Understanding Self-Efficacy and Social Comparison Theory
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Questions and Answers

What is the main focus of the theoretical framework discussed in the text?

  • Group context and tasks
  • Group members' individual characteristics
  • Group member interactions
  • Group performance outcomes (correct)

    • In the context of group performance, what determines the potential performance of a group?

  • Group output
  • Group member resources
  • Group tasks demands (correct)
  • Group processes

    • What does coordination loss refer to when considering group processes?

  • Task completion outcomes
  • Differences in group goals
  • Suboptimal combination of contributions (correct)
  • Lack of motivation

    • How does group context influence group performance?

    <p>By influencing the group task demands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one negative consequence of individual goals not aligning with overall group goals?

    <p>Suboptimal performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is actual group performance calculated in relation to potential performance?

    <p>Actual performance = potential performance - process loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does motivation loss refer to in the context of group processes?

    <p>Members' lack of motivation affecting group outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dimension determines whether a group may perform well according to the text?

    <p>Group tasks and demands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are affective outcomes related to in the context of group performance?

    <p>A reaction towards other entities or tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the social facilitation effect occur?

    <p>When the audience can watch the participant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the distraction conflict theory, what leads to social facilitation and inhibition?

    <p>Attentional conflict caused by the presence of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does self-efficacy theory differentiate between?

    <p>Efficacy expectancy and outcome expectancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In self-efficacy theory, what does efficacy expectancy reflect?

    <p>Belief in one's capability to perform a required behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Cottrel et al. find regarding the social facilitation effect?

    <p>It only occurred when the audience could watch the participant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the distraction conflict theory explain social facilitation and inhibition?

    <p>As a result of attentional conflict due to the presence of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main implications of high self-efficacy according to Sanna?

    <p>Expectation to succeed at tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Trying to divide attention leads to facilitation of simple responses and impairment of ________.'

    <p>Complex responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Self-efficacy theory distinguishes between efficacy expectancy, which reflects belief in one's capability, and ________ expectancy.'

    <p>'Outcome'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Köhler effect?

    <p>Working harder because of the fear of group failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a disjunctive task, why might members with low ability believe their contribution is not needed?

    <p>Due to the sucker effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the social compensation phenomenon involve?

    <p>Working hard when others are perceived to perform poorly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor in the expectancy-value theory refers to the belief that effort will result in performance?

    <p>Expectancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the sucker effect likely to occur?

    <p>When another group member fails to contribute enough despite being capable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in a conjunctive task according to the text?

    <p>Members work harder fearing group failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Value' in the expectancy-value theory refers to:

    <p>The value attached to outcomes on a positive-negative dimension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between low self-efficacy and performance decrements?

    <p>Low self-efficacy leads to negative outcome expectancies and decreases motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to social comparison theory, why do people prefer comparing their performance with similar others?

    <p>Comparisons with similar others are more informative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of social comparisons are individuals motivated to perform according to the social comparison theory?

    <p>Upward social comparisons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Ringelmann effect represent?

    <p>Process loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do motivation losses occur in a group according to the text?

    <p>When group members exert less effort in a group than when working alone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is coordination loss in the context of group performance?

    <p>Input of group members not optimally transformed into output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does social loafing refer to?

    <p>Reduction of effort when working in a group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Social loafing' most likely occurs when:

    <p>'Ringelmann effect' is present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Upward social comparisons' involve comparing oneself with others who are:

    <p>Slightly better than oneself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can eliminate social loafing according to the text?

    <p>Making individual contributions identifiable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario do participants who could be evaluated perform worse on a difficult task?

    <p>When evaluating performance is not possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory predicts that people will work hard and perform well when expecting favorable outcomes such as praise?

    <p>Self-efficacy theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of motivation loss occurs when group members perceive their contribution as dispensable?

    <p>Free riding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In self-efficacy theory, what leads to performance decrements according to the text?

    <p>Low self-efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the self-efficacy theory predict regarding individual willingness to work hard?

    <p>Willingness increases with group evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When can social loafing be attenuated or eliminated?

    <p>When the task is attractive, involving, or interesting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory focuses on how groups can recognize expert members and their influence on group decisions?

    <p>Expert influence approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the transactive memory approach, how does shared knowledge in a group enhance task performance?

    <p>By utilizing expertise efficiently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the distributive knowledge approach?

    <p>Pooling unshared knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do groups often struggle to identify experts, according to the text?

