Unit 2: Early Systems in AI

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Questions and Answers

In the context of Prolog, what primarily initiates program execution?

Formulating a query (correct)

Defining predicates and clauses

Declaring facts and relationships

Matching patterns

What best describes the function of predicates in Prolog?

They declare ownership of properties.

They define relationships between objects.

They assign a truth value to an object. (correct)

They initiate program execution.

What is denoted by the term 'clause' in Prolog?

A boolean function.

A statement of ownership.

A logical expression formed from literals. (correct)

A rule to determine common sense.

How are variables typically represented in Prolog statements?

Using capital letters Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of a Prolog program?

Statements are always in uppercase. Signup and view all the answers

What is the core purpose of using facts and rules together within a Prolog program?

To establish relationships and derive new knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying concept in the Prolog analogy to a human brain?

The accumulation of a knowledge base. Signup and view all the answers

What does the statement 'Joachim owns a book' represent in Prolog?

A relationship between Joachim and a book. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary function of programming languages?

To provide abstractions that bridge the gap between human thought and machine processing. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key distinction between imperative and declarative programming languages?

Imperative languages specify a series of steps, while declarative languages specify the desired outcome. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of programming languages, what does 'abstraction' refer to?

The process of creating simplified and higher-level representations of complex operations. Signup and view all the answers

What was the dominant programming paradigm during the period in which Prolog was developed?

Imperative programming Signup and view all the answers

How does a declarative programming language, like Prolog, typically approach problem solving?

By specifying the characteristics of the desired solution, allowing the interpreter to find the steps. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of an interpreter in the context of declarative languages as described in the content?

To construct a sequence of processing steps to achieve the desired solution. Signup and view all the answers

How does SQL (Structured Query Language) exemplify a declarative programming style?

By allowing programmers to state criteria for data retrieval; the system handles the execution plan. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes programming using bits?

A method that is difficult for humans to directly interpret and manipulate. Signup and view all the answers

What is the core characteristic of machine learning according to the provided material?

Learning from data to improve performance. Signup and view all the answers

According to Tom Mitchell's definition, what are the three key elements of machine learning?

Tasks, performance, and experience Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates supervised learning from unsupervised learning?

Supervised learning uses labeled data, while unsupervised learning uses unlabeled data. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the goal of regression in machine learning?

To identify real-valued functions which map features to associated values. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary goal of unsupervised learning?

Identifying inherent structures and patterns in unlabeled data. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of learning is most suitable for classifying emails as spam or not spam?

Supervised learning Signup and view all the answers

Which of these methods is NOT mentioned as being a form of unsupervised learning?

Classification Signup and view all the answers

What kind of output is expected from a regression model?

A continuous numerical variable Signup and view all the answers

What does the Prolog fact `lectures(Smith, DLMAIAI01)` represent?

It establishes that Dr. Smith teaches DLMAIAI01. Signup and view all the answers

In Prolog, what is the purpose of the `:-` symbol in a rule?

It signifies 'if'. Signup and view all the answers

What would be the output of the Prolog query `?– lectures(Smith, X)`?

It will list all courses taught by Dr. Smith. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the `professor/1` predicate, as defined in the text?

It defines a one-argument predicate for professors. Signup and view all the answers

Which application benefited from using Prolog, in the Manufacturing industry?

Shop floor operational procedures Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of Prolog in the environmental studies modeling at Penn State University?

Developing a system for weather forecasting. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary use of Prolog in the systems developed by the University of Surrey?

Water distribution and planning. Signup and view all the answers

What does the rule `technicalCourse(X) :- engineeringCourse(X)` imply in Prolog?

All engineering courses are technical courses. Signup and view all the answers

Which technique focuses on preserving structure while reducing dimensionality in high-dimensional feature spaces?

Low-dimensional projections of high-dimensional spaces Signup and view all the answers

In reinforcement learning, what is the primary method by which an agent learns?

Through trial and error exploration of actions within an environment Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of reinforcement learning that distinguishes it from other AI techniques?

