Understanding Sentence Structure in 'The Structure of English'

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Match the following with their respective authors:

Latin Grammar = William Lily Bref Grammar for English = William Bullokar English Grammar = William Lily Earliest English grammars precursor = William Lily

Match the following with their characteristics:

Latin grammar learned in schools = Until the 17th century English grammars = No existence until end of 16th century Bullokar's grammar = 5 cases of nouns Prescientific grammar age = End of 16th century till about 1900

Match the following with their primary focus:

Latin grammar = Study of Latin Lily's Latin Grammar = Arrangement of material Bullokar's grammar = Structure of English Earliest English grammars precursor = Presentation of English forms

Match the following periods in the history of English grammars with their corresponding characteristics:

First period (17th - 19th centuries) = Only one kind of grammar in use at a time Second period (20th century) = Several types of grammatical descriptions used and developed in parallel Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of grammars with their descriptions:

Prenormative grammars = Described many grammatical phenomena of English Prescriptive (normative) grammars = Stated strict rules of grammatical usage Scientific grammar = Both descriptive and explanatory Structural grammar = Took different directions in its development such as Descriptive Linguistics, Transformational Grammar, Generative Grammar, Generative Semantics Signup and view all the answers

Match the following influential grammar authors with their works:

R. Lowth = Short Introduction to English Grammar Lindley Murray = English Grammar Adapted to the Different Classes of Learners H. Sweet = A New English Grammar, Logical and Historical O. Jespersen = A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles Signup and view all the answers

Match the following linguists with their contributions to the development of scientific English grammar:

Ferdinand de Saussure = Advanced main ideas of structural approach to language Leonard Bloomfield = Contributed to the main ideas of structural approach to language H. Whitehall = Authored 'Structural Essentials of English' N. Chomsky = Authored 'Syntactic Structures' and 'Language and Mind' Signup and view all the answers

Match the following linguists with their works related to structural linguistics:

Ferdinand de Saussure = Cours de linguistique generale H. Whitehall = 'Structural Essentials of English' Z. S. Harris = 'Methods in Structural Linguistics' N. Chomsky = 'Syntactic Structures' Signup and view all the answers

Match the following modern trends in English grammar with their descriptions:

Communicative grammar = Gaining popularity since the 1980s, systematically relates grammatical structures to meanings, uses, and situations of communication Signup and view all the answers

Match the linguistic school with its founder:

Prague School = Mathesius, Trnka, Trubetzkoy, Jakobson Copenhagen School = Louis Hjelmslev and Viggo Brondal American School = E. Sapir and L. Bloomfield None of the above = Saussure and Chomsky Signup and view all the answers

Match the linguistic concept with its description:

Binary privative opposition = One member of the contrastive pair is characterized by the presence of a certain feature that is lacking in the other member Componential analysis = An approach which makes use of semantic components treated as binary opposites distinguished by pluses and minuses Synchronic plane = Studying language at a given moment of its existence Linguistic sign = Bilateral with both form and meaning Signup and view all the answers

Match the linguistic method with its application:

Prague School's technique for determining phonological units = Use of oppositions (contrasts) of speech sounds that change the meaning of words Glossematics = Developing a sort of linguistic calculus to serve linguistics like mathematics served physical sciences Descriptive linguistics = Describing language structures based on formal criteria and distribution of linguistic units Transformational Grammar = Further development by the American School Signup and view all the answers

Match the linguistic scholar with their contribution:

Roman Jacobson = Used privative opposition for describing Russian language's morphological categories L. Hjelmslev = Published 'Prolegomena to a Theory of Language' and developed Glossematics Ch. C. Fries = Further developed ideas about language as a system of signals N. Chomsky = Further developed ideas from the American School Signup and view all the answers

Match the linguistic principle with its proponent:

