Understanding the Anatomy of Fruits

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How are raspberries, blackberries, and strawberries classified?

Multiple fruits

What is an example of a fruit dispersed by wind?

Samara

How are seeds dispersed by animals?

Seeds pass through the digestive tract

What is an example of a fruit that contains trapped air for floatation?

Some fruits Signup and view all the answers

What specialized adaptation do some seeds have that prevents them from opening until exposed to fire?

Tough cones Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of pollination?

Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate between self-pollination and cross-pollination.

Self-pollination occurs within the same flower or between flowers of the same plant, while cross-pollination occurs between flowers of different plants. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the difference between annual, biennial, and perennial plants.

Annual plants complete their cycle in a single season, biennial plants complete their cycle in two growing seasons, and perennial plants take several to many growing seasons to complete their cycle. Signup and view all the answers

What is apomixis and how does it contribute to plant reproduction?

Apomixis is clonal reproduction without the fusion of gametes, resulting in the formation of new plants that are genetic replicas of the parent plant. Signup and view all the answers

Define parthenocarpy and provide an example of its outcome.

Parthenocarpy is when fruits develop from ovaries with unfertilized eggs, resulting in seedless fruits. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main defining feature of angiosperms?

Produce fruits Signup and view all the answers

Which Phylum do flowering plants belong to?

Anthophyta (Magnoliophyta) Signup and view all the answers

What is the dominant generation in angiosperms?

Sporophytes Signup and view all the answers

Describe the location of the female gametophyte in angiosperms.

Wholly enclosed within and dependent on sporophyte. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to microspores following pollination in angiosperms?

Released to become mature male gametophytes Signup and view all the answers

What are the main differences between monocots and eudicots?

Monocots have one seed leaf, flower parts in multiples of three, and scattered vascular bundles, while eudicots have two seed leaves, flower parts in multiples of four or five, and vascular bundles in a ring. Signup and view all the answers

What are the environmental requirements for germination?

availability of oxygen, adequate temperature, adequate moisture, light (in some cases) Signup and view all the answers

What is scarification in relation to seed germination?

It is the process of breaking dormancy due to alterations in the seed coat caused by heat, cold, animal intestinal acid, soil microbes, etc. Signup and view all the answers

How does seed viability vary?

Seed viability varies depending on the species and storage conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a seed bank?

Some seeds can remain dormant for an indeterminate amount of time, forming a seed bank. Signup and view all the answers

What is vivipary?

Vivipary is a process where there is no period of dormancy, and the embryo continues to grow while the fruit is still on the parent plant. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three regions that collectively make up the pericarp of a fruit?

Exocarp, Mesocarp, Endocarp Signup and view all the answers

What is a drupe and give an example of a fruit that falls under this category?

A drupe is a simple fleshy fruit with a single seed enclosed by a hard, stony endocarp. An example is a peach. Signup and view all the answers

What is a true berry and provide examples of fruits that are classified as true berries?

A true berry is a fruit with thin skin and relatively soft pericarp. Examples include tomatoes, grapes, peppers, and bananas. Signup and view all the answers

What is a pepo and give examples of fruits that belong to this category?

A pepo is a fruit with a relatively thick rind. Pumpkins and cucumbers are examples of fruits classified as pepo. Signup and view all the answers

What is a hesperidium and provide an example of a fruit that is considered a hesperidium?

A hesperidium is a berry with a leathery rind containing the leathery oil. An example is a lemon (Citrus lemon). Signup and view all the answers

What is a pome and give examples of fruits that are categorized as pomes?

A pome is a fruit where the flesh comes from an enlarged floral tube or receptacle growing around the ovary. Apples and pears are examples of pome fruits. Signup and view all the answers

_______ is the transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma

Pollination Signup and view all the answers

_______ reproduction is without fusion of gametes but normal structures

Apomixis Signup and view all the answers

_______ fruits develop from ovaries with unfertilized eggs

Parthenocarpy Signup and view all the answers

Annual plants complete their cycle in a _______ season

single Signup and view all the answers

Perennial plants take several to many growing _______ to complete their cycle

Seasons Signup and view all the answers

Complete flower has all 4 whorls (sepals, petals, stamens and ______) present

carpels Signup and view all the answers

Perfect flowers have both stamens and (a) ______(s)

carpel Signup and view all the answers

Inferior ovary is considered in flowers that are ______

epigynous Signup and view all the answers

A cluster of flowers is known as an ______

inflorescence Signup and view all the answers

Hypanthium is a cup-shaped body formed by the conjoined sepals, petals, and ______

stamens Signup and view all the answers

Composite flowers appear to be a single flower but consist of a group of tiny ______

flowers Signup and view all the answers

A ______ is a simple fleshy fruit with a single seed enclosed by a hard, stony endocarp.

