Understanding the Self
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Questions and Answers

What does Aristotle suggest is the foundation of wisdom?

  • Knowing yourself (correct)
  • Experiencing pleasure
  • Knowing others
  • Understanding philosophy

    • According to the content, what is the self characterized as in its initial state?

  • A complex structure
  • A tabula rasa (correct)
  • A dynamic entity
  • A philosophical concept

    • What is one of the purposes of Stoicism as mentioned in the content?

  • To enhance resilience and virtue (correct)
  • To indulge in sensory pleasures
  • To cultivate indifference to adversity
  • To focus solely on physical wellness

    • Which perspective is NOT listed in the various views of the self?

    <p>Economics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Hedonism emphasize according to the content?

    <p>The pursuit of happiness through enjoyment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the EGO play in Freud's model of the self?

    <p>It mediates conflicts between the ID and the SUPEREGO.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle is associated with the ID in Freud's theory?

    <p>Pleasure Principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the SUPEREGO primarily represent in Freud's model?

    <p>Socially learned values and morals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which defense mechanism involves redirecting unacceptable urges?

    <p>Displacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could result from an unbalanced interaction between the ID and the SUPEREGO?

    <p>Anxiety and stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of properly controlling the ID's impulses?

    <p>Comfort and warmth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which defense mechanism involves unconsciously blocking unpleasant feelings?

    <p>Repression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the values of the SUPEREGO primarily acquired?

    <p>Learned from parents and significant others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept does St. Thomas Aquinas associate with the self?

    <p>Union with God through faith</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Paul & Patricia Churchland, what is self-knowledge dependent on?

    <p>Our interactions with objects in our environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Edmund Husserl suggest about the experience of self?

    <p>It is a unity of mental and physical aspects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosopher believed that there is no 'self' but rather a bundle of perceptions?

    <p>David Hume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phrase is associated with René Descartes in relation to the self?

    <p>I think, therefore I am.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the view of self as proposed by Maurice Merleau-Ponty?

    <p>The self embodies subjectivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Gilbert Ryle define the self?

    <p>The way people behave.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to contemporary philosophy, what will supersede mental states?

    <p>Brain states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gender non-conformity?

    <p>Behaviors that go against societal gender expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is gender expression typically manifested?

    <p>Through behavior, clothing, haircut, or voice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a misconception about sex and gender?

    <p>They can only be categorized as male or female</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sexual orientation primarily refer to?

    <p>Who you are physically and emotionally attracted to</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a person whose gender identity matches their assigned sex?

    <p>Cisgender</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about gender expression is true?

    <p>It can vary widely among different individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of play behavior is typically preferred by boys according to gender stereotypes?

    <p>Rough and tumble play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the relationship between gender identity and attraction?

    <p>They can influence one another but are not the same</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a person assigned male at birth who identifies as a woman?

    <p>Transwoman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of sexual orientation?

    <p>Determined only by biological factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can influence children's play behavior as mentioned in the content?

    <p>Prenatal hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option best describes the concept of sexual diversity?

    <p>The spectrum of gender identities and sexual orientations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do family and peer therapy play in understanding gender identity?

    <p>Providing a supportive environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does identification with the same-sex parent influence children?

    <p>It shapes their play preferences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of gender stereotypes?

    <p>Encouraging individual expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a transgender person from a cisgender person?

    <p>Lived experiences do not align with assigned sex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Understanding the Self

    • "Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom." - Aristotle
    • The self is composed of matter and form.
    • The mind (self) is a tabula rasa (a blank tablet).
    • The process of completion is through experiences.

    The Self From Various Perspectives

    • Philosophy: Explores the nature of the self, its existence, and its relationship to the world, including topics such as consciousness, free will, and morality.
    • Sociology: Studies the self in the context of society, examining how social interactions, roles, and institutions shape individual identities.
    • Psychology: Focuses on the mental processes and behaviors that contribute to the self, including personality, cognition, and social interactions.
    • Anthropology: Investigates the self in different cultures, examining how cultural practices, beliefs, and values shape human experiences.
    • Eastern and Western Perspectives: Offers diverse views on the self, with Eastern philosophies emphasizing interconnectedness and non-duality, while Western philosophies often focus on individual autonomy and separation.

    Unpacking the Self

    • Physical: The physical body, including its appearance, health, and capabilities.
    • Sexual: The individual's sexual orientation, preferences, and experiences.
    • Material: The objects, possessions, and resources that an individual identifies with.
    • Spiritual: The individual's values, beliefs, purpose, and connection to something greater than themselves.
    • Political: The individual's political beliefs, affiliations, and actions.
    • Digital: The individual's online presence and identity, including social media profiles and digital footprints.

    The Post-Aristotelians

    • Stoicism: A philosophy emphasizing resilience, virtue, and accepting what is within our control.
    • Hedonism: A philosophy focused on pursuing pleasure and avoiding pain.

    Historical Perspectives

    • St. Thomas Aquinas: Emphasized the self's striving to achieve union with God through faith and reason.
    • Gilbert Ryle: Defined the self as the way people behave: "I think; therefore I behave."
    • Paul & Patricia Churchland: Argued that the self is essentially the brain, with mental states being reduced to brain states.

    Modern Philosophy

    • Rene Descartes: Proposed the idea of the self as a thinking thing, distinct from the body: "I think, therefore I am.”
    • David Hume: Argued that there is no true self, only a collection of changing perceptions.
    • Edmund Husserl: Focused on the self as a unity that integrates the physical and mental.
    • Maurice Merleau-Ponty: Emphasized the embodied nature of the self, suggesting that our experiences are shaped by our physical being.

    Structure of the Self (Sigmund Freud)

    • Id (Biological Self): Driven by the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of basic needs and desires.
    • Superego (Social Self): Represents internalized societal values and morals, striving for perfection and idealism.
    • Ego (Psychological Self): Operates on the reality principle, mediating between the id and superego to find balance.

    Defense Mechanisms

    • Sublimation: Channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities.
    • Displacement: Redirecting unacceptable urges to less threatening objects or people.
    • Repression: Unconsciously blocking out threatening or unpleasant feelings.

    Gender Identity

    • Gender Identity: A person's internal sense of being male, female, or neither, regardless of their assigned sex at birth.
    • Gender Expression: How someone chooses to express their gender identity through behaviors, clothing, appearance, and more.
    • Cisgender: A person whose gender identity aligns with their assigned sex at birth.
    • Transgender: A person whose gender identity differs from their assigned sex at birth.

    Sexual Diversity

    • Sexual Orientation/Attraction: Refers to who a person is attracted to romantically and sexually based on gender identity.
    • Gender Stereotypes: Societal expectations about appropriate behaviors, roles, and appearance based on sex.

    Therapy Approaches for Gender Identity and Expression

    • Psychotherapy: Provides a safe space for exploring feelings and experiences related to gender identity and expression without pre-defined outcomes.
    • Family, Couple, and Peer Therapy: Offers a supportive environment for sharing and validating experiences.

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