Understanding Smart Cities Chapter 2
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Questions and Answers

What was one major challenge faced by communities aiming to implement Howard's garden city concept?

  • Overpopulation in urban areas
  • Reluctance of industries to relocate (correct)
  • High wages attracting businesses
  • Excessive government funding

    • The garden city movement successfully provided affordable housing for all residents.

    False

    What was Howard's original vision for the garden cities?

    To create inclusive and equitable communities.

    Howard's financial model relied on __________ funding structures and rent-based revenue.

    <p>cooperative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following challenges of the garden city movement with their descriptions:

    <p>Limited economic diversity = Industries were hesitant to relocate to garden cities High housing prices = Cost of development led to unaffordability for low-wage workers Investment issues = Difficulty attracting support from the banking sector Affluent resident attraction = Garden cities attracted more affluent residents over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of individuals faced the most significant challenges in the context of garden cities?

    <p>Lower-wage workers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Howard's model was favored by traditional banking investors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the garden cities intended to operate for?

    <p>The benefit of their residents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Hall and Sarin suggest about Chandigarh's zoning approach?

    <p>It limited access to affordable housing and jobs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chandigarh was successful in addressing the needs of its vulnerable populations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did critics label Chandigarh as, highlighting its social challenges?

    <p>An incubator of poverty and injustice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Le Corbusier's design philosophy focused on __________ rather than social inclusivity.

    <p>aesthetic and functional aspects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Fitting, what understanding did Le Corbusier's approach to urban design lack?

    <p>Understanding of human nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Le Corbusier emphasized standardization in urban planning to enhance social equality.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Workers providing essential services often had to travel long distances due to the city's __________ approach.

    <p>zoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following aspects of Chandigarh to their effects:

    <p>Strict zoning = Limited access to housing Monumental design = Neglected social needs Economic disparity = Visible inequality Urban planning philosophy = Misunderstanding of human nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who led the team of architects working on the master plan for Chandigarh?

    <p>Le Corbusier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chandigarh was designed with a focus on individual lifestyles and needs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Peter Hall and Madhu Sarin examine regarding Chandigarh?

    <p>Critical flaws in Le Corbusier's utopian vision for the city.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Le Corbusier's approach to urban design was heavily influenced by the triumph of __________ standardization.

    <p>industrial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following architects with their contributions to Chandigarh:

    <p>Le Corbusier = Took leadership in design Albert Mayer = Commissioned designer Maxwell Fry = Team Member Jane Drew = Team Member</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was NOT a criticism of Le Corbusier's vision for Chandigarh?

    <p>It accurately reflected human needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chandigarh was intended to be a model for planned urban development.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two scholars conducted an in-depth examination of Chandigarh in the 1980s?

    <p>Peter Hall and Madhu Sarin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Le Corbusier's primary vision for cities?

    <p>Cities should function as machines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Le Corbusier's design acknowledged the importance of cultural values in urban planning.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who argued that cities should reflect the lifestyles and social habits of their inhabitants?

    <p>Jane Jacobs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Jacobs believed that cities should encourage __________, diversity, and mixed-use environments.

    <p>spontaneity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a major criticism of Chandigarh's design?

    <p>It isolated functions into different sectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Le Corbusier’s design allowed for spontaneous economic activity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant result of Le Corbusier's one-size-fits-all model in Chandigarh?

    <p>Residents found it challenging to connect with the city on a human level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the urban planners with their contributions or principles:

    <p>Le Corbusier = Cities as machines Jane Jacobs = Respect for inhabitants' lifestyles Chandigarh = Strict zoning system Urban diversity = Fostering vibrant communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant influence on Dholera's pathway to becoming smart?

    <p>Authoritarianism from Le Corbusier's principles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Songdo International Business District was built by repurposing existing urban spaces.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of the national government in constructing Songdo?

    <p>To showcase Korea as a world leader in smart city development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cisco viewed the Songdo project as a _____ million dollar investment to gain leadership in the smart city market.

    <p>47</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Dholera = Affected by top-down logic and technocratic governance Songdo = A smart city built from reclaimed land Cisco = Technological partner in Songdo's development Broadacre City = Utopian city reimagined for automobile use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following entities collaborated to develop Songdo?

    <p>Real estate developers, institutional investors, and the government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Songdo is known as one of the first urban environments where everything is interconnected and automated.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ICT stand for in the context of smart cities?

    <p>Information and Communication Technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has urban sprawl drastically changed over the last five decades?

