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Questions and Answers
What is the role of the major duodenal papilla?
Where does the ligament of Treitz extend from?
What characterizes the jejunum and ileum?
What is located at the junction of the foregut and midgut?
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What does the minor duodenal papilla serve as an entrance for?
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What is the function of the ligament of Treitz?
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What marks the end of the ileum?
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Which part of the small intestine resumes an intraperitoneal course?
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What is the main composition of gallstones?
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Where does bile enter after being released from the gallbladder?
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What forms the common bile duct?
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What condition must gallstones reach to produce clinical symptoms?
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Which part of the gallbladder connects to the cystic duct?
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Which symptom indicates bile cannot leave the gallbladder?
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What does the sphincter of the bile duct do?
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Where does pain from an impacted gallbladder typically develop first?
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What would likely cause a rupture of the spleen?
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Where are the kidneys located in relation to the vertebrae?
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What is the function of the kidneys?
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What is the shape of the right suprarenal gland?
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Which hormones are primarily secreted by the suprarenal cortex?
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Which part of the kidney is responsible for transporting urine to the bladder?
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What kind of organ are the kidneys classified as?
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What collective function is associated with splenomegaly?
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What is the primary function of the mesentery?
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What tissue type primarily composes the suprarenal medulla?
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Which structure is responsible for increasing the surface area for absorption in the intestines?
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From which type of cells does the suprarenal medulla derive?
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Where is the cecum located in the abdomen?
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What distinguishes the large intestine from the small intestine?
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What is a primary feature of the suprarenal medulla's structure?
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Which diagnostic image technique is likely used to visualize abdominal conditions?
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Which of the following structures does NOT have a mesentery?
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What common abdominal condition is indicated by the presence of calcified gallstones?
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What is the length of the vermiform appendix typically?
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Which term describes the thickened bands of smooth muscle on the large intestine?
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What does IVC stand for in the context of abdominal imaging?
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Which organ is typically located near the left kidney in abdominal imaging?
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What major function does lymphoid tissue in the appendix serve?
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What condition is characterized by chronic calcific pancreatitis with an obstructing stone?
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What structure is formed by sacculations in the wall of the colon?
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What characteristic of the jejunum aids in absorption?
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Where does the appendix typically attach to the cecum?
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What is the primary role of epiploic appendices?
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Which intestinal segment primarily absorbs nutrients?
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What feature makes the colon expandable?
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Study Notes
The Duodenum
- The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine
- It is a short, C-shaped tube
- It connects the pyloric orifice of the stomach to the neck of the gallbladder
- The duodenum has significant anatomical features:
- Major duodenal papilla, the common entrance for the bile and pancreatic ducts
- Minor duodenal papilla, the entrance for the accessory pancreatic duct
- The junction of the foregut and the midgut just below the major duodenal papilla
- The suspensory muscle of the duodenum (ligament of Treitz) connects to the fourth part of the duodenum and helps to anchor it
The Jejunum and Ileum
- The jejunum and ileum are the second and third parts of the small intestine
- The jejunum begins at the duodenojejunal flexure and is where the alimentary canal resumes an intraperitoneal course.
- The ileum ends at the ileocecal junction. This is the union between the terminal ileum and the cecum.
- Together, the jejunum and ileum are 6-7 meters long.
- The mesentery attaches the jejunum and ileum to the posterior abdominal wall.
- The root of the mesentery is approximately 15 cm long.
Distinguishing Features of Jejunum and Ileum
- The jejunum is characterized by having a thicker wall, more circular folds, and greater vascularity
- The ileum has less vascularity, fewer circular folds and is thinner
- The circular folds in the jejunum are taller and closer together to increase absorption
- The circular folds in the ileum are shorter and more spaced out because absorption has already occured in the jejunum
The Large Intestine
- The large intestine is distinguished from the small intestine by:
- Epiploic appendices, fat appendices that hang off the exterior
- Teniae coli, thickened bands of smooth muscle that represent most of the longitudinal coat. They are arranged along the colon, making it look segmented
- Haustra, sacculations of the wall of the colon between the teniae coli. These give the colon its characteristic appearance
- A much greater caliber (internal diameter)
The Cecum
- The cecum is the first part of the large intestine
- It is continuous with the ascending colon
- It is about 7.5 cm long and wide
- It lies in the iliac fossa of the right lower quadrant of the abdomen, inferior to the ileocecal junction
- The cecum does not have a mesentery to support it and is firmly attached to the posterior abdominal wall
The Vermiform Appendix
- The vermiform appendix is a blind intestinal diverticulum
- It is 6-10 cm long and contains masses of lymphoid tissue that help fight infection
- It is located on the posteromedial aspect of the cecum, inferior to the ileocecal junction
- The appendix has its own mesentery, called the mesoappendix. Blood supply is provided by the appendicular artery, a branch of the ileocolic artery
- The position of the appendix is highly variable, but it is usually retrocecal (64%)
The Gallbladder
- The gallbladder is an intraperitoneal organ in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen
- The gallbladder lies within the fossa for the gallbladder on the visceral surface of the liver.
- It is about 7-10 cm long, shaped like a pear
- The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile
- The gallbladder has 3 parts:
- Fundus, the widest portion of the gallbladder
- Body, the central part
- Neck, the narrow part that connects the gallbladder to the cystic duct
The Bile Duct
- The bile duct is formed by the union of the cystic duct from the gallbladder and the common hepatic duct from the liver.
- The bile duct joins with the pancreatic duct, forming a dilation called the hepatopancreatic ampulla
- The hepatopancreatic ampulla opens into the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla
- The sphincter of the bile duct is a thickened band of smooth muscle around the distal end of the duct
Gallstones
- Gallstones are concretions composed primarily of cholesterol crystals
- The majority of gallstones are asymptomatic
- Symptoms develop when gallstones are large enough to obstruct the bile duct or cause mechanical injury to the gallbladder
- The pain from a gallstone is often located in the epigastric region shifting to the right hypochondrium
The Spleen
- The spleen is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen behind the stomach
- It is a retroperitoneal organ
- The spleen is attached to the hilum of the pancreas, the diaphragm, and the stomach
- It is involved in the immune system and filtration of the blood
- The spleen is vulnerable to trauma, particularly in the case of rib fracture
The Kidneys
- The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs located between T12 and L3 vertebrae
- The kidneys are encapsulated by renal fascia
- The right kidney is slightly lower than the left due to the position of the liver
- The kidneys are responsible for filtering waste products from the blood
- Key features of the kidneys include:
- Renal medulla, the inner portion of the kidney
- Renal cortex, the outer portion of the kidney
- Minor and major calyces, which collect urine from the renal pyramids
- The renal pelvis, which leads into the ureter
Renal Stones
- Renal stones, also known as calculi, are mineral deposits that form in the kidneys.
- Renal stones can cause severe pain when they pass through the ureters.
Suprarenal Gland
- The suprarenal glands are located superior to the kidneys
- They are encapsulated by renal fascias
- Each suprarenal gland has a cortex and medulla.
- The cortex secretes corticosteroids and androgens that regulate blood pressure and other bodily functions.
- The medulla secretes catecholamines such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, involved in the body's response to stress
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Description
This quiz covers the anatomy and features of the small intestine, focusing on the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Participants will learn about the anatomical connections and important structures in this crucial part of the digestive system.
