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Questions and Answers
What percentage of diabetes cases does type 1 diabetes account for?
What was type 1 diabetes previously known as?
What primarily causes the development of type 1 diabetes?
In what age group does type 2 diabetes most commonly begin?
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Which of the following best describes the insulin levels early in type 2 diabetes?
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What kind of process leads to the destruction of β cells in type 1 diabetes?
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Which form of diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance?
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Which of the following is NOT typically a risk associated with type 2 diabetes?
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What primarily contributes to insulin resistance in target tissues?
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What is a significant consequence of prolonged hyperglycemia on pancreatic beta cells?
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Which hormone produced by the placenta interferes with insulin's function?
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What increases during pregnancy that raises the body's need for insulin?
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What is a potential effect of maternal hyperglycemia on the fetus?
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What is gestational diabetes characterized by?
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How frequently do some experts recommend monitoring blood glucose levels during diabetic pregnancy?
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What is the role of the gene for insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2) in type 2 diabetes?
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What is the standard test now considered for assessing glycemic control over the previous 2 to 3 months?
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Which oral agent for type 2 diabetes can be continued during pregnancy?
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What is the minimum fasting period for the Fasting Plasma Glucose test?
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At what plasma glucose level is diabetes indicated when using the Random Plasma Glucose test?
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What is a classic symptom that must accompany a positive Random Plasma Glucose test to confirm diabetes?
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What plasma glucose level suggests a potential diabetes diagnosis following an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test?
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What is the required glucose load in the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test?
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If a diabetic state persists beyond parturition, how should it be managed?
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What is essential for managing glycemic control in type 1 diabetes?
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What is the main cause of death for individuals with type 1 diabetes before insulin became available?
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What is the current blood pressure goal for patients with diabetes set by the American Diabetes Association (ADA)?
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Why is it important to coordinate insulin dosage with carbohydrate intake in type 1 diabetes management?
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Which type of medication is recommended for managing diabetic hypertension and reducing the risk of diabetic nephropathy?
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What does a hemoglobin A1c value of 6.5% or higher indicate?
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Which condition can affect the accuracy of the A1c test?
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What is a characteristic of prediabetes?
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Which of the following can help reduce the risk for type 2 diabetes in prediabetic individuals?
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What is the primary goal of treating diabetes?
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Which of the following factors are included in the treatment plan for diabetes?
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Which statement about the OGTT test is accurate?
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What ensures the effectiveness of diabetes treatment?
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What is crucial to prevent complications in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
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Which medication can help reduce the risk of diabetic nephropathy in patients with diabetes?
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What is the primary reason insulin replacement is essential for individuals with type 1 diabetes?
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What is the recommended blood pressure target for diabetes patients as set by the ADA?
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Why is it important to minimize the risk of hypoglycemia during glycemic control in diabetes management?
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What are the main factors contributing to insulin resistance in target tissues?
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What complication can arise from maternal hyperglycemia during pregnancy?
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What hormone produced by the placenta increases the body's need for insulin during pregnancy?
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How is gestational diabetes typically managed?
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What consequence does prolonged hyperglycemia have on pancreatic beta cells?
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Why is monitoring blood glucose levels multiple times a day essential in managing diabetic pregnancy?
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What is a characteristic of gestational diabetes following delivery?
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What role does the gene for insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2) play in type 2 diabetes?
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What level of fasting plasma glucose indicates the presence of diabetes?
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Which test provides an estimate of glycemic control over the previous 2 to 3 months?
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What is the glucose level threshold in the oral glucose tolerance test that suggests diabetes?
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What classic symptoms must be present alongside a positive random plasma glucose test to confirm diabetes?
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When transitioning from oral medications, which oral antidiabetic agent can often be continued during pregnancy?
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What is the required glucose load for the oral glucose tolerance test to evaluate diabetes?
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How should a diabetic state that persists after parturition be treated?
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What plasma glucose level indicates a potential diabetes diagnosis if a random plasma glucose test is performed?
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What primary factor is responsible for the destruction of pancreatic β cells in type 1 diabetes?
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Which statement regarding type 2 diabetes is accurate?
