Understanding the Stages of Normal Parturition
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Questions and Answers

What is the most common cause of maternal dystocia in bitches?

  • Small birth canal
  • Hydrops
  • Primary uterine inertia (correct)
  • Uterine torsion

    • Which species has a low percentage of dystocia cases?

  • Horses
  • Pigs (correct)
  • Dogs
  • Cows

    • What is the common factor that can contribute to obstructive dystocia in cows?

  • Fetal malformation
  • Feto-maternal disproportion (correct)
  • Incomplete cervix dilation
  • Uterine torsion

    • Which breed has a high incidence of dystocia due to feto-maternal disproportion?

    <p>Holstein/Friesians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of fetal dystocia in bitches?

    <p>Malpresentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an inadequate expulsive force that can cause dystocia?

    <p>Primary inertia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for dystocia in heifers?

    <p>Fetomaternal disproportion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of fetal dystocia in cows?

    <p>Fetal oversize</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the first stage of parturition, what causes the cervix to dilate?

    <p>An increase in relaxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of an increase in relaxin during the first stage of parturition?

    <p>Myometrial excitability and Cervical dilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the second stage of parturition?

    <p>To push the fetus into the birth canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Fergusons reflex?

    <p>An increase in uterine contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the third stage of parturition occur?

    <p>After the fetus has been delivered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does the second stage of parturition typically last in a mare?

    <p>30 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species has the longest duration for the second stage of parturition?

    <p>Bitch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is the duration of parturition longer in primigravida or multigravida?

    <p>Primigravida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is intervention or investigation required during parturition?

    <p>When there is a problem with the birth process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of an increase in prostaglandins during the first stage of parturition?

    <p>Uterine contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three stages of parturition?

    <p>preparation, first stage, second stage, third stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is responsible for the dilation of the cervix during the first stage of parturition?

    <p>relaxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two factors that result in myometrial excitability and uterine contractions during the first stage of parturition?

    <p>decrease in progesterone, increase in prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the second stage of parturition?

    <p>to push the fetus into the birth canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reflex produces additional uterine contractions during the second stage of parturition?

    <p>Ferguson's reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the third stage of parturition occur?

    <p>after all the fetuses have been delivered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does the second stage of parturition typically last in a cow?

    <p>1 hour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which species is the duration and degree of effort usually longer in primigravida than in multigravida?

    <p>bitch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is intervention or investigation required during parturition?

    <p>when parturition is extended beyond the normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chronology of parturition in polytocous species?

    <p>second stage is complete when all fetuses have been delivered, followed by expulsion of the placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main causes of dystocia?

    <p>Maternal causes and fetal causes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of fetal causes of dystocia?

    <p>Fetal disposition, oversized fetuses, congenital monsters, small litter size, prolonged gestation, and IVM/IVF.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of maternal causes of dystocia?

    <p>Inadequate size of the birth canal, incomplete dilation or obstruction of the birth canal, inadequate expulsive forces, and inadequate pelvis size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of inadequate expulsive forces that can cause dystocia?

    <p>Uterine inertia, primary and secondary, and weak abdominal straining.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some factors that can contribute to feto-maternal disproportion cases of dystocia?

    <p>Inadequate pelvis size, relative or absolute oversizing, congenital monsters, and fetal pathology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some challenges in delivering a calf in cows?

    <p>Establishing if the calf is deliverable and determining if there is feto-maternal disproportion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common causes of maternal dystocia in bitches?

    <p>Primary inertia, small birth canal, uterine torsion, hydrops, and vaginal septum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common causes of fetal dystocia in bitches?

    <p>Malpresentation, fetal oversize, malformation, and fetal death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor causing maternal dystocia in bitches with primary inertia?

    <p>Fergusons reflex is stalled, preventing the pup from being pushed into the birth canal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor causing fetal dystocia in bitches?

    <p>Malpresentation of the fetus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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