Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the definition of an observation in research?
What is the definition of an observation in research?
- A person or thing that data is collected on (correct)
- A specific measurement taken during the study
- A variable that can change within the study
- A constant characteristic present in all subjects
What characterizes a constant in research?
What characterizes a constant in research?
- A value that changes across observations
- A characteristic that remains the same for every member of the group (correct)
- A concept that cannot be measured
- A characteristic that varies among group members
Which of the following is an example of a variable?
Which of the following is an example of a variable?
- The maximum temperature recorded
- The district where the research is conducted
- The total number of participants
- The age of participants in a study (correct)
What are independent variables in research primarily used for?
What are independent variables in research primarily used for?
How is a dependent variable described in a study?
How is a dependent variable described in a study?
In the relationship between independent and dependent variables, what is the independent variable considered to be?
In the relationship between independent and dependent variables, what is the independent variable considered to be?
What does the arrow in the diagram depicting independent and dependent variables represent?
What does the arrow in the diagram depicting independent and dependent variables represent?
In the given example, what are the two factors the tutor considers affecting student performance?
In the given example, what are the two factors the tutor considers affecting student performance?
What type of variable has a limited number of distinct values and cannot be divided into fractions?
What type of variable has a limited number of distinct values and cannot be divided into fractions?
Which of the following is an example of a dichotomous variable?
Which of the following is an example of a dichotomous variable?
Which statement best describes demographic variables?
Which statement best describes demographic variables?
Which of the following is NOT considered an extraneous variable?
Which of the following is NOT considered an extraneous variable?
What is a trichotomous variable?
What is a trichotomous variable?
What are extraneous variables that cannot be controlled and affect study results called?
What are extraneous variables that cannot be controlled and affect study results called?
Which of the following best exemplifies a multiple variable?
Which of the following best exemplifies a multiple variable?
What is the purpose of controlled variables in a study?
What is the purpose of controlled variables in a study?
What does the presence of extraneous variables imply in research?
What does the presence of extraneous variables imply in research?
Which variable influences the relationship between research variables but is not directly measured?
Which variable influences the relationship between research variables but is not directly measured?
Which of the following is a common example of a demographic variable?
Which of the following is a common example of a demographic variable?
In the ice cube experiment, what should be kept constant to measure differences accurately?
In the ice cube experiment, what should be kept constant to measure differences accurately?
Which of the following best describes extraneous variables?
Which of the following best describes extraneous variables?
What type of variables does not express differences in amount but rather differences in categories?
What type of variables does not express differences in amount but rather differences in categories?
Which of the following is an example of a nominal variable?
Which of the following is an example of a nominal variable?
Which statement is true about ordinal variables?
Which statement is true about ordinal variables?
What is the simplest of the variable measurement scales?
What is the simplest of the variable measurement scales?
Which type of measurement scale defines a scale used for labeling and does not involve any order?
Which type of measurement scale defines a scale used for labeling and does not involve any order?
In an ordinal scale, what is the primary aspect that matters?
In an ordinal scale, what is the primary aspect that matters?
Which of the following is NOT considered a qualitative variable?
Which of the following is NOT considered a qualitative variable?
How can educational attainment be represented in an ordinal scale?
How can educational attainment be represented in an ordinal scale?
What is the dependent variable in the study investigating revision time and intelligence on test performance?
What is the dependent variable in the study investigating revision time and intelligence on test performance?
Which of the following is an independent variable in the study of teacher-student classroom interaction?
Which of the following is an independent variable in the study of teacher-student classroom interaction?
What type of variable is gender in the comparative study of professional attitudes of secondary school teachers?
What type of variable is gender in the comparative study of professional attitudes of secondary school teachers?
In the relationship between library facilities and student performance, what is the role of interest and inclination?
In the relationship between library facilities and student performance, what is the role of interest and inclination?
Which type of variable is represented by the score on a classroom observation inventory?
Which type of variable is represented by the score on a classroom observation inventory?
What characterizes quantitative variables?
What characterizes quantitative variables?
Which of the following is NOT a type of independent variable mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a type of independent variable mentioned?
How is intelligence measured in the study of test performance?
How is intelligence measured in the study of test performance?
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Study Notes
Introduction
- Observations are the entities we collect data on, typically individuals or subjects.
- Characteristics of observations are either constant, remaining the same across the group, or variable, differing amongst group members.
Meaning of Variables
- Variables are measurable characteristics, qualities, or traits of observations.
- Any aspect that can vary can be considered a variable, such as age or income.
Dependent and Independent Variables
- Independent variables are manipulated, controlled, or changed by the researcher and are the presumed cause.
- Dependent variables are outcome variables that are influenced by the independent variable and represent the presumed effect.
The Relationship between Independent and Dependent Variables
- Independent variables affect the dependent variables.
Example
- In a study on student test performance, the dependent variable is the test mark, while the independent variables are revision time and intelligence.
Moderator Variable
- A moderator variable is a special type of independent variable that modifies the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable.
- It alters the strength of the association.
Quantitative and Qualitative Variables
- Quantitative variables express differences in amount on a continuous scale, while qualitative variables classify by categories.
- Quantitative variables are sometimes called continuous variables, while qualitative variables are sometimes called categorical variables.
Measurement Scales
- Nominal scales are used to categorize variables without assigning numerical values or order.
- Ordinal scales depict the order of variables but not the differences between them.
- Interval scales have equal intervals between points but lack a true zero point.
- Ratio scales have equal intervals and a true zero point, allowing for meaningful ratios.
Nominal Scale Examples
- Gender, political preferences, and place of residence are examples of nominal scales.
Ordinal Scale
- Ordinal scales are typically used to measure non-numeric concepts like satisfaction, happiness, or discomfort.
Variables Examples
- Dichotomous variables have two values, such as gender or employment status.
- Trichotomous variables have three values, such as residence type or religion.
- Multiple variable variables have more than three values, such as blood groups.
Demographic Variables
- Demographic variables are characteristics of subjects that describe the sample, such as age, gender, occupation, or income.
- They help determine if the sample is representative of the population of interest.
Extraneous Variable
- Extraneous variables are variables that may affect research outcomes but have not been adequately considered in the study.
- They can interfere with measurements and relationships between variables.
Control Variable
- Control variables are characteristics that are deliberately kept unchanged in a study.
- They are held constant to minimize their influence and ensure accurate measurements.
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