Mechanisms of Pain

Which step of pain involves converting a noxious stimulus to an electrical impulse in sensory nerve endings?

Where does modulation of pain occur?

Which component of pain processing is responsible for altering pain transmission?

In which case does pain occur in the absence of transduction of a chemical stimulus at a nociceptor?

What phenomenon occurs in the absence of nociception or nociceptors?

Which type of nociceptors typically respond to thermal, mechanical, and chemical stimuli?

Which nociceptor type is referred to as polymodal nociceptors?

What is the primary cause of sensitization of nociceptors?

Which outcome is associated with chronic pain due to unresolved inflammation?

What contributes significantly to the process of nociception and neuronal sensitization during peripheral inflammation?

In chronic pain conditions, what leads to the sensitization of both peripheral and central pain signaling pathways?

Which step involves the adaptation of signaling pathways in primary sensory neurons induced by noxious stimuli?

Which of the following chemical mediators can directly activate nociceptors and induce sensitization to painful stimuli?

Which chemical mediator leads to sensitization by activating inflammatory cells that release cytokines during inflammation?

What term is used to describe enhanced pain in response to a noxious stimulus following tissue injury and inflammation?

Which type of hyperalgesia occurs at the site of the original tissue injury?

What differentiates primary hyperalgesia from secondary hyperalgesia in terms of pain response?

What is believed to be the cause of primary hyperalgesia following tissue injury?

Which brain region functions as a relay center for nociceptive and other sensory activity?

Which system may either depress or facilitate the integration of painful information in the spinal dorsal horn?

Which region of the spinal cord is primarily responsible for the integration of peripheral nociceptive information?

Where do afferent C fibers primarily synapse on second-order neurons in the spinal cord?

What is the main function of inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal horn?

What is the function of descending axons that terminate in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord?

What is the principal transmitter used by inhibitory cells in the dorsal horn?

Which region of the spinal cord receives relatively large numbers of projection neurons?

Which theory was proposed by Melzack and Wall in 1965 to illustrate the neuronal network underlying pain modulation?

What type of fibers are activated by rubbing the skin of a painful area according to the Gate Control Theory of Pain?

What behavioral phenomenon can be observed in humans that mirrors wind-up in the dorsal horn neurons?

Which neuropeptides are co-released with glutamate from nociceptor central terminals during central sensitization?

After peripheral nerve injury, what phenomenon occurs where light touch produces pain?

What effect does repeated light touch have after peripheral nerve injury?

What form of central sensitization can cause low-threshold sensory fibers to activate high-threshold nociceptive neurons?

What is the term for the phenomenon where peripheral noxious stimuli lead to transcriptional changes in proteins involved in pain transmission?

Which factor contributes to nerve injury-induced tactile allodynia?

From which spinal dorsal horn neurons do the fibers traveling in the spinothalamic tract (STT) primarily originate?

In which spinal cord laminae do neurons receiving input primarily from large-diameter Ab fibers from the skin reside?

On which side of the body are about 85% to 90% of neuronal cells with projections extending through the spinothalamic tract (STT) found?

From which laminae do the anterior STT cells predominantly originate?

Where do ascending spinobulbar projections mainly terminate to provide homeostatic feedback?

What is the primary function of spinal projections to the brainstem?

What is the function of the descending inhibition pathway (DI) from supraspinal regions?

Which brain regions are established as critical for descending pain modulation?

Which physiological response is associated with urinary retention during the surgical stress response?

What is a key factor contributing to the risk for perioperative infection following cancer resection?

Which factor plays a major role in the prevention vs. treatment approach in attenuating the surgical stress response?

How does general anesthesia typically impact the neuroendocrine response during the surgical stress response?

What is a notable benefit associated with regional anesthesia in attenuating the surgical stress response?

At what gestational age does pain perception develop in a human fetus?

What is a characteristic of neonates and infants regarding pain threshold compared to adults?

What are the potential consequences of untreated pain during early childhood?

What effect can increased catecholamines have on expected pain sensation?

Which response is characteristic of myocardial ischemia in the context of surgical stress response?

What can lead to hypercoagulability in the context of the surgical stress response?

What effect does pain-induced increased skeletal/accessory muscle tension have on ventilation?

Which factor inhibits gastrointestinal (GI) function in the surgical stress response?

What is a potential consequence of increased pulmonary extracellular fluid in the context of the surgical stress response?

What is a proposed mechanism for the transition from acute to chronic pain?

Which syndrome is more common, CRPS I or CRPS II?

What is a characteristic of neuropathic pain?

Which factor is responsible for causing visceral pain?

What is the hallmark of CRPS I (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy)?

What is a feature of CRPS II (Causalgia)?

What differentiates visceral pain from somatic pain?