    <p>Groups rely on dominance as an indicator of expertise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory explains the group expertise processes in the context of recognizing expert members?

    <p>Status characteristics theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what conditions does the integration of everyone's information become better, as per the distributive knowledge approach?

    <p>When groups give cues of who might know what</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do groups improve at identifying experts, based on the text?

    <p>When experts receive performance feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to higher-quality decisions in a group, according to the text?

    <p>Pooling shared knowledge efficiently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between disjunctive and conjunctive tasks in a group setting?

    <p>Members with high ability in disjunctive tasks believe their performance is dispensable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that motivation is a result of the multiplicative function of expectancy, instrumentality, and value?

    <p>Expectancy-Value Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the 'Sucker effect' occur in a group?

    <p>When a member fails to contribute despite being capable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Köhler effect based on?

    <p>Fear of failure in a group setting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the expectancy factor in the Expectancy-Value Theory refer to?

    <p>Belief that effort will lead to performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Social compensation' occurs when individuals:

    <p>Work hard on a task expecting others to perform poorly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Coordination loss' in group processes refers to:

    <p>Inefficiencies or errors due to lack of coordination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Value' in the Expectancy-Value Theory is related to:

    <p>'Positive-negative dimension' attached to certain outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main contribution of the study by Lam, Van der Vegt, Walter, & Huang mentioned in the text?

    <p>Investigating interpersonal harming in co-worker dyads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the study by Lam, Van der Vegt, Walter, & Huang challenge existing perspectives on group influence dynamics?

    <p>By linking intragroup influence to perceived expertise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes recent research on interpersonal harming from earlier research, according to the text?

    <p>It views interpersonal harming as a dyadic phenomenon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does the study by Lam, Van der Vegt, Walter, & Huang use social comparison theory?

    <p>To examine why harmful behavior is directed towards specific teammates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant aspect of the study by Lam, Van der Vegt, Walter, & Huang regarding interpersonal harming?

    <p>It examines why harmful behavior is directed towards specific teammates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the study suggest about the relationship between intragroup influence and harmful behavior?

    <p>Intragroup influence is linked to harmful behavior directed at specific individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Harming high performers' mentioned in the text refers to:

    <p>'Interpersonal harming' against certain co-workers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Interpersonal comparison processes' as discussed in the text primarily relate to:

    <p>'Social comparison theory' and its implications in group settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What combination of social comparison strategies leads to positive effects?

    <p>Downwards contrasting and upwards assimilating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which combination of social comparison strategies is expected to result in interpersonal harming?

    <p>Downwards assimilating and upwards contrasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What team-level construct reflects members' shared belief that their individual goals are positively interdependent?

    <p>Cooperative goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of comparisons are likely triggered by highly cooperative team goals according to the text?

    <p>Assimilative comparisons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it mentioned that harming a target that is superior to oneself may decrease their performance?

    <p>To compensate for the difference in performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Cooperative goals' as a moderator in social comparison is intended to lead to what type of comparisons?

    <p>Assimilative comparisons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Interpersonal harming' mentioned in the text primarily refers to:

    <p>Psychological harm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Identity threat' in the context of social comparison refers to:

    <p>A threat to one's personal identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a disjunctive and conjunctive task in a group setting?

    <p>In disjunctive tasks, low-ability members believe their contribution is needed; in conjunctive tasks, high-ability members think their performance is dispensable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the reduction of effort to prevent being exploited by free-riding group members?

    <p>Sucker effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory proposes that motivation is influenced by expectancy, instrumentality, and value factors?

    <p>Expectancy-Value Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the Köhler effect occur within a group?

    <p>When group members fear their individual failure may lead to overall group failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'social compensation' refer to in a group setting?

    <p>Individuals working hard when other group members might underperform.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Instrumentality' in the Expectancy-Value Theory refers to:

    <p>Belief in belief that performance leads to outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Expectancy' factor in the Expectancy-Value Theory is closely related to:

    <p>'Self-efficacy.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Value' in the Expectancy-Value Theory refers to:

    <p>'Outcome' value on a positive-negative dimension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional steps are involved in group motivation, beyond the three factors of expectancy, instrumentality, and value?

    <p>The relation between own performance and group performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the expectancy-value account assume about people's motivation?

    <p>Motivation arises only from receiving valued outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In recent research on group expertise, what were the key themes that emerged?

    <p>The need to identify expert members in a group and allow them to influence the process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the paper by Bunderson: Recognizing and utilizing expertise in work groups: A status characteristics perspective?

