Understanding the Centrality of Power in Political Sociology
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Questions and Answers

What is the main focus of political sociology?

  • Social aspects and consequences of politics (correct)
  • Formal processes and institutions
  • Historical analysis of governments
  • Theoretical perspectives in political science

    • Which event marked a shift from government based on ascription to government based on equality?

  • The French Revolution in 1789
  • The American Revolution in 1776
  • Both B and C (correct)
  • The Renaissance Period

    • According to Bertrand Russell, what is considered the fundamental concept in social science?

  • Revolution
  • Energy
  • Gender inequality
  • Power (correct)

    • How did Western politics change over the last several centuries?

    <p>Was shaped by democratic revolutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does political science differ from sociology according to the text?

    <p>None of the Above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept has been described as being neutral across all social sciences?

    <p>Power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of a polity?

    <p>It is a society's formal organization of power that attempts to regulate and control its members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text say about the members of a polity?

    <p>The members of a polity are all those within a defined geographical territory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between polity, politics, and government?

    <p>Polity is the organization of power, politics is the action of wielding power, and government is the people who wield the power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text say about the state?

    <p>The state is a set of procedures and organizations concerned with creating, administering, and enforcing decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text say about political parties?

    <p>Political parties are organizations formed to win elective office in legitimate competition with other parties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of politics?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text say about the relationship between the state and the government?

    <p>The government is a subset of the state, and the state survives the turnover of government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most colloquial definition of politics?

    <p>Politics is the process of deciding who gets what, when, and how</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text say about the major political parties in Canada?

    <p>The major political parties in Canada are the Liberal Party, Conservative Party, New Democratic Party, Bloc Québécois, and People's Party of Canada</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between power and politics?

    <p>Power is the central focus of political sociology, as politics is any action involving the use of power to shape collective goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of domination according to the text?

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of social power, what is submission?

    <p>The yielding to the control of another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does legitimate domination involve?

    <p>Having the right to control through authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the example provided at Portage and Maine, wearing a police officer's outfit represents which form of domination?

    <p>Authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental difference between control and influence as per the text?

    <p>Control is absolute while influence is less than control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'illegitimate domination' refer to in social power dynamics?

    <p>Coercive power that is not perceived as rightful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Legitimate domination' can be best described as:

    <p>Exerting control using authority that is accepted by society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes 'authority' from 'power' in social dynamics?

    <p>Power is coercive, whereas authority is legitimate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term did Georg Zimmel use to describe positions in the order of things?

    <p>Superordination and Subordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept did Antonio Gramsci define as the capacity of elites to establish systems of meanings that apparently justify inequalities?

    <p>Hegemony</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best way to describe public goods in society?

    <p>Benefits that cannot be distributed selectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the state coerce individuals to sacrifice for public goods?

    <p>Through measures like taxes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Weber, what is the primary role of the state in society?

    <p>To provide public goods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a legitimate state use of force?

    <p>Execution and warfare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the concept of a 'free rider' relate to public goods?

    <p>It refers to individuals who benefit without contributing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the state typically use as a means to ensure obedience and compliance from individuals?

    <p>Threat of force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the use of force more prevalent in societies where loyalty to the state is fragile?

    <p>Citizens are more likely to challenge the government's authority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dilemma of creating a state, according to the text?

    <p>The potential for those in power to abuse their authority for personal gain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most recent example of the use of force on citizens in Canada, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>The enforcement of COVID-19 pandemic mandates and restrictions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text imply about the potential for those in control of the state to act in their own self-interest?

    <p>It is a risk because the culture promotes self-interest, and those in power are not immune.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the term 'dilemma' in the context of the text?

    <p>It implies that there are both positive and negative aspects to the creation of a state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of authority is most common in society today?

    <p>Rational-legal authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between traditional and rational-legal authority?

    <p>Traditional authority is based on ascription, while rational-legal authority is based on achievement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key feature of charismatic authority according to the text?

    <p>It is based on the exceptional character and perceived giftedness of the individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of rational-legal authority according to the text?

    <p>It can demand any type of service from subordinates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of traditional authority?

    <p>A tribal chief</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of authority, according to the text, can be both positive and negative?

    <p>Charismatic authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason people obey traditional authorities according to the text?

    <p>They obey because it has always been done that way.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between what is perceived as real and its consequences?

    <p>Perceived reality is more important than objective reality in determining consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the text say that charismatic authority is often temporary or unstable?

    <p>Charismatic leaders tend to lose their appeal over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes totalitarian states?

    <p>Regulate citizens' lives extensively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes authoritarian leaders who use democratic processes to gain power, then erode democracy once in power?

    <p>Authoritarian populists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept does ressentiment refer to in the context of populism?

    <p>resentment andfrustration due to powerlessness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT associated with totalitarian states?

    <p>Encouraging organized resistance to the government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between state socialism and pure socialism as discussed in the text?

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Karl Marx, why did he abhor state socialism?

    <p>Because state socialism is equally exploitative as capitalism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of state socialism, why did Karl Marx advocate for pure socialism?

    <p>To prevent the accumulation of private profit by any class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the text mention that the pure socialism Marx advocated has rarely been tried?