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What does hyperinsulinemia refer to in the context of type 2 diabetes?
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What is a significant difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
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Which of the following is NOT typically a characteristic of type 1 diabetes?
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Which statement is true about the management of type 1 diabetes?
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Which factor is primarily responsible for the difference in onset and progression between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
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In type 2 diabetes, what happens to insulin secretion over time?
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What is the significance of a hemoglobin A1c value of 6.5% or higher?
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Which of the following conditions can affect the accuracy of the hemoglobin A1c test?
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What defines the state of increased risk for diabetes known as prediabetes?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor for reducing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in individuals with prediabetes?
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What is the primary goal of diabetes treatment?
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In patients with prediabetes, which of the following is true regarding the likelihood of developing diabetes?
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What factor is considered alongside glucose levels in diabetes treatment to minimize long-term complications?
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What is the role of oral antidiabetic drugs like metformin in patients with prediabetes?
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What is a critical reason for coordinating insulin dosage with carbohydrate intake in type 1 diabetes management?
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Which of the following medications is considered a primary option to manage hypertension in diabetes patients?
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What is the primary cause of death for individuals with type 1 diabetes before the advent of insulin therapy?
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What is the goal for blood pressure in patients with diabetes as recommended by the American Diabetes Association?
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What multifactorial approach is essential for managing both type 1 and type 2 diabetes effectively?
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What factors contribute to the increased need for insulin during pregnancy?
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How does insulin resistance primarily affect target tissues in the body?
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What significant risk does uncontrolled maternal hyperglycemia pose during pregnancy?
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What is a major consequence of prolonged hyperglycemia on pancreatic beta cells?
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Which condition describes diabetes that appears during pregnancy and usually resolves after childbirth?
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What is essential for successful management of diabetes during pregnancy?
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Which factor does NOT typically contribute to serum insulin resistance in target tissues?
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How frequently do some experts recommend monitoring blood glucose levels for effective diabetes management during pregnancy?
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What must occur for a definitive diagnosis of diabetes using blood glucose tests?
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Which plasma glucose level from the Fasting Plasma Glucose test indicates diabetes?
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Which of the following statements about the Random Plasma Glucose test is accurate?
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What is the glucose load administered during the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)?
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What characterizes a positive Random Plasma Glucose test in diagnosing diabetes?
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When can women who have discontinued oral diabetes medications resume them after pregnancy?
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What is the significance of the hemoglobin A1c test in the diagnosis of diabetes?
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What is the maximum acceptable plasma glucose level 2 hours after an OGTT in non-diabetic individuals?
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What A1c value is considered diagnostic for diabetes?
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What is the primary mechanism leading to reduced insulin levels in type 1 diabetes?
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Which condition can skew the results of the A1c test?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding type 2 diabetes?
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What defines a state of prediabetes based on fasting plasma glucose (FPG)?
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What is one of the factors that may contribute to the autoimmune response in type 1 diabetes?
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What is the primary goal of treating diabetes?
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What can help reduce the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in individuals with prediabetes?
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What is a potential consequence of having normal or slightly elevated insulin levels in early type 2 diabetes?
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Which statement regarding the OGTT test is accurate?
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What distinguishes type 1 diabetes symptom onset compared to type 2 diabetes?
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Why have the terms juvenile-onset and adult-onset diabetes become less useful in clinical practice?
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Which of the following lifestyle changes may reduce the risk of progressing from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes?
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Which treatment option is appropriate for managing blood lipids in diabetes patients?
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Which characteristic is common to both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in terms of long-term risks?
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In what way does insulin secretion differ between type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients?
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What does a hemoglobin A1c value of 6.5% or higher indicate?
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What factors can affect the accuracy of the A1c test?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prediabetes?
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What is the primary goal of treating type 1 or type 2 diabetes?
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Which lifestyle modification can help reduce the risk of progressing from prediabetes to diabetes?
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What is a significant aspect of glucose level management in diabetes treatment?
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What defines the state known as prediabetes?
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What dietary strategy may reduce the risk for cardiovascular disease in prediabetic individuals?
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What is a potential consequence of maternal hyperglycemia on the fetus?