Objective study of language based on structural characteristics and contextual environment = L. Bloomfield Language as a system in the synchronic plane = Ferdinand de Saussure Use of linguistic forms to communicate, with meanings scientifically defined through perfection in psychology and physiology = L. Bloomfield Studying half-known and unknown languages of American Indian tribes = Descriptive Linguistics Signup and view all the answers

Match the linguistic unit with its distinctive feature:

Phoneme = Distinguished from other phonemes by a set of distinctive (differential) features Morphological categories = Described using privative opposition Semantic features or sense components in componential analysis = Treated as binary opposites distinguished by pluses and minuses None of the above = [p] is distinguished from [b] as a voiceless sound Signup and view all the answers

Match the following linguistic units with their definitions:

Morpheme = The smallest meaningful units into which a wordform may be divided Word = The principal and basic unit of the language system Stem = The part of a word which remains unchanged throughout its paradigm Allomorph = The representations of the given morpheme, or the morpheme phonetic variants Signup and view all the answers

Match the following grammatical categories with their examples:

Number = Singular and plural forms in nouns Tense = Past, present, and future forms in verbs Aspect = Continuous, perfect, and simple forms in verbs Mood = Indicative, subjunctive, and imperative forms in verbs Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of word-form derivation with their descriptions:

Synthetic types = Imply changes in the body of the word without any auxiliary words Analytical types = Consist in using an auxiliary word to express some grammatical category of another word Derivational affixes = Include prefixes and suffixes modifying root-morphemes Inflectional morphemes = Carry only grammatical meaning such as person, number, case, tense, etc. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their explanations:

Zero-morpheme = The term used to indicate the absence of a morpheme indicating a certain grammatical meaning Paradigmatic relations = Exist between elements of the system of language outside the strings where they occur Categorial grammatical meanings = The most general meanings rendered by language and expressed by systematical correlations of word-forms Inflections = Endings carrying only grammatical meaning such as person, number, case, tense, etc. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parts of speech with their study in terms of grammatical categories and syntactic functions:

Nouns = Study of number, case, gender, etc. Verbs = Study of tense, aspect, voice, mood, etc. Adjectives = Study of degrees of comparison and attributive use Pronouns = Study of person, number, case distinctions Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their characteristics:

Syntax = Studies syntagmatic relations of words in phrases and sentences Morphology = Deals with the paradigmatic relations of word-forms Paradigmatic relations = Exist between elements outside the strings where they occur Phonemes = Smallest distinctive sound units within a language Signup and view all the answers

Match the following linguistic branches with their corresponding study focus:

Phonetics (phonology) = Study of speech sounds Lexicology = Study of words and vocabulary Grammar = Study of grammatical structure of language Morphology = Study of forms of words Signup and view all the answers

Match the following linguistic units with their characteristics:

Phoneme = Linguistic unit without inherent meaning, but with a differential function Morpheme = Expresses abstract 'significative' meanings used as constituents for forming concrete 'nominative' meanings Word = Used to express referential meanings Phrase = Unit used to express referential meanings at a higher level than words Signup and view all the answers

Match the following transformational grammar components with their descriptions:

Deep structure = Abstract underlying structure holding all syntactic information for sentence interpretation Surface structure = Structure including all syntactic features required to convert a sentence into spoken or written version Transformational rules = Rules changing one structure into another through moving, inserting, deleting, and replacing items Syntactic pattern = Pattern used to establish set of kernel sentences and order of transformation rules Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of linguistic structures with their characteristics:

Phrases and sentences = Fall under syntax, referring to immediate linear relations in segmental sequences Analytical word-forms = Formations like 'have been found', 'has been raining' falling under morphology Set phrases = Subject of phraseology, a branch of lexicology Paradigmatic relations = Dealt with in morphology, concerning relations of morphemes and words Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Descriptive School methods with their descriptions:

