Unit 2 Psychology: Introduction to Human Behavior

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following subfields of psychology focuses on mental processes like thinking and memory?

Psychoanalysis

Humanism

Behaviorism

Cognitive (correct)

According to Erikson's 8 stages, the stage of 'Identity vs. Role Confusion' occurs during adolescence.

True

What is the main goal of psychology?

Understand and explain human behavior and mental processes.

According to Maslow's hierarchy, self-actualization is the highest level of need, which involves ________________.

realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, and growth Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following parenting styles is characterized as strict and less responsive?

Authoritarian Signup and view all the answers

Match the following psychologists with their contributions to psychology:

Freud = Psychoanalysis and the concept of the unconscious mind Pavlov = Classical conditioning Skinner = Operant conditioning Bandura = Social cognitive theory Signup and view all the answers

Erikson's 8 stages of development only cover the stages from infancy to young adulthood.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of humanism in psychology?

Personal growth and self-fulfillment. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for bystander apathy?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

According to the attribution theory, people tend to underestimate the impact of personal factors on others' behavior.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

Intrinsic motivation comes from internal satisfaction, while extrinsic motivation comes from external rewards. Signup and view all the answers

The ______________________ theory explains how people explain others' behavior.

attribution Signup and view all the answers

Match the following personality traits with their descriptions:

Introvert = Energized by social interactions Extrovert = Energized by solitude Highly sensitive = Not affected by stimuli Shyness = Discomfort in social situations Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor that influences conformity?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Perfectionism is always a positive trait.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the behavioral change model?

It provides steps for improving mental health. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Psychology

Psychology's main goal is to understand and explain human behavior and mental processes.
Subfields of psychology include psychoanalysis, behaviorism, cognitive, and humanism.

Psychoanalysis

Freud's psychoanalysis focuses on the unconscious mind.
Key concepts in Freud's psychoanalysis include the id, ego, and superego.

Erikson's 8 Stages

Erikson's 8 stages of development range from infancy to adulthood.
Infancy (0-1 year): Trust vs. Mistrust - Learning to trust caregivers.
Early Childhood (1-3 years): Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - Learning to do things on their own.
Preschool (3-6 years): Initiative vs. Guilt - Starting new activities and ideas.
School Age (6-12 years): Industry vs. Inferiority - Gaining skills and feeling competent.
Adolescence (12-18 years): Identity vs. Role Confusion - Figuring out who they are.
Young Adulthood (18-40 years): Intimacy vs. Isolation - Forming close relationships.
Middle Adulthood (40-65 years): Generativity vs. Stagnation - Contributing to society.
Maturity (65+ years): Integrity vs. Despair - Reflecting on life with satisfaction or regret.

Conditioning and Learning

Pavlov's classical conditioning: Learning through association.
Skinner's operant conditioning: Learning through consequences.
Bandura's social cognitive theory: Learning through observation.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Basic Needs: Food, water, and sleep.
Safety: Feeling safe and secure.
Love and Belonging: Friends and family.
Esteem: Self-respect, recognition, and achievements.
Self-Actualization: Realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, and growth.

Parenting Styles & Family Environment

Authoritative parenting style: Balanced, responsive.
Authoritarian parenting style: Strict, less responsive.
Permissive parenting style: Lenient, indulgent.
Uninvolved parenting style: Neglectful, indifferent.
Family environment impacts emotional and social development.

Conformity

Conformity: Adjusting behavior to fit group norms.
Factors influencing conformity include group size, unanimity, cohesion.
Friends can influence behavior through peer pressure and social norms.

Bystander Apathy

Definition: Failure to help in emergencies.
Reasons include diffusion of responsibility and fear of judgment.
Social media can spread awareness but also desensitize people.

Motivation & Attitude

Theories of motivation include intrinsic (internal satisfaction) and extrinsic (external rewards).
Impact on behavior: Drives actions and goals.
Changing attitudes can occur through persuasion and cognitive dissonance.
Attribution theory explains others' behavior.
Fundamental attribution error: Overemphasis on personal factors.

Personality & Perfectionism

Key terms include introvert, extrovert, highly sensitive, and shyness.
Personality influences behavior and relationships.
Perfectionism: Striving for flawlessness, can lead to stress.

Mental Health

Impact of disorders: Affects daily functioning.
Mental health influences learning, work, and relationships.
Behavioral change model: Steps for improving mental health.

Nature vs. Nurture

Debate: Genetics (nature) vs. environment (nurture).
Traits are influenced by both nature and nurture.
Socialization plays a crucial role in shaping characteristics.

Socialization, Language Acquisition, & Play

Communication and language are essential for social interaction.
Language acquisition theories include Skinner's learned behavior and Chomsky's innate ability.
Benefits of play include social skills, creativity, and risk management.

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Description

Explore the fundamental principles of psychology, including psychoanalysis, behaviorism, cognitive, and humanism. Learn about Freud's concepts, Erikson's stages, and the subfields of psychology.