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What is a reason for insulin resistance in target tissues?
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Which statement best describes gestational diabetes?
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What hormones produced during pregnancy contribute to increased insulin needs?
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What factor contributes to increased blood glucose monitoring in diabetic pregnancies?
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Which factor is implicated in the genetic aspects of type 2 diabetes?
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What is essential for managing glucose control in diabetic pregnancies?
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What occurs to pancreatic β cells over time due to prolonged hyperglycemia?
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What is the primary cause of mortality in individuals with type 1 diabetes before the advent of insulin therapy?
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Why is it important to achieve glycemic control safely in diabetes management?
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Which medication class is primarily recommended for managing diabetic hypertension in patients with diabetes?
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How should insulin dosage be coordinated with carbohydrate intake in individuals with type 1 diabetes?
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What is the recommended target for systolic blood pressure in diabetes patients set by the American Diabetes Association?
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Which test is considered standard for assessing glycemic control over the previous 2 to 3 months?
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What is the blood glucose level that definitively indicates diabetes during a Fasting Plasma Glucose test?
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Which two tests can be combined for a definitive diagnosis of diabetes?
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What is the minimum fasting period required before conducting a Fasting Plasma Glucose test?
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What plasma glucose level during an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test suggests a diagnosis of diabetes?
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What should be done if a diabetic state persists beyond parturition?
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Which symptom must accompany a positive Random Plasma Glucose test to confirm diabetes?
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What is the required glucose load for an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test?
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What is the primary defect in type 1 diabetes?
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Which statement about the onset of type 1 diabetes is accurate?
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What best describes the insulin levels in the early phase of type 2 diabetes?
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Which of the following contributes to the development of type 1 diabetes?
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What is a common risk associated with both types of diabetes?
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What is a notable difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes regarding insulin secretion?
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What role do genetic and environmental factors play in type 1 diabetes?
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Which of the following best describes the progression of type 2 diabetes?
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What is a critical reason for coordinating insulin dosage with carbohydrate intake in type 1 diabetes management?
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Which medication type is preferred for managing hypertension in patients with type 1 diabetes?
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What aspect of glycemic control is emphasized to ensure safety during the management of type 1 diabetes?
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What is the main consequence of inadequate glycemic control in individuals with type 1 diabetes?
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What is the significance of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in type 1 diabetes management?
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What are the primary factors that contribute to insulin resistance in target tissues?
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What effect can maternal hyperglycemia have on the fetus during pregnancy?
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What does a high hemoglobin A1c level indicate about a patient's blood glucose levels?
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How is gestational diabetes generally managed?
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Which of the following conditions can alter the accuracy of the hemoglobin A1c test?
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Which placental hormones contribute to the increased insulin requirements during pregnancy?
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What underlying mechanism is primarily responsible for diminished pancreatic β cell function over time in type 2 diabetes?
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What is the fasting plasma glucose level that indicates increased risk for diabetes (prediabetes)?
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What is one potential lifestyle change that may reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes from a prediabetes state?
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What is a significant risk factor associated with the familial nature of type 2 diabetes?
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What is the main consequence of untreated gestational diabetes after delivery?
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What is the primary aim of treating both type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
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What factors must be monitored closely to manage diabetes effectively during pregnancy?
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What can be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in individuals with prediabetes?
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In comparison to the alternatives, what is a drawback of the OGTT test?
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How can the risk for progression to diabetes be reduced in individuals with prediabetes?
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What is considered a definitive diagnosis of diabetes using fasting plasma glucose levels?
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Which condition must accompany a positive Random Plasma Glucose test to confirm a diagnosis of diabetes?
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What glucose level after 2 hours of an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test suggests diabetes?
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What is the main reason for switching from oral medications to insulin during pregnancy for type 2 diabetes management?
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What test provides an estimate of glycemic control over the preceding 2 to 3 months?
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What condition indicates a patient has diabetes when tested with the Fasting Plasma Glucose test?
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What is the purpose of conducting diabetes tests on two separate days?
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What is true regarding the management of diabetic patients who discontinue oral medications during pregnancy?
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What can be said about the onset of symptoms for type 1 diabetes?
