Unit 1: Introduction to Geography

Study Notes

Unit 1 - Introduction to Geography

Canada is divided into time zones, essential for understanding spatial patterns
Three main branches of geography: physical, human, and environmental
Essential mapping elements: scales, projections, and types of maps
Map scales can be converted to real-world distances using mathematical calculations
Canada consists of 10 provinces and 3 territories, each with their own capital cities
Map projections: methods of representing the Earth's surface on a flat map, e.g. Mercator and Gall-Peters
Three main types of maps: physical, political, and thematic
Major lines of longitude: Prime Meridian and other longitudinal lines
Major lines of latitude: Equator, Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn, Arctic Circle, and Antarctic Circle
Canada is surrounded by lakes, rivers, and oceans
Compass rose: a directional indicator on maps
Seven continents, each with unique features and characteristics

Unit 2 - Changing Populations & Livable Cities

Three main types of immigrants: economic, family, and refugees
Immigration point system: assesses criteria for immigration to Canada
Historical waves of immigration have shaped Canada's population
Urban and rural areas have distinct characteristics and interactions
Total growth: total population change over time
Net migration rate: difference between immigration and emigration rates
Birth and death rates influenced by fertility rates, life expectancy, and other factors
Traditional notion of neighborhoods has evolved over time
Natural increase rate: rate of population growth due to births and deaths
Immigrants, emigrants, and refugees have distinct definitions and characteristics
Push, pull, and intervening factors influence migration patterns
Population density: population per unit area
Population distribution: geographical spread of population
The Baby Boom: a post-World War II demographic phenomenon

Unit 3 - Physical Geography

Canada divided into three main landform regions: Canadian Shield, mountains, and plains
Earth composed of three layers: crust, mantle, and core
Canada has two main climate regions: continental and maritime
Rock cycle: process of rock formation and transformation
Continental drift: movement of continents over geological time
Plate tectonics: theory of Earth's crustal plates
Three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
Factors affecting climate: latitude, ocean currents, wind, air masses, elevation, relief, and nearness to water (LOWERN)
Geologic eras: geological time periods
Continental and maritime climates have distinct characteristics

Unit 4 - Industry & Natural Resources

Canada's largest trading partners: countries with which Canada trades the most
Imports and exports: goods and services brought into and sent out of Canada
Transnational corporations (TNCs): significant impact on the economy
Fisheries: an important aspect of Canada's economy, require management
Trade: exchange of goods and services between countries
Globalization: increasing interconnectedness of economies and societies
Sweat shops: labor conditions in manufacturing that raise concerns
Fossil fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas
Three main types of industry: primary (extractive), secondary (manufacturing), and tertiary (services)
Natural resources: renewable or non-renewable
Child labor: a global issue that raises concerns about exploitation

Description

This quiz covers the basics of geography, including Canada's time zones, branches of geography, map elements, and map projections. It also explores Canada's provinces, territories, and their capital cities.