drupe Signup and view all the answers

A ______ splits along one side at maturity

follicle Signup and view all the answers

A ______ is a berry with a relatively thin rind, such as pumpkins and cucumbers.

pepo Signup and view all the answers

Legumes belong to the ______ family

peas Signup and view all the answers

A ______ is a berry with a leathery rind containing the leathery oil, like a lemon.

hesperidium Signup and view all the answers

A ______ is a fruit where the flesh comes from an enlarged floral tube or receptacle that grows up around the ovary, like apples and pears.

pome Signup and view all the answers

A silique is more than 3x longer than ______

wide Signup and view all the answers

A nut is similar to an achene, but larger, with harder and thicker ______

pericarp Signup and view all the answers

True berries have a thin skin and relatively soft ______.

pericarp Signup and view all the answers

Fruits develop from flower ovaries and are found exclusively in ______ plants.

flowering Signup and view all the answers

Grains like corn and wheat have the pericarp tightly united with the ______

seed Signup and view all the answers

Aggregate fruits are derived from a single flower with several to many ______

pistils Signup and view all the answers

______ barked

dog Signup and view all the answers

In some cases light is an environmental requirement for ______

germination Signup and view all the answers

Scarification helps break ______ due to alterations and Seed coat

dormancy Signup and view all the answers

Viability of seeds can be extended at low temperatures and when kept ______

dry Signup and view all the answers

Vivipary is when there is NO period of ______

dormancy Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of transferring pollen grains from anther to stigma called?

Pollination Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reproduction involves the development of fruits from ovaries with unfertilized eggs?

Parthenocarpy Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for plant reproduction without fusion of gametes but with normal structures like embryo and ovule?

Apomixis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of plants complete their cycle in a single season?

Annual Plants Signup and view all the answers

What type of flower lacks one or more of the 4 whorls (sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels)?

Incomplete Signup and view all the answers

Which type of flower has both stamens and carpels present?

Perfect Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a cluster of flowers that appears to be a single flower but consists of a group of tiny flowers?

Composite Signup and view all the answers

In which type of flower does the pistil produce ovules containing female gametophytes?

Carpels Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a fruit is the inner boundary around the seed(s)?

Endocarp Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fruit has a relatively thick rind, like pumpkins and cucumbers?

Pepo Signup and view all the answers

What type of fruit has a leathery rind containing oily glands, like lemons?

Hesperidium Signup and view all the answers

Which category of fruit has a core and some adjacent tissue derived from the ovary?

'Pome' Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for simple fleshy fruits with a single seed enclosed by a hard, stony endocarp?

<code>Drupe</code> Signup and view all the answers

In a true berry, what is the characteristic of the pericarp?

<code>Thin skin, relatively soft</code> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining feature of monocots among flowering plants?

Leaves with parallel primary veins Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic that distinguishes eudicots from monocots?

Leaves with netted veins Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fruits develop from the ovary within a carpel in angiosperms?

Simple fruits Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is unique to angiosperms among all plant groups?

Development of fruit from ovaries Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the female gametophyte in angiosperms?

Wholly enclosed within sporophyte Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pollen grains have three apertures in angiosperms?

Eudicots Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fruit splits along two sides at maturity?

Capsule Signup and view all the answers

Which family does peas, beans, lentils, and peanuts belong to based on their fruit type?

Mustard family Signup and view all the answers

What type of fruit is derived from a single flower with several to many pistils?

Aggregate fruit Signup and view all the answers

Which fruit type has the pericarp extending as wings for dispersal?

Samara Signup and view all the answers

In which family do carrots, anise, and dill belong based on their fruit type?

Parsley family Signup and view all the answers

Which fruit type consists of at least two carpels and splits in a variety of ways?

Capsule Signup and view all the answers

Match the following fruits with their method of seed dispersal:

Samara = Dispersal by wind Oils attracting ants = Dispersal by animals Trapped air for floatation = Water dispersal Elaiosomes on bleeding hearts = Oils attract ants Signup and view all the answers

Match the following seeds with their adaptation for dispersal:

Maintain dormancy = Afford maximum protection Contain stored food = Adapted for dispersal Small and lightweight = Dispersal by wind Seeds adhere to fur or feathers = Dispersal by animals Signup and view all the answers

Match the following plant types with their cycle completion duration:

Annual plants = Single season Biennial plants = Two growing seasons Perennial plants = Several to many growing seasons Monocots = Single season Signup and view all the answers

Match the following plant parts with their characteristic in relation to fruit type:

Stony endocarp = Simple fleshy fruits Enlarged floral tube or receptacle = Fruits like apples and pears Thin skin and soft interior = True berries Leathery rind with oily glands = Fruits like lemons Signup and view all the answers

Match the following flower components with their presence in a complete flower:

Sepals, petals, stamens, carpels = Complete flower Stamens and carpels = (a) Perfect flowers Sepals, petals, stamens = (b) Perfect flowers Sepals, stamens, carpels = (c) Perfect flowers Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