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Which of the following statements best describes insulin levels in type 2 diabetes?
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What is a significant autoimmune process in type 1 diabetes?
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Which factor is likely to contribute to the development of type 1 diabetes?
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Among the following options, which describes a primary characteristic of type 2 diabetes?
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What is a common misconception regarding the development of type 2 diabetes?
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What role does insulin play in the context of type 2 diabetes progression?
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Which form of diabetes has a lower risk of ketoacidosis?
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Study Notes
Type 1 Diabetes
- Represents approximately 5% of all diabetes cases.
- Previously known as juvenile-onset diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).
- Develops primarily in childhood and adolescence; onset can be abrupt but may occur in adults.
- Characterized by destruction of pancreatic β cells, leading to insufficient insulin production.
- Autoimmune process targets β cells, with triggers likely involving genetic, environmental, and infectious factors.
Type 2 Diabetes
- Most prevalent form, accounting for 90% to 95% of diabetes cases.
- Formerly known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes.
- Typically begins in middle age and progresses gradually; carries low risk for ketoacidosis.
- Symptoms arise from insulin resistance combined with impaired insulin secretion.
- Patients can synthesize insulin, but its release is delayed and less effective.
- Causes of insulin resistance include binding issues, reduced receptor numbers, and insensitivity.
- Family history is a strong risk factor; genetic associations, such as with the IRS-2 gene, have been noted.
Diabetes and Pregnancy
- Managing diabetes during pregnancy remains complex despite improved insulin therapies.
- Increased insulin needs due to placental hormones and higher cortisol levels promoting hyperglycemia.
- Maternal hyperglycemia leads to excessive fetal insulin production, risking hyperinsulinism complications.
- Maintaining glucose levels in both mother and fetus is crucial; poor control can be teratogenic.
- Gestational diabetes can resolve postpartum; if it persists, reevaluation for chronic diabetes is necessary.
- Oral diabetes medications are typically discontinued during pregnancy, except for metformin.
Diagnosis of Diabetes
- Diagnosis no longer relies solely on glucose levels; hemoglobin A1c (A1c) testing is now standard.
- Diabetes is indicated by excessive plasma glucose levels and requires confirmation from two tests on different days.
- Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test identifies diabetes if levels are 126 mg/dL or higher after fasting for 8 hours.
- Random plasma glucose test suggests diabetes if levels are 200 mg/dL or greater alongside classic symptoms.
- Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) recognizes diabetes if 2-hour plasma levels are 200 mg/dL or above.
Hemoglobin A1c Testing
- A1c measures average blood glucose levels over 2 to 3 months.
- A value of 6.5% or higher indicates diabetes but may be affected by conditions like pregnancy or anemia.
Increased Risk for Diabetes (Prediabetes)
- Defined by impaired fasting glucose (100-125 mg/dL) or glucose tolerance (OGTT result of 140-199 mg/dL).
- Prediabetes is not synonymous with diabetes but signifies increased risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
- Risk factors for progression to diabetes may be mitigated through lifestyle changes and medications such as metformin.
Overview of Treatment
- The primary treatment goal is to prevent long-term complications by maintaining glucose levels close to normal.
- Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes management includes proper diet, physical activity, and BP/lipid control.
Management of Type 1 Diabetes
- Complications are prevented through a comprehensive plan focusing on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk.
- Insulin replacement is essential; careful alignment with carbohydrate intake is necessary to avoid hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia.
- The role of additional medications as adjuncts to insulin is being explored.
- Managing hypertension and dyslipidemia includes using ACE inhibitors or ARBs to lower nephropathy risk, aiming for a BP of ≤140/90 mm Hg.
Type 1 Diabetes
- Represents approximately 5% of all diabetes cases.
- Previously known as juvenile-onset diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).
- Develops primarily in childhood and adolescence; onset can be abrupt but may occur in adults.
- Characterized by destruction of pancreatic β cells, leading to insufficient insulin production.
- Autoimmune process targets β cells, with triggers likely involving genetic, environmental, and infectious factors.
Type 2 Diabetes
- Most prevalent form, accounting for 90% to 95% of diabetes cases.
- Formerly known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes.
