Unit 1: History of Artificial Intelligence

Technological revolutions involve the overthrow of existing systems, are driven by innovation and creativity, and are motivated by human interests and needs.

The invention of the power loom and spinning jenny revolutionized textile production, leading to the global cotton market and significant economic growth.

Haber's discovery made ammonia production more efficient, leading to increased agricultural yields and ultimately supporting larger populations and economic growth.

<p>Rutherford's discovery opened a new field of physics, leading to the development of atomic weapons, which ultimately ended World War II.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lamarr's invention, initially designed for military use, formed the foundation for modern wireless communication technologies like Bluetooth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The French Revolution, the Russian Revolution, and the American Revolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social revolutions are driven by discontent and aim to overthrow existing systems, while technological revolutions are driven by innovation and aim to solve problems or meet human needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It's expected to be faster and deeper, with its potential impact still largely unknown.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Turing test is a test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human. It aims to demonstrate a machine's ability to pass as human in conversation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>John McCarthy is credited with coining the term 'artificial intelligence'. He was instrumental in establishing it as a separate field of study, co-organizing the Dartmouth Conference, and inventing the Lisp programming language, which was widely used in AI applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Dartmouth Conference, organized by John McCarthy and others, is considered the birthplace of artificial intelligence as a field of study. It brought together researchers to discuss and explore the potential of AI.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky collaborated on research and founded the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Their collaboration was instrumental in shaping the early direction of the field and establishing AI as a major research area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An automata is a self-operating machine or mechanism designed to follow a predetermined sequence of operations. It's a concept that is relevant to AI because it involves creating machines that can mimic or perform complex tasks autonomously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Noam Chomsky, primarily known as a linguist and philosopher, contributed to AI through his theories of language and cognition. His work influenced the development of AI systems designed to understand and generate human language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lisp, invented by John McCarthy, was widely used in AI applications for several decades. It was well-suited for AI programming due to its flexibility, symbolic representation capabilities, and its ability to handle complex data structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Three significant women in early computing and AI research included Kathleen McNulty, Frances Bilas, and Betty Jean Jennings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aristotle's formalization of logical conclusions through categorical syllogisms laid the groundwork for algorithms used in artificial intelligence. These algorithms can be programmed to derive valid logical conclusions based on a given set of rules, mimicking the deductive reasoning process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Da Vinci's design demonstrated the concept of a 'black box' machine that could accept inputs, process them based on stored rules, and produce outputs. This idea of a programmable, automated system is a fundamental principle underlying modern computing and artificial intelligence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hobbes believed that human reasoning processes could be understood as similar to calculations, suggesting that they could be formalized and represented mathematically. This idea was central to the development of AI, which aims to mimic human reasoning through mathematical and computational means.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descartes' view that rationality can be defined using mechanics and mathematics was crucial for the development of AI. This perspective paved the way for formalizing goals and objectives in the form of equations, enabling AI systems to reason and make decisions based on mathematically defined rules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leibniz, influenced by Ramon Llull's earlier work on the idea of a universal language for thought, shared Descartes' view that reason and logic could be formalized mathematically. This paved the way for the development of AI systems capable of reasoning and decision-making based on formal logical rules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'black box' concept, where a machine accepts inputs, processes them based on internal rules, and produces outputs, is a fundamental principle used in modern AI systems. AI algorithms operate like black boxes, taking in data, applying complex computations based on their training, and generating predictions or decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A syllogism is a form of logical argumentation that deduces a conclusion from two or more propositions. The enumeration of valid forms of syllogisms laid the foundation for logical programming languages, which use rules and logic to solve problems in AI.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AI systems require significant processing power to handle complex calculations and analyze large amounts of data. Advancements in computing hardware, such as faster processors and increased storage capacity, enable the development and execution of increasingly sophisticated AI algorithms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The second AI winter was largely attributed to the perception that the field was uncontrolled, delivering disappointing results, and on the verge of collapse. This perception was fueled by the demise of the Lisp machine business, which was a crucial support system for AI projects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Perceptron, a popular early AI model, couldn't represent even the simple logical function of Exclusive OR (XOR). This limitation indicated a significant shortcoming in its capabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expert systems faced challenges due to the unmanageable growth of their associated fact databases and their unreliability when dealing with unknown inputs. This hindered their scalability and applicability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The counter-argument posits that AI winters were not actual periods of decline, but rather a perception created by prominent academics, organizations, and investors who had lost money in the field.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Despite the demise of Lisp machines and the decline of expert systems, evidence shows that AI was integrated into many routine processing tasks, including credit cards, indicating a persistent presence of AI in the industry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AI winters are periods characterized by significantly reduced funding, research activity, and overall interest in the field of artificial intelligence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The text contrasts the perception of AI winters as periods of complete collapse with the reality of AI's continued development and integration into various applications, particularly in routine processing tasks like credit card operations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The success of early expert systems fueled the resurgence of interest in artificial intelligence during the period from 1980 to 1987.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The five phases are: innovation trigger, peak of inflated expectations, trough of disillusionment, slope of enlightenment, and plateau of productivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Examples include knowledge graphs, neuromorphic hardware, AI PaaS, Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), Edge AI, and smart robots. These are all emerging technologies with potential but are still early in their development and adoption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This phase is characterized by high hype and expectations for the technology, often driven by media attention and early successes. Deep neural networks are an example, as they achieved significant performance gains in machine learning during the past few years, leading to high expectations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'trough of disillusionment' is a period where the hype surrounding the technology fades, and the initial expectations are often not met. The text uses Level 4 Autonomous Driving as an example, suggesting that it may be experiencing defunding due to failing to meet expectations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Gartner Hype Cycle differs from the bell-shaped curve of a normal distribution in that it has a rising slope after the 'trough of disillusionment', eventually leveling off.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'plateau of productivity' represents the point where the technology has achieved general acceptance, is widely used, and delivers productive value. According to the text, nothing in artificial intelligence has reached this stage yet because the field is still evolving and has not fully matured.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The author argues that artificial intelligence is a broad technological revolution comprised of many components, each developing at its own pace and from different starting points.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The author argues that artificial intelligence, like other innovations, goes through the various stages of the Gartner Hype Cycle. However, because it encompasses a diverse range of technologies, different parts of artificial intelligence are at different stages of this cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability to achieve complex goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability to accomplish complex goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perception, learning, problem solving, and decision-making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because AI is a rapidly evolving field with diverse interpretations and ongoing research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 1950s, when the concept of AI was first introduced into computer science.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The definition emphasizes achieving complex goals, rather than mimicking human intelligence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AI focuses on problem solving and achieving goals through machines, while cognitive psychology studies the internal processes of human mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Examples could include tasks such as recognizing objects in images, translating languages, playing games, or generating creative content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A test to determine if a machine can exhibit intelligent behavior indistinguishable from a human.

