemphasis on personal factors.
Personality & Perfectionism
- Key terms include introvert, extrovert, highly sensitive, and shyness.
- Personality influences behavior and relationships.
- Perfectionism: Striving for flawlessness, can lead to stress.
Mental Health
- Impact of disorders: Affects daily functioning.
- Mental health influences learning, work, and relationships.
- Behavioral change model: Steps for improving mental health.
Nature vs. Nurture
- Debate: Genetics (nature) vs. environment (nurture).
- Traits are influenced by both nature and nurture.
- Socialization plays a crucial role in shaping characteristics.
Socialization, Language Acquisition, & Play
- Communication and language are essential for social interaction.
- Language acquisition theories include Skinner's learned behavior and Chomsky's innate ability.
- Benefits of play include social skills, creativity, and risk management.
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Description
Explore the fundamental principles of psychology, including psychoanalysis, behaviorism, cognitive, and humanism. Learn about Freud's concepts, Erikson's stages, and the subfields of psychology.