- Typically begins in middle age and progresses gradually; carries low risk for ketoacidosis.
- Symptoms arise from insulin resistance combined with impaired insulin secretion.
- Patients can synthesize insulin, but its release is delayed and less effective.
- Causes of insulin resistance include binding issues, reduced receptor numbers, and insensitivity.
- Family history is a strong risk factor; genetic associations, such as with the IRS-2 gene, have been noted.
Diabetes and Pregnancy
- Managing diabetes during pregnancy remains complex despite improved insulin therapies.
- Increased insulin needs due to placental hormones and higher cortisol levels promoting hyperglycemia.
- Maternal hyperglycemia leads to excessive fetal insulin production, risking hyperinsulinism complications.
- Maintaining glucose levels in both mother and fetus is crucial; poor control can be teratogenic.
- Gestational diabetes can resolve postpartum; if it persists, reevaluation for chronic diabetes is necessary.
- Oral diabetes medications are typically discontinued during pregnancy, except for metformin.
Diagnosis of Diabetes
- Diagnosis no longer relies solely on glucose levels; hemoglobin A1c (A1c) testing is now standard.
- Diabetes is indicated by excessive plasma glucose levels and requires confirmation from two tests on different days.
- Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test identifies diabetes if levels are 126 mg/dL or higher after fasting for 8 hours.
- Random plasma glucose test suggests diabetes if levels are 200 mg/dL or greater alongside classic symptoms.
- Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) recognizes diabetes if 2-hour plasma levels are 200 mg/dL or above.
Hemoglobin A1c Testing
- A1c measures average blood glucose levels over 2 to 3 months.
- A value of 6.5% or higher indicates diabetes but may be affected by conditions like pregnancy or anemia.
Increased Risk for Diabetes (Prediabetes)
- Defined by impaired fasting glucose (100-125 mg/dL) or glucose tolerance (OGTT result of 140-199 mg/dL).
- Prediabetes is not synonymous with diabetes but signifies increased risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
- Risk factors for progression to diabetes may be mitigated through lifestyle changes and medications such as metformin.
Overview of Treatment
- The primary treatment goal is to prevent long-term complications by maintaining glucose levels close to normal.
- Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes management includes proper diet, physical activity, and BP/lipid control.
Management of Type 1 Diabetes
- Complications are prevented through a comprehensive plan focusing on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk.
- Insulin replacement is essential; careful alignment with carbohydrate intake is necessary to avoid hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia.
- The role of additional medications as adjuncts to insulin is being explored.
- Managing hypertension and dyslipidemia includes using ACE inhibitors or ARBs to lower nephropathy risk, aiming for a BP of ≤140/90 mm Hg.
Type 1 Diabetes
- Represents approximately 5% of all diabetes cases.
- Previously known as juvenile-onset diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).
- Develops primarily in childhood and adolescence; onset can be abrupt but may occur in adults.
- Characterized by destruction of pancreatic β cells, leading to insufficient insulin production.
- Autoimmune process targets β cells, with triggers likely involving genetic, environmental, and infectious factors.
Type 2 Diabetes
- Most prevalent form, accounting for 90% to 95% of diabetes cases.
- Formerly known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes.
- Typically begins in middle age and progresses gradually; carries low risk for ketoacidosis.
- Symptoms arise from insulin resistance combined with impaired insulin secretion.
- Patients can synthesize insulin, but its release is delayed and less effective.
- Causes of insulin resistance include binding issues, reduced receptor numbers, and insensitivity.
- Family history is a strong risk factor; genetic associations, such as with the IRS-2 gene, have been noted.
Diabetes and Pregnancy
- Managing diabetes during pregnancy remains complex despite improved insulin therapies.
- Increased insulin needs due to placental hormones and higher cortisol levels promoting hyperglycemia.
- Maternal hyperglycemia leads to excessive fetal insulin production, risking hyperinsulinism complications.
- Maintaining glucose levels in both mother and fetus is crucial; poor control can be teratogenic.
- Gestational diabetes can resolve postpartum; if it persists, reevaluation for chronic diabetes is necessary.
- Oral diabetes medications are typically discontinued during pregnancy, except for metformin.
