Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which step of pain involves converting a noxious stimulus to an electrical impulse in sensory nerve endings?
Which step of pain involves converting a noxious stimulus to an electrical impulse in sensory nerve endings?
Where does modulation of pain occur?
Where does modulation of pain occur?
Which component of pain processing is responsible for altering pain transmission?
Which component of pain processing is responsible for altering pain transmission?
In which case does pain occur in the absence of transduction of a chemical stimulus at a nociceptor?
In which case does pain occur in the absence of transduction of a chemical stimulus at a nociceptor?
Signup and view all the answers
What phenomenon occurs in the absence of nociception or nociceptors?
What phenomenon occurs in the absence of nociception or nociceptors?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of nociceptors typically respond to thermal, mechanical, and chemical stimuli?
Which type of nociceptors typically respond to thermal, mechanical, and chemical stimuli?
Signup and view all the answers
Which nociceptor type is referred to as polymodal nociceptors?
Which nociceptor type is referred to as polymodal nociceptors?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of sensitization of nociceptors?
What is the primary cause of sensitization of nociceptors?
Signup and view all the answers
Which outcome is associated with chronic pain due to unresolved inflammation?
Which outcome is associated with chronic pain due to unresolved inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What contributes significantly to the process of nociception and neuronal sensitization during peripheral inflammation?
What contributes significantly to the process of nociception and neuronal sensitization during peripheral inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
In chronic pain conditions, what leads to the sensitization of both peripheral and central pain signaling pathways?
In chronic pain conditions, what leads to the sensitization of both peripheral and central pain signaling pathways?
Signup and view all the answers
Which step involves the adaptation of signaling pathways in primary sensory neurons induced by noxious stimuli?
Which step involves the adaptation of signaling pathways in primary sensory neurons induced by noxious stimuli?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following chemical mediators can directly activate nociceptors and induce sensitization to painful stimuli?
Which of the following chemical mediators can directly activate nociceptors and induce sensitization to painful stimuli?
Signup and view all the answers
Which chemical mediator leads to sensitization by activating inflammatory cells that release cytokines during inflammation?
Which chemical mediator leads to sensitization by activating inflammatory cells that release cytokines during inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What term is used to describe enhanced pain in response to a noxious stimulus following tissue injury and inflammation?
What term is used to describe enhanced pain in response to a noxious stimulus following tissue injury and inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of hyperalgesia occurs at the site of the original tissue injury?
Which type of hyperalgesia occurs at the site of the original tissue injury?
Signup and view all the answers
What differentiates primary hyperalgesia from secondary hyperalgesia in terms of pain response?
What differentiates primary hyperalgesia from secondary hyperalgesia in terms of pain response?
Signup and view all the answers
What is believed to be the cause of primary hyperalgesia following tissue injury?
What is believed to be the cause of primary hyperalgesia following tissue injury?
Signup and view all the answers
Which brain region functions as a relay center for nociceptive and other sensory activity?
Which brain region functions as a relay center for nociceptive and other sensory activity?
Signup and view all the answers
Which system may either depress or facilitate the integration of painful information in the spinal dorsal horn?
Which system may either depress or facilitate the integration of painful information in the spinal dorsal horn?
Signup and view all the answers
Which region of the spinal cord is primarily responsible for the integration of peripheral nociceptive information?
Which region of the spinal cord is primarily responsible for the integration of peripheral nociceptive information?
Signup and view all the answers
Where do afferent C fibers primarily synapse on second-order neurons in the spinal cord?
Where do afferent C fibers primarily synapse on second-order neurons in the spinal cord?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal horn?
What is the main function of inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal horn?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of descending axons that terminate in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord?
What is the function of descending axons that terminate in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the principal transmitter used by inhibitory cells in the dorsal horn?
What is the principal transmitter used by inhibitory cells in the dorsal horn?
Signup and view all the answers
Which region of the spinal cord receives relatively large numbers of projection neurons?
Which region of the spinal cord receives relatively large numbers of projection neurons?
Signup and view all the answers
Which theory was proposed by Melzack and Wall in 1965 to illustrate the neuronal network underlying pain modulation?
Which theory was proposed by Melzack and Wall in 1965 to illustrate the neuronal network underlying pain modulation?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of fibers are activated by rubbing the skin of a painful area according to the Gate Control Theory of Pain?
What type of fibers are activated by rubbing the skin of a painful area according to the Gate Control Theory of Pain?
Signup and view all the answers
What behavioral phenomenon can be observed in humans that mirrors wind-up in the dorsal horn neurons?
What behavioral phenomenon can be observed in humans that mirrors wind-up in the dorsal horn neurons?
Signup and view all the answers
Which neuropeptides are co-released with glutamate from nociceptor central terminals during central sensitization?
Which neuropeptides are co-released with glutamate from nociceptor central terminals during central sensitization?
Signup and view all the answers
After peripheral nerve injury, what phenomenon occurs where light touch produces pain?
