Understanding Sexual Dysfunction

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What percentage of women report some degree of sexual dysfunction?

52%

31%

43% (correct)

27%

During which phase of the sexual response cycle does sexual dysfunction occur?

Orgasm phase only

Excitement phase only

Plateau phase only

It can occur during any phase (correct)

Which of the following is NOT one of the four traditional phases of the sexual response cycle?

Excitement

Climax

Plateau

Desire (correct)

Which group is more likely to experience sexual dysfunction?

People over 40 years old Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the categories that sexual dysfunction is generally classified into?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about discussing sexual dysfunction?

You should share your concerns with your partner and healthcare provider Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the psychological causes of sexual dysfunction mentioned in the text?

Work-related stress Signup and view all the answers

Which type of medication is mentioned as potentially causing sexual dysfunction?

Antidepressants Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible treatment strategy for erectile dysfunction in men mentioned in the text?

Hormone shots or creams Signup and view all the answers

Which FDA-approved medications are mentioned for treating low desire in premenopausal women?

Flibanserin (Addyi®) and bremelanotide (Vyleesi®) Signup and view all the answers

What type of aids may help men with erectile dysfunction?

Vacuum devices and penile implants Signup and view all the answers

Which factor plays a very limited role in the diagnosis of sexual dysfunction according to the text?

Lab testing Signup and view all the answers

What type of therapist can help people experiencing sexual problems that can't be addressed by their primary clinician?

Sex therapist Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible behavioral treatment mentioned for addressing sexual dysfunction issues?

'Insights into harmful behaviors in the relationship' Signup and view all the answers

Which type of therapy can help address sexual trauma from the past according to the text?

Psychotherapy with a trained counselor Signup and view all the answers

In what way can education and communication help to overcome barriers to a healthy sex life?

'Education about sex and sexual behaviors' Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a paraphilia?

A recurring or intense sexual arousal to atypical objects, places, situations, fantasies, behaviors, or individuals Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the term 'paraphilia'?

It is derived from the Greek words 'para' (other) and 'philia' (loving) Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with popularizing the term 'paraphilia' as a non-pejorative designation?

John Money Signup and view all the answers

In what year was the term 'paraphilia' first included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)?

1980 Signup and view all the answers

What is the exact number and taxonomy of paraphilias under debate?

The exact number and taxonomy of paraphilias is under debate Signup and view all the answers

How are paraphilias contrasted in the text?

They are contrasted with normophilic ("normal") sexual interests Signup and view all the answers

What term was introduced in the DSM-III to describe sexual preference directed toward objects other than people of the opposite sex?

Paraphilias Signup and view all the answers

In which DSM edition was homosexuality removed from the general standard definition of sexual deviation?

DSM-III Signup and view all the answers

What criterion differentiates exhibitionism, frotteurism, and pedophilia from other paraphilias in DSM-IV-TR?

Acting on urges with a nonconsenting person Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between paraphilias and paraphilic disorders according to the DSM-5?

Need for psychiatric treatment Signup and view all the answers

Which edition of the DSM introduced the distinction between paraphilias and 'paraphilic disorders'?

DSM-5 Signup and view all the answers

Which paraphilic disorder involves sexual arousal related to suffering or humiliation of oneself or one's partner?

Sadism Signup and view all the answers

In DSM-IV-TR, what is the main criterion to diagnose a paraphilia as a psychiatric disorder?

'Cause clinically significant distress' (Criterion B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements best characterizes the DSM-V's view on paraphilias?

'Paraphilias are distinct from paraphilic disorders.' Signup and view all the answers

What was changed in the terms used for paraphilias between DSM-III and DSM-III-R?

Changed transvestism to transvestic fetishism Signup and view all the answers

What change did DSM-IV make regarding paraphilias compared to DSM-III-R?

Retained the same types listed in DSM-III-R Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of therapy for individuals with paraphilic disorders?

To reduce discomfort with paraphilia and prevent harmful behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a pharmacological treatment for severe paraphilic disorders?

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main way in which antiandrogens are proposed to work in treating extreme paraphilic disorders?

By reducing androgen levels and lowering sex drive Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the use of surgical castration in treating paraphilic disorders?