Diagnosis of Diabetes
- Diagnosis no longer relies solely on glucose levels; hemoglobin A1c (A1c) testing is now standard.
- Diabetes is indicated by excessive plasma glucose levels and requires confirmation from two tests on different days.
- Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test identifies diabetes if levels are 126 mg/dL or higher after fasting for 8 hours.
- Random plasma glucose test suggests diabetes if levels are 200 mg/dL or greater alongside classic symptoms.
- Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) recognizes diabetes if 2-hour plasma levels are 200 mg/dL or above.
Hemoglobin A1c Testing
- A1c measures average blood glucose levels over 2 to 3 months.
- A value of 6.5% or higher indicates diabetes but may be affected by conditions like pregnancy or anemia.
Increased Risk for Diabetes (Prediabetes)
- Defined by impaired fasting glucose (100-125 mg/dL) or glucose tolerance (OGTT result of 140-199 mg/dL).
- Prediabetes is not synonymous with diabetes but signifies increased risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
- Risk factors for progression to diabetes may be mitigated through lifestyle changes and medications such as metformin.
Overview of Treatment
- The primary treatment goal is to prevent long-term complications by maintaining glucose levels close to normal.
- Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes management includes proper diet, physical activity, and BP/lipid control.
Management of Type 1 Diabetes
- Complications are prevented through a comprehensive plan focusing on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk.
- Insulin replacement is essential; careful alignment with carbohydrate intake is necessary to avoid hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia.
- The role of additional medications as adjuncts to insulin is being explored.
- Managing hypertension and dyslipidemia includes using ACE inhibitors or ARBs to lower nephropathy risk, aiming for a BP of ≤140/90 mm Hg.
Type 1 Diabetes
- Represents approximately 5% of all diabetes cases.
- Previously known as juvenile-onset diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).
- Develops primarily in childhood and adolescence; onset can be abrupt but may occur in adults.
- Characterized by destruction of pancreatic β cells, leading to insufficient insulin production.
- Autoimmune process targets β cells, with triggers likely involving genetic, environmental, and infectious factors.
Type 2 Diabetes
- Most prevalent form, accounting for 90% to 95% of diabetes cases.
- Formerly known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes.
- Typically begins in middle age and progresses gradually; carries low risk for ketoacidosis.
- Symptoms arise from insulin resistance combined with impaired insulin secretion.
- Patients can synthesize insulin, but its release is delayed and less effective.
- Causes of insulin resistance include binding issues, reduced receptor numbers, and insensitivity.
- Family history is a strong risk factor; genetic associations, such as with the IRS-2 gene, have been noted.
Diabetes and Pregnancy
- Managing diabetes during pregnancy remains complex despite improved insulin therapies.
- Increased insulin needs due to placental hormones and higher cortisol levels promoting hyperglycemia.
- Maternal hyperglycemia leads to excessive fetal insulin production, risking hyperinsulinism complications.
- Maintaining glucose levels in both mother and fetus is crucial; poor control can be teratogenic.
- Gestational diabetes can resolve postpartum; if it persists, reevaluation for chronic diabetes is necessary.
- Oral diabetes medications are typically discontinued during pregnancy, except for metformin.
Diagnosis of Diabetes
- Diagnosis no longer relies solely on glucose levels; hemoglobin A1c (A1c) testing is now standard.
- Diabetes is indicated by excessive plasma glucose levels and requires confirmation from two tests on different days.
- Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test identifies diabetes if levels are 126 mg/dL or higher after fasting for 8 hours.
- Random plasma glucose test suggests diabetes if levels are 200 mg/dL or greater alongside classic symptoms.
- Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) recognizes diabetes if 2-hour plasma levels are 200 mg/dL or above.
Hemoglobin A1c Testing
- A1c measures average blood glucose levels over 2 to 3 months.
- A value of 6.5% or higher indicates diabetes but may be affected by conditions like pregnancy or anemia.
Increased Risk for Diabetes (Prediabetes)
- Defined by impaired fasting glucose (100-125 mg/dL) or glucose tolerance (OGTT result of 140-199 mg/dL).