It involves an agent interacting with an environment, learning from the consequences of its actions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following game-playing AI systems exemplifies the application of reinforcement learning?

A system such as AlphaZero, learning through self play Signup and view all the answers

What is the best description of the role of the 'agent' concept within the field of Artificial Intelligence?

An autonomous entity perceiving and acting within its environment to achieve a goal Signup and view all the answers

How can AI be used in healthcare according to the text?

To monitor vital signs using wearable technology and provide advice. Signup and view all the answers

What is a practical application of AI in healthcare management, besides vital signs monitoring?

Managing patient appointments and treatment schedules Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential use of AI in prescription management?

To analyze the optimal combination of prescriptions, to avoid negative effects. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following exemplifies how AI might be used in a domestic setting according to the text?

Mapping the layout of a living room for efficient operation of a robotic vacuum cleaner. Signup and view all the answers

What was Mizuho Bank's primary objective in implementing AI technology?

To improve employee performance in addressing customer inquiries. Signup and view all the answers

What specific technology was used to analyze customer conversations at Mizuho Bank to provide real-time information to employees?

Natural language processing (NLP) algorithms. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a benefit Mizuho Bank experienced after implementing AI, as described in the text?

A higher level of customer service. Signup and view all the answers

Using a natural language processing (NLP) algorithm for real-time customer service support, as described in the text, might directly assist with which specific challenge?

Providing instant and relevant information to call center staff. Signup and view all the answers

The Mizuho Bank case study shows that AI was useful for which of the following tasks?

Providing support to employees by improving access to information. Signup and view all the answers

A key benefit of implementing AI for customer service in the banking industry includes:

Reducing employee response time to customer questions. Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical concern is raised at the end of the text about the described AI implementation?

Whether customer conversations were recorded without their consent. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Unit 2: Early Systems in Artificial Intelligence

Study Goals: Learn about important AI approaches, expert systems, Prolog programming, and machine learning's role in AI.

Overview of Expert Systems

Goal: To mimic expert decision-making processes.
Experts: Individuals with specialized knowledge (e.g., medicine, mechanics).
Problem Solving: Unlike memorization, expert systems use experience to match knowledge bases to new situations.
Knowledge Representation: Knowledge is stored, with three main approaches:
- Case-based systems: Store successful solutions to similar problems for later use. Key challenge: similarity measures.
- Rule-based systems: Facts and rules (if-then statements) describing relationships between facts are used.
- Decision trees: A visual representation of multi-decision processes with branches for possible outcomes.

Introduction to Prolog

Development: Developed for natural language processing and AI.
Logic Programming: Focuses on declaring characteristics of desired outcomes rather than explaining the calculation steps.
Declarative Programming: Programmers specify solution properties, not the steps to get the solution.
Facts and Rules: Prolog programs use facts and rules to represent knowledge structures.

Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning (ML)

Machine Learning Definition: A computer program learns from experience to improve performance on a set of tasks.
Key Elements of Machine Learning: Experience (data), task (what the program needs to do), and measurement (how to assess performance).
Learning Types:
- Supervised Learning: Learning from labeled datasets (feature values linked to outputs).
  - Regression: Predict continuous values.
  - Classification: Predict discrete values.
Unsupervised Learning: Learning from unlabeled data; discovering patterns and structures.
Reinforcement Learning: Learning by interacting with an environment and receiving rewards or penalties.

Business Case Study (Mizuho Bank)

Problem: Improve efficiency of customer service interactions.
Solution: AI-powered natural language processing (NLP) to process customer conversations in real-time.
Benefits: Improved customer service, faster response times.
Ethical Considerations: Use of recorded conversation data (raise questions of customer consent).

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Description

This quiz covers key topics in artificial intelligence, specifically focusing on expert systems and the programming language Prolog. Students will learn how these systems mimic expert decision-making through various knowledge representation techniques. Test your understanding of case-based systems, rule-based systems, and decision trees.