Angiosperms = Flowering plants with ovaries that produce fruits Heterosporous = Having dominant and independent sporophytes Eudicots = Plants with two seed leaves and flower parts in multiples of four or five Monocots = Plants with one seed leaf and flower parts in multiples of three Signup and view all the answers

Match the following plant structures with their functions:

Carpel = Part of the flower where seeds develop from ovules within and ovary becomes a fruit Pollen grains = Male gametophytes released for pollination Pistil = Composed of a single carpel or two or more united carpels Vascular cambium = Present in eudicots for secondary growth Signup and view all the answers

Match the following plant groups with their characteristics:

Basal Angiosperms = Include Amborella trichopoda and water lilies Monocots = Have leaves with parallel primary veins and scattered vascular bundles Eudicots = Have leaves with distinct netted veins and pollen grains with three apertures Magnolids = Part of the basal angiosperms group Signup and view all the answers

Match the following reproductive structures with their development process:

Female gametophyte = Develops from megasporocyte to mature megagametophyte Male gametophyte = Develops from microsporocyte to mature pollen containing two sperms Seed = Develops from ovule within a carpel and ovary becomes a fruit Ovary = Structure that contains unfertilized eggs and develops into fruits Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their properties:

Microspores = Released to become mature male gametophytes following pollination Megasporocyte = Precursor to megaspore in female gametophyte development Vascular bundles = Scattered in monocots and in ring in eudicots Pollen grains aperture = One in monocots, three in eudicots Signup and view all the answers

Match the following plant adaptations with their descriptions:

Viability of seeds at low temperatures = Seed viability can be extended by keeping them at low temperatures Composite flowers = Appear as single flowers but consist of tiny individual flowers Inferior ovary plants = Considered for flowers with ovaries positioned below other floral parts Scarification seeds = Helps break dormancy due to alterations in seed coat Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of flower with its description:

Complete Flower = Has all 4 whorls (sepals, petals, stamens and carpels) present Incomplete Flower = Lacks one or more of the 4 whorls Perfect Flower = Has both stamens and (a) carpel(s) Imperfect Flower = Has stamens or (a) carpel(s), but not both Signup and view all the answers

Match the flower term with its definition:

Pistil = Which produce ovules containing female gametophytes Stamens = Which produce pollen grains containing male gametophytes Petals = Forming the Corolla Sepals = Forming the calyx Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of inflorescence with its description:

Clusters of flowers = A clusters of flowers Composite Inflorescence = Appears to be a single flower but consists of a group of tiny flowers Complete Flower = Has all 4 whorls (sepals, petals, stamens and carpels) present Incomplete Flower = Lacks one or more of the 4 whorls Signup and view all the answers

Match the flower specialization with its characteristic:

Bilaterally symmetrical flowers = Irregular Reduction and fusion of parts = Incomplete or imperfect flowers Inferior ovary = Term Type of Flower Spiral arrangements compressed to whorls = Specialized flowering plants Signup and view all the answers

Match the perfect flowers with their descriptions:

Hibiscus = Pistil with swollen stigma Squash flower = Imperfect Composite flower = Composed of ray and disc flowers in one flower head Sunflower = (Asters~ Family Asteraceae) e.g sunflower Signup and view all the answers

Match the hypanthium type with its definition:

Hypanthium - Hypogynous = If a flower’s ovary is superior and the hypanthium is absent Hypanthium - Perigynous = If a flower’s ovary is central and the cup-like hypanthium is present Hypanthium - Epigynous = If a flower’s ovary is inferior and a fused hypanthium is absent Hypanthium - Composite Flowers = - a cup-shaped or tubular body formed by the conjoined sepals and petals and stamens Signup and view all the answers

Match the following seed structure with their descriptions:

Cotyledons = Food storage organs that function as 'seed leaves' Embryo = Composed of cotyledon and plantlet Plumule = Embryo shoot Radicle = Tip of embryo that develops into root Signup and view all the answers

Match the following seed germination types with their characteristics:

Epigeous germination = Hypocotyl lengthens, bends, and becomes hook-shaped Hypogeous germination = Hypocotyl remains short and cotyledons do not emerge above the surface Beginning or resumption of seed growth = Some require a period of dormancy brought about by mechanical or physiological factors Scarification = Artificially breaking dormancy Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parts of a seed with their locations:

Epicotyl = Stem above cotyledon attachment Hypocotyl = Stem below cotyledon attachment Plumule = Located inside the embryo Radicle = Located at the tip of the embryo Signup and view all the answers

Match the following methods to break seed dormancy with their descriptions:

Mechanical abrasion = Physical wear on seed coat to stimulate germination Thawing and freezing = Environmental changes causing seed coat to crack Bacteria action = Biological process aiding in seed coat degradation Soaking rains = Water absorption softening the seed coat Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

