Understanding Self-Efficacy and Social Comparison Theory

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Questions and Answers

What is the main focus of the theoretical framework discussed in the text?

  • Group context and tasks
  • Group members' individual characteristics
  • Group member interactions
  • Group performance outcomes (correct)

In the context of group performance, what determines the potential performance of a group?

  • Group output
  • Group member resources
  • Group tasks demands (correct)
  • Group processes

What does coordination loss refer to when considering group processes?

  • Task completion outcomes
  • Differences in group goals
  • Suboptimal combination of contributions (correct)
  • Lack of motivation

How does group context influence group performance?

<p>By influencing the group task demands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one negative consequence of individual goals not aligning with overall group goals?

<p>Suboptimal performance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is actual group performance calculated in relation to potential performance?

<p>Actual performance = potential performance - process loss (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does motivation loss refer to in the context of group processes?

<p>Members' lack of motivation affecting group outcomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dimension determines whether a group may perform well according to the text?

<p>Group tasks and demands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are affective outcomes related to in the context of group performance?

<p>A reaction towards other entities or tasks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does the social facilitation effect occur?

<p>When the audience can watch the participant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the distraction conflict theory, what leads to social facilitation and inhibition?

<p>Attentional conflict caused by the presence of others (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does self-efficacy theory differentiate between?

<p>Efficacy expectancy and outcome expectancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In self-efficacy theory, what does efficacy expectancy reflect?

<p>Belief in one's capability to perform a required behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Cottrel et al. find regarding the social facilitation effect?

<p>It only occurred when the audience could watch the participant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the distraction conflict theory explain social facilitation and inhibition?

<p>As a result of attentional conflict due to the presence of others (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main implications of high self-efficacy according to Sanna?

<p>Expectation to succeed at tasks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Trying to divide attention leads to facilitation of simple responses and impairment of ________.'

<p>Complex responses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Self-efficacy theory distinguishes between efficacy expectancy, which reflects belief in one's capability, and ________ expectancy.'

<p>'Outcome' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Köhler effect?

<p>Working harder because of the fear of group failure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a disjunctive task, why might members with low ability believe their contribution is not needed?

<p>Due to the sucker effect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the social compensation phenomenon involve?

<p>Working hard when others are perceived to perform poorly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor in the expectancy-value theory refers to the belief that effort will result in performance?

<p>Expectancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is the sucker effect likely to occur?

<p>When another group member fails to contribute enough despite being capable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in a conjunctive task according to the text?

<p>Members work harder fearing group failure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Value' in the expectancy-value theory refers to:

<p>The value attached to outcomes on a positive-negative dimension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between low self-efficacy and performance decrements?

<p>Low self-efficacy leads to negative outcome expectancies and decreases motivation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to social comparison theory, why do people prefer comparing their performance with similar others?

<p>Comparisons with similar others are more informative. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of social comparisons are individuals motivated to perform according to the social comparison theory?

<p>Upward social comparisons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Ringelmann effect represent?

<p>Process loss (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When do motivation losses occur in a group according to the text?

<p>When group members exert less effort in a group than when working alone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is coordination loss in the context of group performance?

<p>Input of group members not optimally transformed into output (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does social loafing refer to?

<p>Reduction of effort when working in a group (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Social loafing' most likely occurs when:

<p>'Ringelmann effect' is present (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Upward social comparisons' involve comparing oneself with others who are:

<p>Slightly better than oneself (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can eliminate social loafing according to the text?

<p>Making individual contributions identifiable (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario do participants who could be evaluated perform worse on a difficult task?

<p>When evaluating performance is not possible (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory predicts that people will work hard and perform well when expecting favorable outcomes such as praise?

<p>Self-efficacy theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of motivation loss occurs when group members perceive their contribution as dispensable?

<p>Free riding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In self-efficacy theory, what leads to performance decrements according to the text?

<p>Low self-efficacy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the self-efficacy theory predict regarding individual willingness to work hard?

<p>Willingness increases with group evaluation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When can social loafing be attenuated or eliminated?

<p>When the task is attractive, involving, or interesting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory focuses on how groups can recognize expert members and their influence on group decisions?

<p>Expert influence approach (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the transactive memory approach, how does shared knowledge in a group enhance task performance?

<p>By utilizing expertise efficiently (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the distributive knowledge approach?

<p>Pooling unshared knowledge (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do groups often struggle to identify experts, according to the text?