    <p>Examining how groups recognize their expert members and leverage their influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the study mentioned in the text examine regarding the cues group members rely on?

    <p>Cues used by groups to recognize expert members and their influence on group processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is identifying and utilizing members' expertise in a group considered a non-trivial process?

    <p>It involves several social and interpersonal processes that complicate the task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant aspect that recent research on group expertise focused on?

    <p>Recognizing and allowing expert members to influence the group process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What critical issue do work groups face due to the heterogeneity of distributed knowledge and expertise?

    <p>Recognizing experts and giving weight to their advice and suggestions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the hypothesis mentioned in the text?

    <p>The impact of social comparison on interpersonal harming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the relationship between upwards comparison and interpersonal harming become negative?

    <p>When there are fewer cooperative goals in the team</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study find in relation to team performance and interpersonally harmful behavior?

    <p>They are negatively related</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theoretical implications did the study reveal according to the text?

    <p>A significant portion of variance in harming behavior lies in members' dyadic relations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much of the variance in interpersonal harming behavior was attributed to members' dyadic relations?

    <p>45%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one unique result mentioned in the text regarding the relationship between upwards comparison and interpersonal harming?

    <p>The relationship becomes negative under specific conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the text suggest future performance similarity influences harming behavior?

    <p>It moderates the effect of social comparison on harming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of teams did the relationship between upwards comparison and harming become negative?

    <p>Teams with contrasting cooperative goals and low expected future performance similarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of team dynamics significantly impacts the relationship between social comparison and interpersonal harming?

    <p>Cooperative team goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusion can be drawn about members' dyadic relations from the study results?

    <p>A significant portion of harmful behavior variance stems from members' dyadic interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two extra steps involved in group motivation, beyond the three factors of expectancy, instrumentality, and value?

    <p>Relation between own performance and group performance, and between group outcomes and own outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Bunderson's perspective, why is it challenging for work groups to identify their experts?

    <p>Heterogeneity of distributed knowledge and expertise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two key themes that emerged in recent research on group expertise?

    <ol> <li>Groups perform better when they identify expert members and let them influence the group process, 2) Identifying and utilizing expertise is complicated by social and interpersonal processes</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the study examining cues group members rely on to identify their experts?

    <p>To determine how group members identify their group's experts and if those experts influence group processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concept associated with the expectancy-value account in motivation?

    <p>Motivation is driven by the reception of valued outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is identifying and utilizing members' expertise considered a non-trivial process?

    <p>Due to several social and interpersonal processes complicating the identification and utilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of recognizing and utilizing expert members in work groups?

    <p>It leads to higher-quality solutions and decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Expectancy-Value Theory assume about individuals' motivation?

    <p>Motivation is high when expectancy, instrumentality, and value are favorable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between effort and performance according to the Expectancy-Value Theory?

    <p>The belief that effort will result in performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the essence of the relationship between group performance and individual motivation in the Expectancy-Value Theory?

    <p>Individuals are motivated to the extent that they receive valued outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the study by Lam, Van der Vegt, Walter, & Huang?

    <p>To examine interpersonal harming in co-worker dyads by looking at the role of interpersonal comparison processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does recent research on interpersonal harming differ from earlier studies?

    <p>Recent research views interpersonal harming as a dyadic phenomenon resulting from a relationship between two co-workers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two contributions of the study by Lam, Van der Vegt, Walter, & Huang?

    <ol> <li>Investigating why harmful behavior is directed more towards specific teammates, 2) Using social comparison theory to examine workplace phenomena.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the boundary condition outlined by the study regarding the role of social comparison processes in interpersonal harming?

    <p>Taking the team's cooperative goals into account as a moderator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the study, what role does social comparison theory play in understanding workplace phenomena?

    <p>It helps examine workplace phenomena, which is considered rare.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary behavior involved in interpersonal harming as defined in the text?

    <p>Behavior that goes against the interests of other individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the study aim to investigate regarding interpersonal harming in work teams?

    <p>Why members direct harmful behavior more towards specific teammates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study, what is the role of intragroup influence in expert recognition?

    <p>It is linked to perceived expertise rather than dominance in a group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of examining interpersonal harming as a dyadic phenomenon according to recent research?

    <p>It highlights the role of the relationship between two co-workers in causing harmful behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the study contribute to understanding interpersonal harming in work teams?

    <p>By focusing on interpersonal comparison processes and specific teammate targeting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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