Understanding Type 1 Diabetes
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of diabetes cases does type 1 diabetes account for?

  • 10%
  • 5% (correct)
  • 90%
  • 50%

    • What was type 1 diabetes previously known as?

  • Type 1 mellitus
  • Non-insulin-dependent diabetes
  • Juvenile diabetes (correct)
  • Gestational diabetes

    • What primarily causes the development of type 1 diabetes?

  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Destruction of pancreatic β cells (correct)
  • Excess insulin production
  • Increased blood glucose levels

    • In what age group does type 2 diabetes most commonly begin?

    <p>Middle age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the insulin levels early in type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Normal or slightly elevated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of process leads to the destruction of β cells in type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Autoimmune</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance?

    <p>Type 2 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically a risk associated with type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Ketoacidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily contributes to insulin resistance in target tissues?

    <p>Reduced receptor responsiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of prolonged hyperglycemia on pancreatic beta cells?

    <p>Diminished beta cell function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone produced by the placenta interferes with insulin's function?

    <p>Human placental lactogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What increases during pregnancy that raises the body's need for insulin?

    <p>Increased cortisol production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential effect of maternal hyperglycemia on the fetus?

    <p>Excessive secretion of insulin in the fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gestational diabetes characterized by?

    <p>Diabetes emerging during pregnancy that subsides after delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How frequently do some experts recommend monitoring blood glucose levels during diabetic pregnancy?

    <p>Six to seven times a day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the gene for insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2) in type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Mediates intracellular responses to insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the standard test now considered for assessing glycemic control over the previous 2 to 3 months?

    <p>Hemoglobin A1c Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which oral agent for type 2 diabetes can be continued during pregnancy?

    <p>Metformin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum fasting period for the Fasting Plasma Glucose test?

    <p>8 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what plasma glucose level is diabetes indicated when using the Random Plasma Glucose test?

    <p>200 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a classic symptom that must accompany a positive Random Plasma Glucose test to confirm diabetes?

    <p>Polyuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plasma glucose level suggests a potential diabetes diagnosis following an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test?

    <p>200 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the required glucose load in the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test?

    <p>75 g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a diabetic state persists beyond parturition, how should it be managed?

    <p>Rediagnose and treat accordingly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for managing glycemic control in type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Glycemic control with diet and physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of death for individuals with type 1 diabetes before insulin became available?

    <p>Ketoacidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current blood pressure goal for patients with diabetes set by the American Diabetes Association (ADA)?

    <p>Less than 140/90 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to coordinate insulin dosage with carbohydrate intake in type 1 diabetes management?

    <p>To minimize the risk of hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of medication is recommended for managing diabetic hypertension and reducing the risk of diabetic nephropathy?

    <p>ACE inhibitors or ARBs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a hemoglobin A1c value of 6.5% or higher indicate?

    <p>Diabetes diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can affect the accuracy of the A1c test?

    <p>Pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of prediabetes?

    <p>Fasting plasma glucose between 100 and 125 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can help reduce the risk for type 2 diabetes in prediabetic individuals?

    <p>Increased physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of treating diabetes?

    <p>Preventing long-term complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors are included in the treatment plan for diabetes?

    <p>Managing blood pressure and lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the OGTT test is accurate?

    <p>It is more time consuming and costly than alternatives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ensures the effectiveness of diabetes treatment?

    <p>Maintaining glucose levels as close to normal as possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crucial to prevent complications in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Diet and physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication can help reduce the risk of diabetic nephropathy in patients with diabetes?

    <p>Angiotensin II receptor blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason insulin replacement is essential for individuals with type 1 diabetes?

    <p>To maintain normal blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended blood pressure target for diabetes patients as set by the ADA?

    <p>140/90 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to minimize the risk of hypoglycemia during glycemic control in diabetes management?

    <p>Hypoglycemia can lead to death if untreated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main factors contributing to insulin resistance in target tissues?

    <p>Reduced binding of insulin, receptor numbers, and responsiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication can arise from maternal hyperglycemia during pregnancy?

    <p>Excessive insulin secretion in the fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone produced by the placenta increases the body's need for insulin during pregnancy?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is gestational diabetes typically managed?

    <p>Through insulin and dietary adjustments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consequence does prolonged hyperglycemia have on pancreatic beta cells?