    <p>Land-use dynamics and spatial distribution of population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urban sprawl has only positive impacts on public health.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technologies combined with modern mobility have enabled people to benefit from urban conveniences in rural areas?

    <p>Radio, telephone, and telegraph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urban sprawl has led to the __________ of culturally relevant open spaces.

    <p>disappearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of land fragmentation caused by urban sprawl?

    <p>Disruption of wildlife</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following negative impacts of urban sprawl to their descriptions:

    <p>Disruption of wildlife = Alters natural habitats and energy flows Increased public service costs = Higher expenditure for transport infrastructure Reduced agricultural productivity = Decreased land used for farming Health issues = Residents exercise less and have higher obesity rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT contribute to urban sprawl?

    <p>Compact urban living</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one urban planner mentioned who aimed for sustainable urban development.

    <p>Wright, Howard, or Le Corbusier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Course Information

    • Course title: Understanding and Managing Smart Cities
    • Course code: BDE3135
    • Instructor: Dr. Ramy Ahmed Fathy
    • Department: Digital & Sustainable Business Economics
    • College: College of Management & Technology, Cairo

    Chapter 2: Historical Perspective of Smart Cities

    • Agenda Topics:

      • Urban Utopias
      • The Smart City Approach
      • Sustainable Communities: The Ultimate Goal

    • Utopian Visions

      • Historical examples exist of dreaming about future cities and innovative schemes to address sustainability issues
      • These visions can be unrealistic and misrepresent reality due to relying heavily on stereotypes.

    • Plato's Utopia

      • Plato's approach to societal organization was totalitarian
      • Divided society into classes (rulers, warriors, producers) for the city to thrive
      • Focused on discipline, obedience, and control over individuals.
      • Vision of the city was based on principles relating to an historical era, where conflict is inevitable

    • Thomas More's Utopia

      • A fictional island society, conceived in the early 16th century
      • Proposed a social structure with common ownership in order to combat oppression

    • Edward Bellamy

      • Proposed a utopian society 300 years after More's Utopia
      • Focused on the stresses of the 19th-century industrial society in the US, encompassing class conflict, frontier issues, and anti-immigrant xenophobia
      • His utopia aimed to address poverty and inequality using a non-competitive economic system with universal employment and equality.

    • Garden City Movement

      • Proposed by Ebenezer Howard, in reaction to urban issues such as overpopulation and pollution
      • Vision for compact towns surrounded by greenbelts combining both city and countryside features.
      • Believed this would lead to a more sustainable way of living and end urban poverty
      • Key concern: sustainable urban planning policies
      • Challenges in implementation: financial burdens and difficulties attracting investments in the banking sector
      • Other challenges include supporting low-wage workers, lack of economic diversity and difficulty in scaling across large urban areas

    • The Radiant City (Le Corbusier)

      • Le Corbusier's theory of a master plan for future cities based on strict discipline and control
      • Saw standardization as a key to progress and urban renewal
      • City was envisioned as a machine-like structure with functionally-defined sectors for different uses:
        • Housing (high-density, separated by income)
        • Industry and factories
        • Government buildings, hotels and embassies
        • Transportation hubs and parking
      • Critical analysis:
        • Overlooked human lifestyle habits and local needs
        • Didn't account for the diversity of the population
        • Led to significant social challenges and ultimately failed to meet the needs of its residents

    • Decentralized Urbanity (Wright)

      • Frank Lloyd Wright's approach to designing cities as decentralized, focusing on the harmonious relationship between human beings and the natural environment
      • His vision rejected big centralized cities and favored a system where individuals live in independent rural homes and settlements connected by technology

    • The Smart City Approach: A New Utopia?

      • A growing concern is that this approach is controlling human behavior through technology and corporate interests
      • Has similarities with other previous utopian plans
      • Raises questions about the balance between technology, equity, sustainability and practicality
      • Important to consider the social, economic and historical context of the cities involved

    • Sustainable Communities: The Ultimate Goal.

      • Implementing sustainable solutions as opposed to techno-fixes
      • Focus on building inclusive communities rather than just technological solutions.

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    Understanding and Managing Smart Cities - Chapter 2 PDF

    Description

    Explore Chapter 2 of 'Understanding and Managing Smart Cities' focused on the historical perspectives, including urban utopias and the evolution of the smart city approach. This chapter examines past visions of society and their impact on contemporary sustainability initiatives.

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