    <p>Because there has been a historical preference for centralized control in state socialism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does state socialism differ from traditional capitalism based on the text?

    <p>State socialism centralizes productive property under a state bureaucracy, while traditional capitalism allows private ownership of productive assets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the historical events that led to the overthrow of absolute monarchies in Europe?

    <p>Democratic uprisings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a constitutional monarchy like Canada, who must approve any bill passed by the government?

    <p>Governor General</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of civil rights as they developed around the 18th century?

    <p>Rights of the individual law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country is highlighted as a unitary state due to the absence of state or provincial governments?

    <p>Britain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a state where all government power is held by a central authority?

    <p>Unitary state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes the nature of American and French revolutions in terms of head of state?

    <p>'Elected head' republics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Political rights' relate to the right to participate in decision-making. Which right do 'civil rights' primarily focus on?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Federations' differ from 'unitary states' in that federations have power divided between a central authority and smaller authorities. Which country is presented as an example of a federation?

    <p>'Canada'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between a right and a privilege?

    <p>Rights are universal, while privileges are earned through specific qualifications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are social rights, as described in the text?

    <p>The right to a minimum standard of living, including housing, education, and healthcare.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of democratic socialism?

    <p>A political system with a socialist economic model and a democratic political process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the statistics provided, what trend is observed regarding the perception of democracy?

    <p>The number of people who think democracy is essential has declined sharply across various countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of populism, as described in the text?

    <p>It divides society into the corrupt elites and the ordinary, good people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text imply about the relationship between rights and responsibilities in a democracy?

    <p>Rights and responsibilities are often conflated and not differentiated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the statistics presented, how is the United States classified in terms of democracy?

    <p>A flawed democracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the spread of democracy around the world?

    <p>Democracy has been declining in recent years, with fewer countries classified as full democracies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between a capitalist democracy and a socialist democracy?

    <p>The economic system is capitalist in one case and socialist in the other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant development in the 20th century regarding democracy?

    <p>The introduction of universal suffrage, granting voting rights to all citizens regardless of sex or race.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the opposite of political polarization?

    <p>Criss crossing interests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text say is 'bad for democracy'?

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of 'social cleavage'?

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the pluralist theory described in the text, what is the best way to control the power of the state and maintain a non-coercive, pluralistic, and democratic society?

    <p>Preserve a variety of powerful competing interest groups that neutralize each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text say about how divisions within a democracy should be structured according to pluralists?

    <p>Divisions should be cross-cutting and not coincide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the example provided in the text, which set of political issues would be most likely to align on the left side according to the pluralist theory?

    <p>Pro-abortion, pro-same sex marriage, anti-death penalty, pro-immigration, pro-government services and regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of pluralism according to the text?

    <p>A variety of powerful competing interest groups that neutralize each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between democracy and pluralism according to the pluralist theory described in the text?

    <p>Democracy is sustained by pluralism, and pluralism is sustained by democracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of a proportional representation (PR) electoral system according to the text?

    <p>It reduces the number of 'wasted' votes and favors minorities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential downside of a proportional representation (PR) system mentioned in the text?

    <p>It is more likely to result in coalition governments and a fragmented party system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of voting system was used in British Columbia and Prince Edward Island until the 1990s according to the text?

    <p>Multi-member and dual-member districts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the first-past-the-post system and proportional representation (PR) systems mentioned in the text?

    <p>First-past-the-post makes it easier to hold governments accountable, while PR makes it more challenging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of voting system is described as still being used at the municipal level, where the entire city is a single district, and all voters select from the same candidate list?

    <p>At-large or block voting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the alternative member model?

    <p>It allocates some seats based on a simple majority and others based on proportional representation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following countries is NOT mentioned as using the alternative member model?

    <p>United States</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of the two-round electoral system used in countries like France?

    <p>It ensures a clear majority preference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the statistics provided, which electoral system is used by the largest number of countries worldwide?

    <p>Proportional representation (PR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trend is observed regarding the use of different electoral systems worldwide?

    <p>The use of PR and MMP systems is increasing, while the use of first-past-the-post is decreasing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electoral system is characterized by a combination of single-member districts and proportional representation?

    <p>Hybrid electoral system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key disadvantage of the first-past-the-post system mentioned in the text?

    <p>It can result in 'wasted' votes for candidates with no realistic chance of winning, discouraging future voting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main criticism of the first-past-the-post electoral system mentioned in the text?

    <p>It results in the disenfranchisement of smaller parties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of forming coalitions between smaller parties and more mainstream parties?

    <p>To provide a platform for smaller parties to influence policy, despite challenges posed by the first-past-the-post system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of electoral system did countries like Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom have in the past, according to the text?

    <p>Multimember constituency system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What electoral system is Duverger's Law associated with?

    <p>First-past-the-post</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used to describe a political party system with a relatively limited membership and professional politicians?

    <p>Cartel party</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential advantage of a multimember constituency system compared to the first-past-the-post system?

    <p>It reduces the likelihood of 'wasted' votes for candidates with no realistic chance of winning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a characteristic of the simple plurality or first-past-the-post majority system?