    <p>Diminished function and reduced secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is monitoring blood glucose levels multiple times a day essential in managing diabetic pregnancy?

    <p>To ensure proper insulin dosages and dietary adjustments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of gestational diabetes following delivery?

    <p>It usually diminishes rapidly after childbirth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the gene for insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2) play in type 2 diabetes?

    <p>It mediates intracellular responses to insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What level of fasting plasma glucose indicates the presence of diabetes?

    <p>126 mg/dL or higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test provides an estimate of glycemic control over the previous 2 to 3 months?

    <p>Hemoglobin A1c test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the glucose level threshold in the oral glucose tolerance test that suggests diabetes?

    <p>200 mg/dL or greater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What classic symptoms must be present alongside a positive random plasma glucose test to confirm diabetes?

    <p>Polyuria and polydipsia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When transitioning from oral medications, which oral antidiabetic agent can often be continued during pregnancy?

    <p>Metformin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the required glucose load for the oral glucose tolerance test to evaluate diabetes?

    <p>75 g of glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should a diabetic state that persists after parturition be treated?

    <p>Rediagnose and treat accordingly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plasma glucose level indicates a potential diabetes diagnosis if a random plasma glucose test is performed?

    <p>200 mg/dL or greater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary factor is responsible for the destruction of pancreatic β cells in type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Autoimmune process targeting β cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding type 2 diabetes is accurate?

    <p>The disease progresses slowly and is associated with insulin resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hyperinsulinemia refer to in the context of type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Normal or slightly elevated insulin levels early in the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Type 1 diabetes leads to absolute insulin deficiency over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically a characteristic of type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Insulin resistance usually precedes diagnosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about the management of type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Insulin therapy must be coordinated with carbohydrate intake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is primarily responsible for the difference in onset and progression between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of β cells, while type 2 often involves insulin resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In type 2 diabetes, what happens to insulin secretion over time?

    <p>Insulin secretion becomes delayed and suboptimal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a hemoglobin A1c value of 6.5% or higher?

    <p>It suggests that the patient has diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can affect the accuracy of the hemoglobin A1c test?

    <p>Iron deficiency anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the state of increased risk for diabetes known as prediabetes?

    <p>2-hour OGTT result of 140 to 199 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor for reducing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in individuals with prediabetes?

    <p>Maintaining a sedentary lifestyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of diabetes treatment?

    <p>To maintain glucose levels as close to normal as possible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In patients with prediabetes, which of the following is true regarding the likelihood of developing diabetes?

    <p>Some individuals may never progress to diabetes despite not modifying their lifestyle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is considered alongside glucose levels in diabetes treatment to minimize long-term complications?

    <p>Blood pressure control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oral antidiabetic drugs like metformin in patients with prediabetes?

    <p>To help reduce the risk of progression to diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical reason for coordinating insulin dosage with carbohydrate intake in type 1 diabetes management?

    <p>To avoid complications arising from hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is considered a primary option to manage hypertension in diabetes patients?

    <p>Lisinopril</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of death for individuals with type 1 diabetes before the advent of insulin therapy?

    <p>Ketoacidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal for blood pressure in patients with diabetes as recommended by the American Diabetes Association?

    <p>140/90 mm Hg or lower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What multifactorial approach is essential for managing both type 1 and type 2 diabetes effectively?

    <p>Diet, self-monitoring, physical activity, and medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors contribute to the increased need for insulin during pregnancy?

    <p>Increased production of cortisol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does insulin resistance primarily affect target tissues in the body?

    <p>It prevents insulin binding to receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant risk does uncontrolled maternal hyperglycemia pose during pregnancy?

    <p>Excessive fetal insulin secretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major consequence of prolonged hyperglycemia on pancreatic beta cells?

    <p>Diminished beta cell function and insulin secretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition describes diabetes that appears during pregnancy and usually resolves after childbirth?

    <p>Gestational diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for successful management of diabetes during pregnancy?

    <p>Maintaining proper glucose levels in both mother and fetus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT typically contribute to serum insulin resistance in target tissues?

    <p>Increased exercise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How frequently do some experts recommend monitoring blood glucose levels for effective diabetes management during pregnancy?

    <p>Six to seven times a day.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must occur for a definitive diagnosis of diabetes using blood glucose tests?

