Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is primary appraisal primarily concerned with?
What is primary appraisal primarily concerned with?
- Coping resources
- Initial evaluation of an event (correct)
- Changes in emotional states
- Environmental stress factors
What does secondary appraisal evaluate?
What does secondary appraisal evaluate?
- Emotional responses to stress
- Coping resources and options (correct)
- Cultural influences on stress
- Environmental stressors
Which term describes stress resulting from the need to adapt to the dominant culture?
Which term describes stress resulting from the need to adapt to the dominant culture?
- Acculturative stress (correct)
- Ambient stress
- Cognitive stress
- Executive stress
How does culture influence stress?
How does culture influence stress?
What are executive functions primarily involved in?
What are executive functions primarily involved in?
How can cognitive appraisal processes affect stress?
How can cognitive appraisal processes affect stress?
What is one potential behavioral change due to stress?
What is one potential behavioral change due to stress?
What emotional symptom can indicate stress?
What emotional symptom can indicate stress?
What is the definition of stress according to Hans Selye's perspective?
What is the definition of stress according to Hans Selye's perspective?
Which of the following best describes stimulus definitions of stress?
Which of the following best describes stimulus definitions of stress?
What is a characteristic of the response definitions of stress?
What is a characteristic of the response definitions of stress?
What do primary and secondary appraisals relate to in the context of stress?
What do primary and secondary appraisals relate to in the context of stress?
How do individual differences influence the experience of stress?
How do individual differences influence the experience of stress?
Which of the following is NOT typically associated with stress, according to the information provided?
Which of the following is NOT typically associated with stress, according to the information provided?
What is meant by the phrase 'stress is an everyday event'?
What is meant by the phrase 'stress is an everyday event'?
Which of the following events is considered a normatively stressful situation?
Which of the following events is considered a normatively stressful situation?
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Study Notes
Definition and Nature of Stress
- Stress refers to circumstances threatening one's well-being and taxing coping abilities.
- It encompasses negative emotional experiences with biochemical, physiological, cognitive, and behavioral changes aimed at addressing or accommodating the stressor.
- In 1936, Hans Selye introduced the term stress as an orchestrated bodily defense against harmful stimuli, coining the General Adaptation Syndrome.
Types of Stress Definitions
- Stimulus Definitions: Focus on environmental events like natural disasters or job loss; assumes certain events are universally stressful.
- Response Definitions: Describes stress as a reaction, emphasizing individual experiences of being under stress.
Everyday Experience of Stress
- Stress is common, often exceeding healthy levels; associated with trauma such as bombings or natural disasters leading to psychological issues in affected communities.
- Personal perception significantly affects stress; events are viewed differently based on individual interpretation and appraisal.
Appraisal of Stress
- Richard Lazarus and Susan Folkman distinguished between two appraisal types:
- Primary Appraisal: Initial evaluation of an event's relevance and perceived threat.
- Secondary Appraisal: Assessment of coping resources and options when an event is deemed stressful.
Environmental and Cultural Influences
- Stress can arise from shared environmental circumstances, termed ambient stress, which includes chronic negative conditions demanding adaptive responses.
- Cultural influences shape stress experiences; acculturative stress is the strain from adapting to a dominant culture.
Cognition, Emotion, and Stress Interaction
- Executive functioning, a set of cognitive abilities for regulating behavior, is significantly impacted by stress.
- Emotional states provide a basis for evaluating stress; cognitive appraisal influences both the stress experienced and emotional reactions.
Social Behavior and Stress Effects
- Stress alters social behavior; individuals may exhibit solidarity in crises (e.g., disasters) or become isolated and hostile in other stressful situations.
Symptoms of Stress
- Emotional symptoms include irritability, frustration, difficulty concentrating, and other mood disturbances.
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