<p>Groups rely on dominance as an indicator of expertise (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory explains the group expertise processes in the context of recognizing expert members?

<p>Status characteristics theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what conditions does the integration of everyone's information become better, as per the distributive knowledge approach?

<p>When groups give cues of who might know what (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do groups improve at identifying experts, based on the text?

<p>When experts receive performance feedback (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What leads to higher-quality decisions in a group, according to the text?

<p>Pooling shared knowledge efficiently (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between disjunctive and conjunctive tasks in a group setting?

<p>Members with high ability in disjunctive tasks believe their performance is dispensable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that motivation is a result of the multiplicative function of expectancy, instrumentality, and value?

<p>Expectancy-Value Theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does the 'Sucker effect' occur in a group?

<p>When a member fails to contribute despite being capable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Köhler effect based on?

<p>Fear of failure in a group setting. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the expectancy factor in the Expectancy-Value Theory refer to?

<p>Belief that effort will lead to performance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Social compensation' occurs when individuals:

<p>Work hard on a task expecting others to perform poorly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Coordination loss' in group processes refers to:

<p>Inefficiencies or errors due to lack of coordination. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Value' in the Expectancy-Value Theory is related to:

<p>'Positive-negative dimension' attached to certain outcomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main contribution of the study by Lam, Van der Vegt, Walter, & Huang mentioned in the text?

<p>Investigating interpersonal harming in co-worker dyads (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the study by Lam, Van der Vegt, Walter, & Huang challenge existing perspectives on group influence dynamics?

<p>By linking intragroup influence to perceived expertise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes recent research on interpersonal harming from earlier research, according to the text?

<p>It views interpersonal harming as a dyadic phenomenon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the study by Lam, Van der Vegt, Walter, & Huang use social comparison theory?

<p>To examine why harmful behavior is directed towards specific teammates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant aspect of the study by Lam, Van der Vegt, Walter, & Huang regarding interpersonal harming?

<p>It examines why harmful behavior is directed towards specific teammates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the study suggest about the relationship between intragroup influence and harmful behavior?

<p>Intragroup influence is linked to harmful behavior directed at specific individuals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Harming high performers' mentioned in the text refers to:

<p>'Interpersonal harming' against certain co-workers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Interpersonal comparison processes' as discussed in the text primarily relate to:

<p>'Social comparison theory' and its implications in group settings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What combination of social comparison strategies leads to positive effects?

<p>Downwards contrasting and upwards assimilating (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of social comparison strategies is expected to result in interpersonal harming?

<p>Downwards assimilating and upwards contrasting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What team-level construct reflects members' shared belief that their individual goals are positively interdependent?

<p>Cooperative goals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of comparisons are likely triggered by highly cooperative team goals according to the text?

<p>Assimilative comparisons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it mentioned that harming a target that is superior to oneself may decrease their performance?

<p>To compensate for the difference in performance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Cooperative goals' as a moderator in social comparison is intended to lead to what type of comparisons?

<p>Assimilative comparisons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Interpersonal harming' mentioned in the text primarily refers to:

<p>Psychological harm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Identity threat' in the context of social comparison refers to:

<p>A threat to one's personal identity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a disjunctive and conjunctive task in a group setting?

<p>In disjunctive tasks, low-ability members believe their contribution is needed; in conjunctive tasks, high-ability members think their performance is dispensable. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drives the reduction of effort to prevent being exploited by free-riding group members?

<p>Sucker effect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory proposes that motivation is influenced by expectancy, instrumentality, and value factors?

<p>Expectancy-Value Theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does the Köhler effect occur within a group?

<p>When group members fear their individual failure may lead to overall group failure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'social compensation' refer to in a group setting?

<p>Individuals working hard when other group members might underperform. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Instrumentality' in the Expectancy-Value Theory refers to:

<p>Belief in belief that performance leads to outcomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Expectancy' factor in the Expectancy-Value Theory is closely related to:

<p>'Self-efficacy.' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Value' in the Expectancy-Value Theory refers to:

<p>'Outcome' value on a positive-negative dimension. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additional steps are involved in group motivation, beyond the three factors of expectancy, instrumentality, and value?

<p>The relation between own performance and group performance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the expectancy-value account assume about people's motivation?

<p>Motivation arises only from receiving valued outcomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In recent research on group expertise, what were the key themes that emerged?

<p>The need to identify expert members in a group and allow them to influence the process (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the paper by Bunderson: Recognizing and utilizing expertise in work groups: A status characteristics perspective?