    <p>The patient must be tested on two separate days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plasma glucose level from the Fasting Plasma Glucose test indicates diabetes?

    <p>126 mg/dL or higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the Random Plasma Glucose test is accurate?

    <p>A level of 200 mg/dL or greater suggests diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the glucose load administered during the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)?

    <p>75 g of glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a positive Random Plasma Glucose test in diagnosing diabetes?

    <p>Presence of classic signs of diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When can women who have discontinued oral diabetes medications resume them after pregnancy?

    <p>After consulting their healthcare provider</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the hemoglobin A1c test in the diagnosis of diabetes?

    <p>It assesses glycemic control over the previous 2 to 3 months.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum acceptable plasma glucose level 2 hours after an OGTT in non-diabetic individuals?

    <p>140 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What A1c value is considered diagnostic for diabetes?

    <p>6.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism leading to reduced insulin levels in type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Destruction of pancreatic β cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can skew the results of the A1c test?

    <p>Chronic kidney disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding type 2 diabetes?

    <p>It is characterized by insulin resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a state of prediabetes based on fasting plasma glucose (FPG)?

    <p>Between 100 and 125 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the factors that may contribute to the autoimmune response in type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Genetic predisposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of treating diabetes?

    <p>Normalizing blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can help reduce the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in individuals with prediabetes?

    <p>Increasing physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of having normal or slightly elevated insulin levels in early type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Hyperinsulinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding the OGTT test is accurate?

    <p>It is more expensive and time-consuming than alternatives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes type 1 diabetes symptom onset compared to type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Type 1 diabetes has an abrupt symptom onset.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why have the terms juvenile-onset and adult-onset diabetes become less useful in clinical practice?

    <p>Type 2 diabetes now occurs in children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lifestyle changes may reduce the risk of progressing from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Dietary modifications and exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option is appropriate for managing blood lipids in diabetes patients?

    <p>Drugs that specifically target blood lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is common to both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in terms of long-term risks?

    <p>Increased likelihood of cardiovascular complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does insulin secretion differ between type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients?

    <p>Type 2 patients have a delayed insulin response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a hemoglobin A1c value of 6.5% or higher indicate?

    <p>Diabetes diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors can affect the accuracy of the A1c test?

    <p>Hemoglobin levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prediabetes?

    <p>Guaranteed progression to type 2 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of treating type 1 or type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Prevent long-term complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lifestyle modification can help reduce the risk of progressing from prediabetes to diabetes?

    <p>Dietary modifications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant aspect of glucose level management in diabetes treatment?

    <p>Maintaining glucose as close to normal as safely possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the state known as prediabetes?

    <p>Impaired fasting glucose or glucose tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary strategy may reduce the risk for cardiovascular disease in prediabetic individuals?

    <p>Increased physical activity combined with dietary changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of maternal hyperglycemia on the fetus?

    <p>Excessive secretion of insulin in the fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a reason for insulin resistance in target tissues?

    <p>Diminished receptor responsiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes gestational diabetes?

    <p>It typically resolves soon after delivery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormones produced during pregnancy contribute to increased insulin needs?

    <p>Placental lactogen and cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes to increased blood glucose monitoring in diabetic pregnancies?

    <p>Maternal and fetal glucose levels must be balanced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is implicated in the genetic aspects of type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Gene for insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for managing glucose control in diabetic pregnancies?

    <p>Adjust insulin dosage based on glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to pancreatic β cells over time due to prolonged hyperglycemia?

    <p>Their function diminishes and insulin production declines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of mortality in individuals with type 1 diabetes before the advent of insulin therapy?

    <p>Ketoacidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to achieve glycemic control safely in diabetes management?

    <p>To minimize hypoglycemia risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication class is primarily recommended for managing diabetic hypertension in patients with diabetes?

    <p>Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should insulin dosage be coordinated with carbohydrate intake in individuals with type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Dosage should match carbohydrate levels precisely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended target for systolic blood pressure in diabetes patients set by the American Diabetes Association?

    <p>Less than 140 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is considered standard for assessing glycemic control over the previous 2 to 3 months?

    <p>Hemoglobin A1c test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the blood glucose level that definitively indicates diabetes during a Fasting Plasma Glucose test?