After peripheral nerve injury, what phenomenon occurs where light touch produces pain?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does repeated light touch have after peripheral nerve injury?
What effect does repeated light touch have after peripheral nerve injury?
Signup and view all the answers
What form of central sensitization can cause low-threshold sensory fibers to activate high-threshold nociceptive neurons?
What form of central sensitization can cause low-threshold sensory fibers to activate high-threshold nociceptive neurons?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the phenomenon where peripheral noxious stimuli lead to transcriptional changes in proteins involved in pain transmission?
What is the term for the phenomenon where peripheral noxious stimuli lead to transcriptional changes in proteins involved in pain transmission?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor contributes to nerve injury-induced tactile allodynia?
Which factor contributes to nerve injury-induced tactile allodynia?
Signup and view all the answers
From which spinal dorsal horn neurons do the fibers traveling in the spinothalamic tract (STT) primarily originate?
From which spinal dorsal horn neurons do the fibers traveling in the spinothalamic tract (STT) primarily originate?
Signup and view all the answers
In which spinal cord laminae do neurons receiving input primarily from large-diameter Ab fibers from the skin reside?
In which spinal cord laminae do neurons receiving input primarily from large-diameter Ab fibers from the skin reside?
Signup and view all the answers
On which side of the body are about 85% to 90% of neuronal cells with projections extending through the spinothalamic tract (STT) found?
On which side of the body are about 85% to 90% of neuronal cells with projections extending through the spinothalamic tract (STT) found?
Signup and view all the answers
From which laminae do the anterior STT cells predominantly originate?
From which laminae do the anterior STT cells predominantly originate?
Signup and view all the answers
Where do ascending spinobulbar projections mainly terminate to provide homeostatic feedback?
Where do ascending spinobulbar projections mainly terminate to provide homeostatic feedback?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of spinal projections to the brainstem?
What is the primary function of spinal projections to the brainstem?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the descending inhibition pathway (DI) from supraspinal regions?
What is the function of the descending inhibition pathway (DI) from supraspinal regions?
Signup and view all the answers
Which brain regions are established as critical for descending pain modulation?
Which brain regions are established as critical for descending pain modulation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which physiological response is associated with urinary retention during the surgical stress response?
Which physiological response is associated with urinary retention during the surgical stress response?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key factor contributing to the risk for perioperative infection following cancer resection?
What is a key factor contributing to the risk for perioperative infection following cancer resection?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor plays a major role in the prevention vs. treatment approach in attenuating the surgical stress response?
Which factor plays a major role in the prevention vs. treatment approach in attenuating the surgical stress response?
Signup and view all the answers
How does general anesthesia typically impact the neuroendocrine response during the surgical stress response?
How does general anesthesia typically impact the neuroendocrine response during the surgical stress response?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a notable benefit associated with regional anesthesia in attenuating the surgical stress response?
What is a notable benefit associated with regional anesthesia in attenuating the surgical stress response?
Signup and view all the answers
At what gestational age does pain perception develop in a human fetus?
At what gestational age does pain perception develop in a human fetus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic of neonates and infants regarding pain threshold compared to adults?
What is a characteristic of neonates and infants regarding pain threshold compared to adults?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the potential consequences of untreated pain during early childhood?
What are the potential consequences of untreated pain during early childhood?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect can increased catecholamines have on expected pain sensation?
What effect can increased catecholamines have on expected pain sensation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which response is characteristic of myocardial ischemia in the context of surgical stress response?
Which response is characteristic of myocardial ischemia in the context of surgical stress response?
Signup and view all the answers
What can lead to hypercoagulability in the context of the surgical stress response?
What can lead to hypercoagulability in the context of the surgical stress response?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does pain-induced increased skeletal/accessory muscle tension have on ventilation?
What effect does pain-induced increased skeletal/accessory muscle tension have on ventilation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor inhibits gastrointestinal (GI) function in the surgical stress response?
Which factor inhibits gastrointestinal (GI) function in the surgical stress response?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential consequence of increased pulmonary extracellular fluid in the context of the surgical stress response?
What is a potential consequence of increased pulmonary extracellular fluid in the context of the surgical stress response?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a proposed mechanism for the transition from acute to chronic pain?
What is a proposed mechanism for the transition from acute to chronic pain?
Signup and view all the answers
Which syndrome is more common, CRPS I or CRPS II?
Which syndrome is more common, CRPS I or CRPS II?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic of neuropathic pain?
What is a characteristic of neuropathic pain?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor is responsible for causing visceral pain?
Which factor is responsible for causing visceral pain?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the hallmark of CRPS I (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy)?
What is the hallmark of CRPS I (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a feature of CRPS II (Causalgia)?
What is a feature of CRPS II (Causalgia)?
Signup and view all the answers
What differentiates visceral pain from somatic pain?
What differentiates visceral pain from somatic pain?
Signup and view all the answers