<p>Examining how groups recognize their expert members and leverage their influence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the study mentioned in the text examine regarding the cues group members rely on?

<p>Cues used by groups to recognize expert members and their influence on group processes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is identifying and utilizing members' expertise in a group considered a non-trivial process?

<p>It involves several social and interpersonal processes that complicate the task (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant aspect that recent research on group expertise focused on?

<p>Recognizing and allowing expert members to influence the group process (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical issue do work groups face due to the heterogeneity of distributed knowledge and expertise?

<p>Recognizing experts and giving weight to their advice and suggestions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the hypothesis mentioned in the text?

<p>The impact of social comparison on interpersonal harming (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does the relationship between upwards comparison and interpersonal harming become negative?

<p>When there are fewer cooperative goals in the team (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the study find in relation to team performance and interpersonally harmful behavior?

<p>They are negatively related (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theoretical implications did the study reveal according to the text?

<p>A significant portion of variance in harming behavior lies in members' dyadic relations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much of the variance in interpersonal harming behavior was attributed to members' dyadic relations?

<p>45% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one unique result mentioned in the text regarding the relationship between upwards comparison and interpersonal harming?

<p>The relationship becomes negative under specific conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the text suggest future performance similarity influences harming behavior?

<p>It moderates the effect of social comparison on harming (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what type of teams did the relationship between upwards comparison and harming become negative?

<p>Teams with contrasting cooperative goals and low expected future performance similarity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of team dynamics significantly impacts the relationship between social comparison and interpersonal harming?

<p>Cooperative team goals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion can be drawn about members' dyadic relations from the study results?

<p>A significant portion of harmful behavior variance stems from members' dyadic interactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two extra steps involved in group motivation, beyond the three factors of expectancy, instrumentality, and value?

<p>Relation between own performance and group performance, and between group outcomes and own outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Bunderson's perspective, why is it challenging for work groups to identify their experts?

<p>Heterogeneity of distributed knowledge and expertise</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two key themes that emerged in recent research on group expertise?

<ol> <li>Groups perform better when they identify expert members and let them influence the group process, 2) Identifying and utilizing expertise is complicated by social and interpersonal processes</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the study examining cues group members rely on to identify their experts?

<p>To determine how group members identify their group's experts and if those experts influence group processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concept associated with the expectancy-value account in motivation?

<p>Motivation is driven by the reception of valued outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is identifying and utilizing members' expertise considered a non-trivial process?

<p>Due to several social and interpersonal processes complicating the identification and utilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of recognizing and utilizing expert members in work groups?

<p>It leads to higher-quality solutions and decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Expectancy-Value Theory assume about individuals' motivation?

<p>Motivation is high when expectancy, instrumentality, and value are favorable</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between effort and performance according to the Expectancy-Value Theory?

<p>The belief that effort will result in performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the essence of the relationship between group performance and individual motivation in the Expectancy-Value Theory?

<p>Individuals are motivated to the extent that they receive valued outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the study by Lam, Van der Vegt, Walter, & Huang?

<p>To examine interpersonal harming in co-worker dyads by looking at the role of interpersonal comparison processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does recent research on interpersonal harming differ from earlier studies?

<p>Recent research views interpersonal harming as a dyadic phenomenon resulting from a relationship between two co-workers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two contributions of the study by Lam, Van der Vegt, Walter, & Huang?

<ol> <li>Investigating why harmful behavior is directed more towards specific teammates, 2) Using social comparison theory to examine workplace phenomena.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is the boundary condition outlined by the study regarding the role of social comparison processes in interpersonal harming?

<p>Taking the team's cooperative goals into account as a moderator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the study, what role does social comparison theory play in understanding workplace phenomena?

<p>It helps examine workplace phenomena, which is considered rare.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary behavior involved in interpersonal harming as defined in the text?

<p>Behavior that goes against the interests of other individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the study aim to investigate regarding interpersonal harming in work teams?

<p>Why members direct harmful behavior more towards specific teammates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the study, what is the role of intragroup influence in expert recognition?

<p>It is linked to perceived expertise rather than dominance in a group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of examining interpersonal harming as a dyadic phenomenon according to recent research?

<p>It highlights the role of the relationship between two co-workers in causing harmful behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the study contribute to understanding interpersonal harming in work teams?

<p>By focusing on interpersonal comparison processes and specific teammate targeting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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