    <p>126 mg/dL or higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two tests can be combined for a definitive diagnosis of diabetes?

    <p>Fasting Plasma Glucose and Random Plasma Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum fasting period required before conducting a Fasting Plasma Glucose test?

    <p>8 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plasma glucose level during an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test suggests a diagnosis of diabetes?

    <p>200 mg/dL or greater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if a diabetic state persists beyond parturition?

    <p>Rediagnose and treat accordingly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom must accompany a positive Random Plasma Glucose test to confirm diabetes?

    <p>Polyuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the required glucose load for an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test?

    <p>75 g of glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary defect in type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Destruction of pancreatic β cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the onset of type 1 diabetes is accurate?

    <p>It can develop during childhood or adulthood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the insulin levels in the early phase of type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Normal or slightly elevated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following contributes to the development of type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Autoimmune destruction of β cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk associated with both types of diabetes?

    <p>Long-term cardiovascular complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes regarding insulin secretion?

    <p>Type 1 patients often have zero insulin levels later in the disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do genetic and environmental factors play in type 1 diabetes?

    <p>They may trigger the autoimmune response leading to β cell destruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the progression of type 2 diabetes?

    <p>It tends to progress gradually over a long period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical reason for coordinating insulin dosage with carbohydrate intake in type 1 diabetes management?

    <p>To avoid hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication type is preferred for managing hypertension in patients with type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of glycemic control is emphasized to ensure safety during the management of type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Minimizing the risk for hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of inadequate glycemic control in individuals with type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Development of ketoacidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in type 1 diabetes management?

    <p>It allows for real-time adjustments in insulin dosage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary factors that contribute to insulin resistance in target tissues?

    <p>Reduced binding of insulin to receptors, reduced receptor numbers, and reduced receptor responsiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect can maternal hyperglycemia have on the fetus during pregnancy?

    <p>Development of hyperinsulinism in the fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a high hemoglobin A1c level indicate about a patient's blood glucose levels?

    <p>The patient's glucose levels have been consistently high over the past 2 to 3 months.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is gestational diabetes generally managed?

    <p>With blood glucose monitoring and insulin as needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can alter the accuracy of the hemoglobin A1c test?

    <p>Iron deficiency anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which placental hormones contribute to the increased insulin requirements during pregnancy?

    <p>Lactogen and cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying mechanism is primarily responsible for diminished pancreatic β cell function over time in type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Increased apoptosis of β cells from hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fasting plasma glucose level that indicates increased risk for diabetes (prediabetes)?

    <p>Between 100 and 125 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential lifestyle change that may reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes from a prediabetes state?

    <p>Increasing dietary fiber intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk factor associated with the familial nature of type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Genetic predispositions like variations in IRS-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of untreated gestational diabetes after delivery?

    <p>Persistent insulin resistance in the mother</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of treating both type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Stabilizing glucose levels and preventing long-term complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors must be monitored closely to manage diabetes effectively during pregnancy?

    <p>Blood glucose, insulin dosage, and dietary intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in individuals with prediabetes?

    <p>Sedentary lifestyle combined with poor dietary habits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In comparison to the alternatives, what is a drawback of the OGTT test?

    <p>It is more time-consuming and costly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the risk for progression to diabetes be reduced in individuals with prediabetes?

    <p>Through increased physical activity and dietary changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a definitive diagnosis of diabetes using fasting plasma glucose levels?

    <p>FPG levels at or above 126 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition must accompany a positive Random Plasma Glucose test to confirm a diagnosis of diabetes?

    <p>Classic symptoms like polyuria and polydipsia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What glucose level after 2 hours of an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test suggests diabetes?

    <p>200 mg/dL or greater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for switching from oral medications to insulin during pregnancy for type 2 diabetes management?

    <p>Insulin does not cross the placenta.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What test provides an estimate of glycemic control over the preceding 2 to 3 months?

    <p>Hemoglobin A1c test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition indicates a patient has diabetes when tested with the Fasting Plasma Glucose test?

    <p>FPG of 130 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of conducting diabetes tests on two separate days?

    <p>To ensure consistent results for diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true regarding the management of diabetic patients who discontinue oral medications during pregnancy?