An English mathematician and computer scientist known for his work on mechanizing thought processes and the Turing Test.

Self-operating machines designed to follow predetermined sequences of operations or instructions.

An American scientist who coined the term artificial intelligence and created Lisp programming language.

A programming language developed by John McCarthy used in artificial intelligence applications.

A research institution founded by John McCarthy focusing on artificial intelligence and human skills for machines.

An early AI researcher and cognitive scientist who co-founded the MIT AI Laboratory.

A linguist and philosopher known for his influence on the understanding of language but less on AI.

A revolution (1789) that replaced monarchy with democratic ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity.

The revolution in 1917 that ended the Czar's rule and established a communist government.

The war (1775-1783) that ended colonial rule in favor of a republic.

Rapid advancements in technology that transform economies and societies, like the power loom and steam power.

A 1440 invention that allowed for mass production of books and spread information widely.

Fritz Haber's 1910 method for synthesizing ammonia, crucial for fertilizers and food production.

Ernest Rutherford's 1917 discovery that led to atomic physics and the atomic bomb.

A technology developed during WWII for torpedo control, foundational for modern telecommunications like Bluetooth.

Greek philosopher who formalized logical conclusions through categorical syllogisms.

A form of argumentation that derives conclusions from two premises assumed to be true.

Step-by-step procedures or formulas for solving problems, derived from logical reasoning.

A hypothetical machine designed by da Vinci to demonstrate input-output processing based on stored programs.

Hobbes' concept suggesting societal rules arise from individual rationality and mechanistic understanding.

Hobbes compared human reasoning processes to computational operations, like calculus.

Descartes' idea that rationality can be expressed through mechanical and mathematical principles.

Expressing goals and intentions in the form of equations, as suggested by rationalist philosophers.

A simple classification algorithm based on a single-node neural network.

A logical function that the Perceptron cannot represent accurately.

Periods when interest, funding, and research in AI decline significantly.

Computers that supported the Lisp programming language for AI projects.

AI programs that simulate expert human decision-making.

Limitations that prevent further development of AI systems.

A general feeling of doubt regarding AI's future and potential.

The belief that AI declines were over-exaggerated by certain individuals.

The ability of machines to accomplish complex goals, involving perception and reasoning.

AI is framed as the totality of capabilities used by machines to achieve complex goals.

Artificial Intelligence is an active research area in the field of cognitive psychology.

Abilities defining AI include perception, learning, problem-solving, and decision-making.

The history of AI often begins in the 1950s with its application to computer science.

The concept of artificially creating intelligence dates back to around 350 BC.

Different paradigms have shaped how the public views artificial intelligence over time.

Understanding AI history can guide your learning and societal contributions.

A graphical representation of the maturity and adoption of technologies over time.

The initial stage where a marketplace need triggers innovation.

A brief period of inflated expectations about an innovation.

A phase where expectations drop as realities set in.

Recognition of the true value of an innovation.

A period where technology is generally accepted and used effectively.

The phase where new ideas emerge due to market needs.

Different AI technologies at various stages of the hype cycle.