- Prediabetes is not synonymous with diabetes but signifies increased risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
- Risk factors for progression to diabetes may be mitigated through lifestyle changes and medications such as metformin.
Overview of Treatment
- The primary treatment goal is to prevent long-term complications by maintaining glucose levels close to normal.
- Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes management includes proper diet, physical activity, and BP/lipid control.
Management of Type 1 Diabetes
- Complications are prevented through a comprehensive plan focusing on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk.
- Insulin replacement is essential; careful alignment with carbohydrate intake is necessary to avoid hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia.
- The role of additional medications as adjuncts to insulin is being explored.
- Managing hypertension and dyslipidemia includes using ACE inhibitors or ARBs to lower nephropathy risk, aiming for a BP of ≤140/90 mm Hg.
Type 1 Diabetes
- Represents approximately 5% of all diabetes cases.
- Previously known as juvenile-onset diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).
- Develops primarily in childhood and adolescence; onset can be abrupt but may occur in adults.
- Characterized by destruction of pancreatic β cells, leading to insufficient insulin production.
- Autoimmune process targets β cells, with triggers likely involving genetic, environmental, and infectious factors.
Type 2 Diabetes
- Most prevalent form, accounting for 90% to 95% of diabetes cases.
- Formerly known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes.
- Typically begins in middle age and progresses gradually; carries low risk for ketoacidosis.
- Symptoms arise from insulin resistance combined with impaired insulin secretion.
- Patients can synthesize insulin, but its release is delayed and less effective.
- Causes of insulin resistance include binding issues, reduced receptor numbers, and insensitivity.
- Family history is a strong risk factor; genetic associations, such as with the IRS-2 gene, have been noted.
Diabetes and Pregnancy
- Managing diabetes during pregnancy remains complex despite improved insulin therapies.
- Increased insulin needs due to placental hormones and higher cortisol levels promoting hyperglycemia.
- Maternal hyperglycemia leads to excessive fetal insulin production, risking hyperinsulinism complications.
- Maintaining glucose levels in both mother and fetus is crucial; poor control can be teratogenic.
- Gestational diabetes can resolve postpartum; if it persists, reevaluation for chronic diabetes is necessary.
- Oral diabetes medications are typically discontinued during pregnancy, except for metformin.
Diagnosis of Diabetes
- Diagnosis no longer relies solely on glucose levels; hemoglobin A1c (A1c) testing is now standard.
- Diabetes is indicated by excessive plasma glucose levels and requires confirmation from two tests on different days.
- Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test identifies diabetes if levels are 126 mg/dL or higher after fasting for 8 hours.
- Random plasma glucose test suggests diabetes if levels are 200 mg/dL or greater alongside classic symptoms.
- Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) recognizes diabetes if 2-hour plasma levels are 200 mg/dL or above.
Hemoglobin A1c Testing
- A1c measures average blood glucose levels over 2 to 3 months.
- A value of 6.5% or higher indicates diabetes but may be affected by conditions like pregnancy or anemia.
Increased Risk for Diabetes (Prediabetes)
- Defined by impaired fasting glucose (100-125 mg/dL) or glucose tolerance (OGTT result of 140-199 mg/dL).
- Prediabetes is not synonymous with diabetes but signifies increased risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
- Risk factors for progression to diabetes may be mitigated through lifestyle changes and medications such as metformin.
Overview of Treatment
- The primary treatment goal is to prevent long-term complications by maintaining glucose levels close to normal.
- Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes management includes proper diet, physical activity, and BP/lipid control.
Management of Type 1 Diabetes
- Complications are prevented through a comprehensive plan focusing on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk.
- Insulin replacement is essential; careful alignment with carbohydrate intake is necessary to avoid hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia.
- The role of additional medications as adjuncts to insulin is being explored.
- Managing hypertension and dyslipidemia includes using ACE inhibitors or ARBs to lower nephropathy risk, aiming for a BP of ≤140/90 mm Hg.
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This quiz covers key aspects of Type 1 diabetes, including its characteristics, historical terminology, and onset patterns in different age groups. Gain insights into how Type 1 diabetes differs from Type 2 diabetes and its impact on individuals. Test your knowledge about this important health issue.