    <p>They can resume oral therapy after delivery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be said about the onset of symptoms for type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Symptoms onset is abrupt and noticeable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes insulin levels in type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Insulin levels tend to be normal or slightly elevated in early stages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant autoimmune process in type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Destruction of pancreatic β cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is likely to contribute to the development of type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Genetic predisposition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among the following options, which describes a primary characteristic of type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Involves insulin resistance and impaired secretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception regarding the development of type 2 diabetes?

    <p>It only affects older adults.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does insulin play in the context of type 2 diabetes progression?

    <p>Insulin is secreted normally in the early stages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of diabetes has a lower risk of ketoacidosis?

    <p>Type 2 diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Type 1 Diabetes

    • Represents approximately 5% of all diabetes cases.
    • Previously known as juvenile-onset diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).
    • Develops primarily in childhood and adolescence; onset can be abrupt but may occur in adults.
    • Characterized by destruction of pancreatic β cells, leading to insufficient insulin production.
    • Autoimmune process targets β cells, with triggers likely involving genetic, environmental, and infectious factors.

    Type 2 Diabetes

    • Most prevalent form, accounting for 90% to 95% of diabetes cases.
    • Formerly known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes.
    • Typically begins in middle age and progresses gradually; carries low risk for ketoacidosis.
    • Symptoms arise from insulin resistance combined with impaired insulin secretion.
    • Patients can synthesize insulin, but its release is delayed and less effective.
    • Causes of insulin resistance include binding issues, reduced receptor numbers, and insensitivity.
    • Family history is a strong risk factor; genetic associations, such as with the IRS-2 gene, have been noted.

    Diabetes and Pregnancy

    • Managing diabetes during pregnancy remains complex despite improved insulin therapies.
    • Increased insulin needs due to placental hormones and higher cortisol levels promoting hyperglycemia.
    • Maternal hyperglycemia leads to excessive fetal insulin production, risking hyperinsulinism complications.
    • Maintaining glucose levels in both mother and fetus is crucial; poor control can be teratogenic.
    • Gestational diabetes can resolve postpartum; if it persists, reevaluation for chronic diabetes is necessary.
    • Oral diabetes medications are typically discontinued during pregnancy, except for metformin.

    Diagnosis of Diabetes

    • Diagnosis no longer relies solely on glucose levels; hemoglobin A1c (A1c) testing is now standard.
    • Diabetes is indicated by excessive plasma glucose levels and requires confirmation from two tests on different days.
    • Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test identifies diabetes if levels are 126 mg/dL or higher after fasting for 8 hours.
    • Random plasma glucose test suggests diabetes if levels are 200 mg/dL or greater alongside classic symptoms.
    • Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) recognizes diabetes if 2-hour plasma levels are 200 mg/dL or above.

    Hemoglobin A1c Testing

    • A1c measures average blood glucose levels over 2 to 3 months.
    • A value of 6.5% or higher indicates diabetes but may be affected by conditions like pregnancy or anemia.

    Increased Risk for Diabetes (Prediabetes)

    • Defined by impaired fasting glucose (100-125 mg/dL) or glucose tolerance (OGTT result of 140-199 mg/dL).
    • Prediabetes is not synonymous with diabetes but signifies increased risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
    • Risk factors for progression to diabetes may be mitigated through lifestyle changes and medications such as metformin.

    Overview of Treatment

    • The primary treatment goal is to prevent long-term complications by maintaining glucose levels close to normal.
    • Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes management includes proper diet, physical activity, and BP/lipid control.

    Management of Type 1 Diabetes

    • Complications are prevented through a comprehensive plan focusing on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk.
    • Insulin replacement is essential; careful alignment with carbohydrate intake is necessary to avoid hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia.
    • The role of additional medications as adjuncts to insulin is being explored.
    • Managing hypertension and dyslipidemia includes using ACE inhibitors or ARBs to lower nephropathy risk, aiming for a BP of ≤140/90 mm Hg.

    Type 1 Diabetes

    • Represents approximately 5% of all diabetes cases.
    • Previously known as juvenile-onset diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).
    • Develops primarily in childhood and adolescence; onset can be abrupt but may occur in adults.
    • Characterized by destruction of pancreatic β cells, leading to insufficient insulin production.
    • Autoimmune process targets β cells, with triggers likely involving genetic, environmental, and infectious factors.