It is less effective than pharmacological alternatives Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of SSRIs in treating paraphilic disorders?

They reduce sexual arousal, compulsivity, and depressive symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Which medical organization recommends hormonal treatments only in cases of serious risk of sexual violence or when other methods have failed?

World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry Signup and view all the answers

What role do pharmacological treatments play in changing the content of paraphilia?

They do not change the content but help control behavior Signup and view all the answers

In which subcategory were disorders associated with sexual orientation placed in the ICD-11 (2022)?

"Psychological and behavioural disorders associated with sexual development and orientation" Signup and view all the answers

'Ego-dystonic sexual orientation' was included in which category in the ICD-11?

"Psychological and behavioural disorders associated with sexual development and orientation" Signup and view all the answers

'Paraphilia' in the ICD-11 (2022) has been replaced with which term?

"Paraphilic disorder" Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of men reported at least one paraphilic interest in a study?

62% Signup and view all the answers

Which paraphilia was reported in 52% of men in a sample of college students?

Voyeurism Signup and view all the answers

Which paraphilia is rarely observed in women?

Paraphilias in general Signup and view all the answers

Which paraphilia is reported to be the most commonly observed in women?

Sexual masochism Signup and view all the answers

Which of these ancient sources does the text suggest described voyeurism and exhibitionism?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

According to Greek mythology mentioned in the text, which god seduced Leda in the form of a swan?

Zeus Signup and view all the answers

Which act did Zeus, in the form of an eagle, commit according to the Greek mythology mentioned?

Both a and b Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic manual first included sexual deviation as a personality disorder?

DSM-I Signup and view all the answers

In which DSM edition were paraphilias no longer ascribed under personality disorders?

DSM-II Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT listed as a type of sexual deviation in the DSM-II?

Necrophilia Signup and view all the answers

What were paraphilias historically considered to stem from?

An original polymorphous perversity Signup and view all the answers

What did the American Psychiatric Association do regarding homosexuality in 1973?

Removed it from the DSM Signup and view all the answers

According to the research cited, how do paraphilias and homosexuality differ?

They have different sex ratios and cognitive profiles Signup and view all the answers

When do paraphilias typically arise, according to the text?

Late adolescence or early adulthood Signup and view all the answers

How do people with paraphilias generally view their interests?

As something inherent in their being Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the exclusivity of paraphilic interests?

Paraphilic interests are rarely exclusive Signup and view all the answers

What may people with paraphilias do to increase access to their sexual fantasies?

Seek employment or hobbies related to their paraphilic interests Signup and view all the answers

What does research suggest about the relationship between paraphilias and number of sexual partners?

Paraphilias are associated with more lifetime sexual partners Signup and view all the answers

What does the 2008 study analyzing sexual fantasies suggest about the potential causes of paraphilias?

Paraphilias may be related to prenatal neurodevelopmental factors Signup and view all the answers

What do behavioral explanations propose about the development of paraphilias?

Paraphilias are conditioned early in life through pairing with sexual arousal Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'paraphilia' refer to?

Recurrent, intense sexual fantasies or behaviors involving atypical objects or activities Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the definition of paraphilia is true?

The diagnosis and classification of paraphilias is complicated by cultural differences in sexual norms Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the inclusion of paraphilias in diagnostic manuals like the DSM?

There is ongoing scientific and political controversy regarding their inclusion due to stigma Signup and view all the answers

What was the term used to refer to paraphilias before the introduction of the term in the DSM-III (1980)?

Sexual deviation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the origins of the term 'paraphilia' is true?

It was first used by John Money in his research on sexual development Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a paraphilic disorder?

Consensual sexual roleplay between adults Signup and view all the answers

What did Albert Eulenburg note about the commonality across paraphilias?

They are all rooted in physiological erotism and sexual expression Signup and view all the answers

What did some groups lobby for regarding the classification of paraphilias?

Changes to the legal and medical status of unusual sexual interests and practices Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about homosexuality and its historical classification is true, according to the text?

Homosexuality was once discussed as a sexual deviation but is now widely accepted Signup and view all the answers

What did Ray Blanchard suggest regarding the definition of paraphilia in the DSM?