    <p>It incorporates elements of proportional representation to ensure fair representation of minority parties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key feature of a proportional representation (PR) electoral system?

    <p>Seats are allocated based on vote share</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Single-party systems promote social cohesion by representing different interests within a single party.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The United States has a two-party political system.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Germany has a political system with more than five parties.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Party systems with high fragmentation, like Italy's since World War II, are generally stable.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) of Japan held power almost continuously from 1955 to 2009.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant downside of the first-past-the-post electoral system mentioned?

    <p>May not accurately represent voters' preferences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trend is observed regarding voter turnout rates in Canada over time?

    <p>Generally decreasing despite some fluctuations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text imply about the influence of urban areas on Canadian politics?

    <p>Toronto has more influence than several provinces combined</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key way in which conservative ideology differs from liberal ideology regarding society?

    <p>Conservatives prioritize individual freedoms over collectivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Conservative Party of Canada's ideology?

    <p>Individual freedoms and capitalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which political ideology emphasizes that the best society exists when individuals function as members of a group?

    <p>Socialism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Winston Churchill imply with his famous quote about young Conservatives and old Liberals?

    <p>Conservatives lack empathy while Liberals lack intelligence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor has historically made socialism a minority voice in Canada according to the text?

    <p>Erratic history in Canada</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary belief of conservatives regarding success or failure according to the text?

    <p>Success is due to individual credit or blame.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which political ideology supports the idea that the best society is the product of individual freedom?

    <p>Conservatism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does conservatism prioritize over public enterprise according to the text?

    <p>Individual rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the pluralist theory described in the text, what is the primary belief regarding democracy?

    <p>Democracy is possible and can function effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the example provided in the text, what is the primary reason for the eventual breakdown of participatory democracy in a larger group?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the committee's recommendations gaining acceptance, according to the example?

    <p>The committee members are more knowledgeable and informed than the larger group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the eventual outcome of the committee's privileged status, according to the example?

    <p>The committee's power and influence become entrenched.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the example provided, which of the following best describes the 'iron law of oligarchy'?

    <p>A natural tendency for power to become concentrated in the hands of a few within any organized group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main issue with representative democracy in Canada?

    <p>MPs vote strictly along party lines, regardless of constituent views</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential advantage of the 'first-past-the-post' system?

    <p>It tends to create two-party systems and stable majority governments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the political spectrum shown, which statement is true?

    <p>Even the Liberal party is on the right side of moderation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the relationship between gender and political ideology among college-educated students?

    <p>Women tend to be more leftist than men in their political views</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental principle behind the ideology of anarchy mentioned in the text?

    <p>No government or centralized authority should exist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the lack of direct participatory democracy in Canada?

    <p>The large population size makes direct democracy impractical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential downside of the 'first-past-the-post' system?

    <p>It promotes a two-party system with limited representation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of free votes in the House of Commons?

    <p>To allow MPs to vote according to their own conscience or constituents' views</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of a proportional representation system as described in the text?

    <p>It ensures that every vote contributes to the overall seat allocation, even if a candidate does not win a specific constituency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Justin Trudeau decide not to change Canada's electoral system after being elected?

    <p>He believed that the existing system worked well for him and his party.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential advantage of ranked-choice voting mentioned in the text?

    <p>It allows voters to rank multiple candidates, making the results more representative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the perceived differences between political parties in Canada?

    <p>Many Canadians view the parties as being too similar, with campaigns focused on personality rather than policy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason for voter disillusionment in Canada?

    <p>Regional differences and the concentration of power in certain provinces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the first-past-the-post system and a proportional representation system, as illustrated in the image?

    <p>In the first-past-the-post system, seats are allocated based on constituency wins, while in proportional representation, seats are allocated based on the popular vote.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential advantage of a ranked-choice voting system mentioned in the text?

    <p>It allows voters to rank multiple candidates, potentially leading to more representative results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one theory that explains the decline of the welfare state?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concern raised in the text regarding privatizing public goods?

    <p>Private companies may prioritize profit over providing quality services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best summarizes the argument regarding the dilemma of power holders in a democracy?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate goal of Marxism?

    <p>To create a classless society with no power holders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which political ideology advocated for a stateless society?

    <p>Marxism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dilemma posed in the text regarding the successors of power holders in a democracy?

    <p>They may be influenced by the previous power holders, perpetuating the elite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a welfare state?

    <p>Ensuring the welfare of all citizens equally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best represents the concept of alienation as discussed in the Marxist theory?

    <p>The proletariat feeling disconnected from the means of production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which political leaders are mentioned as contributing to the decline of the welfare state?

    <p>Ronald Reagan, Margaret Thatcher, and Brian Mulroney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT listed as influencing voter turnout?

    <p>Weather conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Higher voter turnout is typically associated with what outcome?

    <p>Greater representation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered crucial for assessing the state of a country's democratic process, according to the text?

    <p>Understanding voter turnout</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding voter turnout in the 2020 presidential election?

    <p>It had a turnout rate of 67%, the highest for a presidential election in decades</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is stated about the participation of younger generations in elections?

    <p>They experienced a decline in participation compared to previous elections</p> Signup and view all the answers

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