    Type 2 Diabetes

    • Most prevalent form, accounting for 90% to 95% of diabetes cases.
    • Formerly known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes.
    • Typically begins in middle age and progresses gradually; carries low risk for ketoacidosis.
    • Symptoms arise from insulin resistance combined with impaired insulin secretion.
    • Patients can synthesize insulin, but its release is delayed and less effective.
    • Causes of insulin resistance include binding issues, reduced receptor numbers, and insensitivity.
    • Family history is a strong risk factor; genetic associations, such as with the IRS-2 gene, have been noted.

    Diabetes and Pregnancy

    • Managing diabetes during pregnancy remains complex despite improved insulin therapies.
    • Increased insulin needs due to placental hormones and higher cortisol levels promoting hyperglycemia.
    • Maternal hyperglycemia leads to excessive fetal insulin production, risking hyperinsulinism complications.
    • Maintaining glucose levels in both mother and fetus is crucial; poor control can be teratogenic.
    • Gestational diabetes can resolve postpartum; if it persists, reevaluation for chronic diabetes is necessary.
    • Oral diabetes medications are typically discontinued during pregnancy, except for metformin.

    Diagnosis of Diabetes

    • Diagnosis no longer relies solely on glucose levels; hemoglobin A1c (A1c) testing is now standard.
    • Diabetes is indicated by excessive plasma glucose levels and requires confirmation from two tests on different days.
    • Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test identifies diabetes if levels are 126 mg/dL or higher after fasting for 8 hours.
    • Random plasma glucose test suggests diabetes if levels are 200 mg/dL or greater alongside classic symptoms.
    • Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) recognizes diabetes if 2-hour plasma levels are 200 mg/dL or above.

    Hemoglobin A1c Testing

    • A1c measures average blood glucose levels over 2 to 3 months.
    • A value of 6.5% or higher indicates diabetes but may be affected by conditions like pregnancy or anemia.

    Increased Risk for Diabetes (Prediabetes)

    • Defined by impaired fasting glucose (100-125 mg/dL) or glucose tolerance (OGTT result of 140-199 mg/dL).
    • Prediabetes is not synonymous with diabetes but signifies increased risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
    • Risk factors for progression to diabetes may be mitigated through lifestyle changes and medications such as metformin.

    Overview of Treatment

    • The primary treatment goal is to prevent long-term complications by maintaining glucose levels close to normal.
    • Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes management includes proper diet, physical activity, and BP/lipid control.

    Management of Type 1 Diabetes

    • Complications are prevented through a comprehensive plan focusing on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk.
    • Insulin replacement is essential; careful alignment with carbohydrate intake is necessary to avoid hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia.
    • The role of additional medications as adjuncts to insulin is being explored.
    • Managing hypertension and dyslipidemia includes using ACE inhibitors or ARBs to lower nephropathy risk, aiming for a BP of ≤140/90 mm Hg.

    Type 1 Diabetes

    • Represents approximately 5% of all diabetes cases.
    • Previously known as juvenile-onset diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).
    • Develops primarily in childhood and adolescence; onset can be abrupt but may occur in adults.
    • Characterized by destruction of pancreatic β cells, leading to insufficient insulin production.
    • Autoimmune process targets β cells, with triggers likely involving genetic, environmental, and infectious factors.

    Type 2 Diabetes

    • Most prevalent form, accounting for 90% to 95% of diabetes cases.
    • Formerly known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes.
    • Typically begins in middle age and progresses gradually; carries low risk for ketoacidosis.
    • Symptoms arise from insulin resistance combined with impaired insulin secretion.
    • Patients can synthesize insulin, but its release is delayed and less effective.
    • Causes of insulin resistance include binding issues, reduced receptor numbers, and insensitivity.
    • Family history is a strong risk factor; genetic associations, such as with the IRS-2 gene, have been noted.

    Diabetes and Pregnancy

    • Managing diabetes during pregnancy remains complex despite improved insulin therapies.
    • Increased insulin needs due to placental hormones and higher cortisol levels promoting hyperglycemia.
    • Maternal hyperglycemia leads to excessive fetal insulin production, risking hyperinsulinism complications.
    • Maintaining glucose levels in both mother and fetus is crucial; poor control can be teratogenic.
    • Gestational diabetes can resolve postpartum; if it persists, reevaluation for chronic diabetes is necessary.
    • Oral diabetes medications are typically discontinued during pregnancy, except for metformin.