Distributional method = Analysis technique focusing on the total environments in which a linguistic unit occurs IC-method (the method of immediate constituents) = Technique identifying constituent elements immediately entering into any meaningful combination Transformational-Generative Grammar = Specific type of T-Grammar stipulating deep and surface structures, along with transformational rules T-Grammar = Development from Descriptive School introducing transformation understood as transition from one syntactic pattern to another Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of language system with their functions:

Phonological system = Basis for all speaking, consisting of phonemes Lexical system = Consists of material units like words, word-groups, sentences, and supra-phrasal unities for expressing referential meanings Grammatical system = Includes morphology and syntax for studying forms and grammatical structure Supra-phrasal unities = Higher units used to express referential meanings Signup and view all the answers

Match the following grammatical categories with their definitions:

Noun = Words expressing properties of objects Adjective = Words pointing to things and properties without naming them Verb = Words characterized by the categorial meaning of process expressed by both finite and non-finite forms Adverb = Words with the categorical meaning of the secondary property and characterized by the forms of the degrees of comparison Signup and view all the answers

Match the following scholars with their notable contributions to English grammar:

A. I. Smirnitsky and B. A.Ilyish = Development of the three-criteria characterization of the parts of speech Blokh M. Y. = Author of 'A Course in Theoretical English Grammar' Бархударов Л. С. = Author of 'Очерки по морфологии современного английского языка' Иванова И. П. = Co-author of 'Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка' Signup and view all the answers

Match the following functional words with their categories:

Prepositions = Functional words with a partial nominative value Conjunctions = Functional words with a partial nominative value Articles = Functional words with a partial nominative value Particles = Functional words with a partial nominative value Signup and view all the answers

Match the following word types with their characteristics:

Notional words = Words having a full nominative value Functional words = Words identified based on the three criteria: meaning, form, and function Quantifiers = Words considered as 'hybrids' with features of pronouns, numerals, and adjectives Statives = Words making up a separate part of speech or a specific group within the class of adjectives Signup and view all the answers

Match the following traditional parts of speech with their characteristic features:

Noun = Categorical meaning of 'thingness', changeable forms of number and case, and functions as subject, object, or predicative Adjective = Words expressing properties of objects, including qualitative and relative forms and degrees of comparison Verb = Categorial meaning of process, changeable forms including person, number, tense, aspect, voice, and mood Adverb = Categorical meaning of secondary property, forms of degrees of comparison, and functions as adverbial modifiers Signup and view all the answers

Match the following intermediary word types with their characteristics:

Quantifiers = 'Hybrids' with features of pronouns, numerals, and adjectives Statives = Either making up a separate part of speech or a specific group within the class of adjectives Modal words = Considered as adverbs by nature Particles = 'Hybrids' with features of different word types Signup and view all the answers

Match the following notional word types with their functions in a sentence:

Nouns = Functions as subject, object, or predicative Adjectives = Functions as attribute or predicative Verbs = Finite form functions as predicate; non-finite forms perform other functions like subject, object, or adverbial modifier Adverbs = Functions as various adverbial modifiers Signup and view all the answers

Match the following word types with their changeable forms:

Nouns = Number and case are changeable forms Verbs = 'Person', 'number', 'tense', 'aspect', 'voice', and 'mood' are changeable forms Adjectives = 'Degrees of comparison' are typical changeable forms Adverbs = 'Degrees of comparison' for qualitative adverbs are changeable forms Signup and view all the answers

Match the following pronoun types with their common feature:

Personal pronouns = 'Deixis' as the common feature Possessive pronouns = 'Deixis' as the common feature Demonstrative pronouns = 'Deixis' as the common feature Interrogative pronouns = 'Deixis' as the common feature Signup and view all the answers

Match the following scholars with their interpretation related to grammatical entities:

B. A. Ilyish = 'Statives' can be considered as making up a separate part of speech or as a specific group within the class of adjectives M. Y. Blokh = 'Statives' can be considered as making up a separate part of speech or as a specific group within the class of adjectives Signup and view all the answers