After ripening = Embryo composed of only a few cells when fruit ripens; seeds will not germinate until embryo develops Viability of seeds = Can be extended at low temperatures and when kept dormant Drupe = Fruit with a hard endocarp surrounding a single seed Parthenocarpy = Development of fruit without fertilization Signup and view all the answers

Match the following flower parts with their functions:

Hypanthium = Cup-shaped body formed by conjoined sepals, petals, and stamens Microspores = Develop into pollen grains following pollination Female gametophyte location in angiosperms = Found in ovule within the ovary Composite flowers = Appear as single flowers but consist of a group of tiny flowers Signup and view all the answers

Match the following dry dehiscent fruits with their splitting characteristics:

Follicle = Splits along one side Legume = Splits along two sides Silique = Split along two sides with seeds on central partition Capsule = Splits in a variety of ways Signup and view all the answers

Match the following dry indehiscent fruits with their characteristics:

Achene = Single seed united with pericarp Nut = Larger seed with harder and thicker pericarp and bracts at base Grain (Caryopsis) = Pericarp tightly united with seed Samara = Pericarp extends as wings for dispersal Signup and view all the answers

Match the following fruits with their respective families:

Mustard family (broccoli, cabbage) = Silique more than 3x longer than wide Parsley family (carrots, anise, dill) = Aggregate fruits derived from single flower with several to many pistils Grasses (corn, wheat, rice, oats, barley) = Grain (Caryopsis) pericarp tightly united with seed Maples, ashes, elms = Schizocarp - Twin fruit that breaks into one-seeded segments called mericarps Signup and view all the answers

Match the following plant groups with their fruit dispersal adaptations:

Legume family (peas, beans, lentils, peanuts) = Splits along two sides for dispersal Grasses (corn, wheat, rice, oats, barley) = Pericarp tightly united with seed Mustard family (broccoli, cabbage) = Siliques and Silicles split along two sizes with seeds on central partition Maples, ashes, elms = Samara - pericarp extends as wings for dispersal Signup and view all the answers

Match the following fruit types with their descriptions:

Aggregate fruits = Derived from single flower with several to many pistils Capsules = Consist of at least two carpels and split in variety of ways Indehiscent fruits (DRY INDEHISCENT) = Do not split at maturity and have single seed united with pericarp Grain (Caryopsis) = Pericarp tightly united with seed found in grasses like corn, wheat Signup and view all the answers

Match the following plant families with their respective fruits:

Legume family (peas, beans, lentils, peanuts) = Fruits split along two sides for dispersal Mustard family (broccoli, cabbage) = Fruits split along two sides but seeds are on central partition Parsley family (carrots, anise, dill) = Aggregate fruits derived from single flower with several to many pistils Grasses (corn, wheat, rice, oats, barley) = 'Grain (Caryopsis)' - pericarp tightly united with seed Signup and view all the answers

Which plant family includes Orchids?

Cactaceae (Cactus) Signup and view all the answers

Which family is known for having the Warty Hammer Orchid?

Rosaceae (Rose) Signup and view all the answers

Which plant family includes Cacti such as the Cactus?

Fabaceae (Pea) Signup and view all the answers

Which family is associated with Grass Pink, specifically Calopogon tuberosus?

Poaceae (Grass) Signup and view all the answers

In which family would you find plants like Walnuts?

Juglandaceae (Walnut) Signup and view all the answers

To which family does the Pumpkin plant belong?

Cucurbitaceae (Pumpkin) Signup and view all the answers

What color are flowers often for night-flying moths?

White Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is common in bird-pollinated flowers?

Bright red or yellow color Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of bat-pollinated flowers in terms of opening time?

Open at night Signup and view all the answers

Which plant family has flowers with pollinia, a sticky pollen sac structure?

Orchids Signup and view all the answers

What does caffeine do in relation to bees?

Aids in pollination Signup and view all the answers

How do some Orchid flowers attract male bees or wasps for pollination?

By mimicking female bees or wasps Signup and view all the answers

What type of flowers are typically brightly colored, mostly blue or yellow, and have lines or distinctive markings to lead bees to nectar?

Bee-pollinated flowers Signup and view all the answers

Which type of flowers emit a strong, yeasty, spicy, or fruity odor and are white or dull in color?

Beetle-pollinated flowers Signup and view all the answers

Which plant species is known for its flower that smells like rotting flesh and attracts insects like blowflies?

Dead Horse Aurum Signup and view all the answers

Which floral trickery involves plants that mimic the warmth of warm-blooded animals to attract pollinators?

Thermal Botanical Trickery Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes beetle-pollinated flowers from other types mentioned in the text?

Dull red or brown color Signup and view all the answers

Why are some flower markings visible only in UV light?

To attract nocturnal pollinators Signup and view all the answers