    Diagnosis of Diabetes

    • Diagnosis no longer relies solely on glucose levels; hemoglobin A1c (A1c) testing is now standard.
    • Diabetes is indicated by excessive plasma glucose levels and requires confirmation from two tests on different days.
    • Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test identifies diabetes if levels are 126 mg/dL or higher after fasting for 8 hours.
    • Random plasma glucose test suggests diabetes if levels are 200 mg/dL or greater alongside classic symptoms.
    • Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) recognizes diabetes if 2-hour plasma levels are 200 mg/dL or above.

    Hemoglobin A1c Testing

    • A1c measures average blood glucose levels over 2 to 3 months.
    • A value of 6.5% or higher indicates diabetes but may be affected by conditions like pregnancy or anemia.

    Increased Risk for Diabetes (Prediabetes)

    • Defined by impaired fasting glucose (100-125 mg/dL) or glucose tolerance (OGTT result of 140-199 mg/dL).
    • Prediabetes is not synonymous with diabetes but signifies increased risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
    • Risk factors for progression to diabetes may be mitigated through lifestyle changes and medications such as metformin.

    Overview of Treatment

    • The primary treatment goal is to prevent long-term complications by maintaining glucose levels close to normal.
    • Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes management includes proper diet, physical activity, and BP/lipid control.

    Management of Type 1 Diabetes

    • Complications are prevented through a comprehensive plan focusing on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk.
    • Insulin replacement is essential; careful alignment with carbohydrate intake is necessary to avoid hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia.
    • The role of additional medications as adjuncts to insulin is being explored.
    • Managing hypertension and dyslipidemia includes using ACE inhibitors or ARBs to lower nephropathy risk, aiming for a BP of ≤140/90 mm Hg.

    Type 1 Diabetes

    • Represents approximately 5% of all diabetes cases.
    • Previously known as juvenile-onset diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).
    • Develops primarily in childhood and adolescence; onset can be abrupt but may occur in adults.
    • Characterized by destruction of pancreatic β cells, leading to insufficient insulin production.
    • Autoimmune process targets β cells, with triggers likely involving genetic, environmental, and infectious factors.

    Type 2 Diabetes

    • Most prevalent form, accounting for 90% to 95% of diabetes cases.
    • Formerly known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes.
    • Typically begins in middle age and progresses gradually; carries low risk for ketoacidosis.
    • Symptoms arise from insulin resistance combined with impaired insulin secretion.
    • Patients can synthesize insulin, but its release is delayed and less effective.
    • Causes of insulin resistance include binding issues, reduced receptor numbers, and insensitivity.
    • Family history is a strong risk factor; genetic associations, such as with the IRS-2 gene, have been noted.

    Diabetes and Pregnancy

    • Managing diabetes during pregnancy remains complex despite improved insulin therapies.
    • Increased insulin needs due to placental hormones and higher cortisol levels promoting hyperglycemia.
    • Maternal hyperglycemia leads to excessive fetal insulin production, risking hyperinsulinism complications.
    • Maintaining glucose levels in both mother and fetus is crucial; poor control can be teratogenic.
    • Gestational diabetes can resolve postpartum; if it persists, reevaluation for chronic diabetes is necessary.
    • Oral diabetes medications are typically discontinued during pregnancy, except for metformin.

    Diagnosis of Diabetes

    • Diagnosis no longer relies solely on glucose levels; hemoglobin A1c (A1c) testing is now standard.
    • Diabetes is indicated by excessive plasma glucose levels and requires confirmation from two tests on different days.
    • Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test identifies diabetes if levels are 126 mg/dL or higher after fasting for 8 hours.
    • Random plasma glucose test suggests diabetes if levels are 200 mg/dL or greater alongside classic symptoms.
    • Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) recognizes diabetes if 2-hour plasma levels are 200 mg/dL or above.

    Hemoglobin A1c Testing

    • A1c measures average blood glucose levels over 2 to 3 months.
    • A value of 6.5% or higher indicates diabetes but may be affected by conditions like pregnancy or anemia.

    Increased Risk for Diabetes (Prediabetes)

    • Defined by impaired fasting glucose (100-125 mg/dL) or glucose tolerance (OGTT result of 140-199 mg/dL).
    • Prediabetes is not synonymous with diabetes but signifies increased risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
    • Risk factors for progression to diabetes may be mitigated through lifestyle changes and medications such as metformin.

