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Questions and Answers
What occurs when there is a diminished amount of blood available to the circulatory system?
What occurs when there is a diminished amount of blood available to the circulatory system?
Shock
Which of the following are predisposing factors for shock? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are predisposing factors for shock? (Select all that apply)
Low blood pressure is considered a sign of shock.
Low blood pressure is considered a sign of shock.
True
What type of shock results from trauma leading to blood loss?
What type of shock results from trauma leading to blood loss?
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Which type of shock is commonly known as fainting?
Which type of shock is commonly known as fainting?
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What can result from severe dehydration?
What can result from severe dehydration?
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What is the normal pulse rate range for adults?
What is the normal pulse rate range for adults?
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What systolic blood pressure value is classified as low?
What systolic blood pressure value is classified as low?
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What should be done for immediate management of shock?
What should be done for immediate management of shock?
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Study Notes
Overview
- Shock occurs when the circulatory system doesn't have enough blood.
- The vascular system is unable to retain blood fluid.
- Vasodilation disrupts the osmotic fluid balance in the body.
- Blood viscosity increases, slowing blood flow.
- Insufficient oxygen is transported throughout the blood.
Predisposing Factors
- Extreme fatigue
- Extreme exposure to heat or cold.
- Extreme dehydration
- Illness
- Severe injury
Signs and Symptoms
- Low blood pressure, typically below 90 mmHg systolic.
- Rapid and weak pulse.
- Rapid and shallow respiration.
- Pale, cool, and clammy skin.
- Drowsiness.
Types of Shock
-
Hypovolemic Shock:
- Occurs due to blood loss from trauma.
- Decreased blood volume leads to decreased blood pressure.
- Insufficient oxygen delivery to tissues and organs.
-
Respiratory Shock:
- The lungs fail to adequately oxygenate circulating blood.
- Causes:
- Pneumothorax.
- Injury to the respiratory control center.
-
Neurogenic Shock:
- Widespread dilation of blood vessels in the cardiovascular system.
- Decreased blood pressure.
- Insufficient oxygen delivery to tissues and organs.
-
Psychogenic Shock:
- Also known as fainting (syncope).
- Temporary blood vessel dilation, reducing blood flow to the brain.
-
Cardiogenic Shock:
- The heart is unable to pump enough blood to the body.
- Reduced cardiac output.
- Decreased blood pressure.
- Insufficient oxygen delivery to tissues and organs.
-
Septic Shock:
- Severe infection, often bacterial.
- Bacterial toxins cause blood vessel dilation in the cardiovascular system.
- Decreased blood pressure.
- Insufficient oxygen delivery to tissues and organs.
-
Anaphylactic Shock:
- Severe allergic reaction.
- Triggers may include:
- Foods.
- Insect bites.
- Drugs.
- Inhaling dusts, pollens, etc…
-
Metabolic Shock:
- Severe, untreated illness, such as diabetes.
- Extreme loss of bodily fluids, like excessive urination, diarrhea, or vomiting.
Psychological Impact
- Shock can be worsened or caused by the psychological response to an injury or situation.
- Fear is a common factor.
- Providing reassurance and comfort is crucial.
Immediate Management
- Maintain normal body temperature.
- In most cases, elevate the feet and legs above heart level.
- Exceptions:
- Neck injury - immobilize in the position found.
- Head injury - elevate the head and shoulders.
- Leg fracture - splint and elevate.
Secondary Management
- Monitor vital signs:
- Pulse.
- Respiration.
- Blood pressure.
- Temperature.
- Skin color.
- Assess:
- Pupils.
- Level of consciousness.
- Movement.
- Abnormal nerve response.
Pulse
- Direct measure of heart function.
- Normal pulse rates:
- Adults: 60-80 bpm.
- Children: 80-100 bpm.
Abnormal Pulse
-
Rapid and weak:
- Shock.
- Bleeding.
- Diabetic coma.
- Heat exhaustion.
-
Slow and strong:
- Skull fracture.
- Stroke.
- No pulse:
- Cardiac arrest.
- Death.
-
Rapid and strong:
- Heatstroke.
- Severe fright.
Respiration
- Assess for normal or abnormal breathing.
- Rapid and shallow respiration indicates shock.
Blood Pressure
- Normal systolic blood pressure:
- Males: 115-120 mmHg.
- Females: 105-110 mmHg.
- Normal diastolic blood pressure:
- Males: 75-80 mmHg.
- Females: 65-70 mmHg.
Blood Pressure
- High blood pressure:
- Systolic above 140 mmHg.
- Diastolic above 90 mmHg.
- Low blood pressure:
- Systolic below 100 mmHg.
- Diastolic below 60 mmHg.
Temperature
- Normal body temperature.
- Core temperature is most accurately measured at the tympanic membrane of the ear.
- Skin reflects changes in body temperature.
Skin: Temperature
- Cool, clammy skin:
- Shock.
- Trauma.
- Heat exhaustion.
- Cool, dry skin:
- Overexposure to cold.
- Hot, dry skin:
- Disease.
- Infection.
- Overexposure to environmental heat.
Skin: Color
- Three primary skin colors:
- Pale.
- Blue (cyanotic).
- Red.
- Red skin color:
- Heatstroke.
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Description
This quiz delves into the various types of shock, their causes, symptoms, and predisposing factors. Learn about hypovolemic and respiratory shock, as well as the physiological implications of inadequate blood circulation. Test your knowledge and understanding of this critical medical concept.