Defining it by exclusion, as anything that is not normophilic Signup and view all the answers

What is the main change proposed for the DSM-5 regarding paraphilias?

Adding the word 'Disorder' to paraphilia categories Signup and view all the answers

According to Alice Dreger's interpretation, what does the proposed change in the DSM-5 suggest about sexual kinks?

They are considered basically okay unless causing distress or harm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as a specific paraphilic disorder in the DSM-5?

Necrophilic disorder Signup and view all the answers

According to Charles Allen Moser, what is his view on the proposed change in the DSM-5?

It is not really a substantive change Signup and view all the answers

According to Andrew Clinton Hinderliter's argument, what issue does including some sexual interests in the DSM create?

It creates a fundamental asymmetry and communicates a negative value judgment Signup and view all the answers

In which ICD edition were paraphilias first categorized under 'sexual preference disorders'?

ICD-10 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT listed as a 'sexual deviation' in the ICD-8?

Necrophilia Signup and view all the answers

In which ICD edition was the category of 'sexual deviations and disorders' first expanded to include transsexualism and sexual dysfunctions?

ICD-9 Signup and view all the answers

According to Ray Blanchard, what was the aim of the proposed changes in the DSM-5?

To depathologize mild and harmless paraphilias while recognizing severe ones as disorders Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT listed as a specific paraphilic disorder in the DSM-5?

Zoophilic disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of depressive disorder?

Lack of interest in daily activities Signup and view all the answers

What is a contributing factor to the development of depression according to the text?

Severe losses and stressful events Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of adults older than 60 years experience depression?

6% Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the global population is estimated to experience depression?

3.8% Signup and view all the answers

What is a common barrier to effective care for mental disorders according to the text?

Availability of trained health-care providers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom experienced during a depressive episode?

Feeling sad and irritable Signup and view all the answers

How long must symptoms last to be considered a depressive episode?

At least two weeks Signup and view all the answers

What influences depression according to the text?

A complex interaction of social, psychological, and biological factors Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the treatment of mild depression?

Does not typically require antidepressant medications Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of self-care in managing symptoms of depression?

Playing an active role in managing one's symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Which group is more likely to develop depression according to the text?

People who have experienced traumatic events Signup and view all the answers

What should be the first line of treatment for adolescents with depression?

Psychological treatments Signup and view all the answers

What can play an important role in preventing depression according to the text?

School-based programmes for children and adolescents Signup and view all the answers

How can older persons potentially prevent depression according to the text?

Participating in exercise programmes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of WHO's Mental Health action plan 2013–2030?

The steps required for appropriate interventions for people with mental disorders Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of learning disorders in children?

Difficulty adding numbers Signup and view all the answers

How do children with nonverbal learning disorders typically excel in?

Understanding complex visual information Signup and view all the answers

What is a common sign that a child might have a learning disorder?

Symptoms lasting for at least six months and not improving Signup and view all the answers

Which group of professionals is involved in evaluating a child for a learning disorder?

Team of professionals including educators and psychologists Signup and view all the answers

What type of conditions might a child's health care provider test for related to learning disorders?

Mental health conditions like anxiety and depression Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of early treatment for learning disorders?

To prevent the problem from worsening Signup and view all the answers

How can parents help a child with a learning disorder outside of school?

Encouraging the pursuit of interests that boost confidence Signup and view all the answers

What might some children do to distract from their challenges at school?

'Act out' to shift attention away from difficulties Signup and view all the answers

What can be requested if a child is suspected of having trouble with learning?

'Check for a learning disorder' by the school or private evaluation outside school system Signup and view all the answers

Which professional may also conduct tests for mental health conditions related to learning disorders?

Child psychiatrist Signup and view all the answers

What is dyslexia?

A learning disorder that affects reading skills Signup and view all the answers

What is a common issue faced by children with learning disorders?

Their self-esteem and motivation to succeed often decreases Signup and view all the answers

What is a core difficulty in reading disorders?

Trouble understanding spoken words as distinct sounds Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor in reading disorders?

Difficulty with visual processing Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the gap between expected skills and actual performance in learning disorders?

It indicates the presence of a learning disorder Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for parents to know the symptoms of learning disorders?

So they can start treatment as soon as possible Signup and view all the answers