    Overview of Treatment

    • The primary treatment goal is to prevent long-term complications by maintaining glucose levels close to normal.
    • Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes management includes proper diet, physical activity, and BP/lipid control.

    Management of Type 1 Diabetes

    • Complications are prevented through a comprehensive plan focusing on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk.
    • Insulin replacement is essential; careful alignment with carbohydrate intake is necessary to avoid hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia.
    • The role of additional medications as adjuncts to insulin is being explored.
    • Managing hypertension and dyslipidemia includes using ACE inhibitors or ARBs to lower nephropathy risk, aiming for a BP of ≤140/90 mm Hg.

    Type 1 Diabetes

    • Represents approximately 5% of all diabetes cases.
    • Previously known as juvenile-onset diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).
    • Develops primarily in childhood and adolescence; onset can be abrupt but may occur in adults.
    • Characterized by destruction of pancreatic β cells, leading to insufficient insulin production.
    • Autoimmune process targets β cells, with triggers likely involving genetic, environmental, and infectious factors.

    Type 2 Diabetes

    • Most prevalent form, accounting for 90% to 95% of diabetes cases.
    • Formerly known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes.
    • Typically begins in middle age and progresses gradually; carries low risk for ketoacidosis.
    • Symptoms arise from insulin resistance combined with impaired insulin secretion.
    • Patients can synthesize insulin, but its release is delayed and less effective.
    • Causes of insulin resistance include binding issues, reduced receptor numbers, and insensitivity.
    • Family history is a strong risk factor; genetic associations, such as with the IRS-2 gene, have been noted.

    Diabetes and Pregnancy

    • Managing diabetes during pregnancy remains complex despite improved insulin therapies.
    • Increased insulin needs due to placental hormones and higher cortisol levels promoting hyperglycemia.
    • Maternal hyperglycemia leads to excessive fetal insulin production, risking hyperinsulinism complications.
    • Maintaining glucose levels in both mother and fetus is crucial; poor control can be teratogenic.
    • Gestational diabetes can resolve postpartum; if it persists, reevaluation for chronic diabetes is necessary.
    • Oral diabetes medications are typically discontinued during pregnancy, except for metformin.

    Diagnosis of Diabetes

    • Diagnosis no longer relies solely on glucose levels; hemoglobin A1c (A1c) testing is now standard.
    • Diabetes is indicated by excessive plasma glucose levels and requires confirmation from two tests on different days.
    • Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test identifies diabetes if levels are 126 mg/dL or higher after fasting for 8 hours.
    • Random plasma glucose test suggests diabetes if levels are 200 mg/dL or greater alongside classic symptoms.
    • Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) recognizes diabetes if 2-hour plasma levels are 200 mg/dL or above.

    Hemoglobin A1c Testing

    • A1c measures average blood glucose levels over 2 to 3 months.
    • A value of 6.5% or higher indicates diabetes but may be affected by conditions like pregnancy or anemia.

    Increased Risk for Diabetes (Prediabetes)

    • Defined by impaired fasting glucose (100-125 mg/dL) or glucose tolerance (OGTT result of 140-199 mg/dL).
    • Prediabetes is not synonymous with diabetes but signifies increased risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
    • Risk factors for progression to diabetes may be mitigated through lifestyle changes and medications such as metformin.

    Overview of Treatment

    • The primary treatment goal is to prevent long-term complications by maintaining glucose levels close to normal.
    • Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes management includes proper diet, physical activity, and BP/lipid control.

    Management of Type 1 Diabetes

    • Complications are prevented through a comprehensive plan focusing on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk.
    • Insulin replacement is essential; careful alignment with carbohydrate intake is necessary to avoid hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia.
    • The role of additional medications as adjuncts to insulin is being explored.
    • Managing hypertension and dyslipidemia includes using ACE inhibitors or ARBs to lower nephropathy risk, aiming for a BP of ≤140/90 mm Hg.

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    Diabetes Types 1 & 2 PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers key aspects of Type 1 diabetes, including its characteristics, historical terminology, and onset patterns in different age groups. Gain insights into how Type 1 diabetes differs from Type 2 diabetes and its impact on individuals. Test your knowledge about this important health issue.

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