119 Questions
What is the main focus of the theoretical framework discussed in the text?
Group performance outcomes
In the context of group performance, what determines the potential performance of a group?
Group tasks demands
What does coordination loss refer to when considering group processes?
Suboptimal combination of contributions
How does group context influence group performance?
By influencing the group task demands
What is one negative consequence of individual goals not aligning with overall group goals?
Suboptimal performance
How is actual group performance calculated in relation to potential performance?
Actual performance = potential performance - process loss
What does motivation loss refer to in the context of group processes?
Members' lack of motivation affecting group outcomes
Which dimension determines whether a group may perform well according to the text?
Group tasks and demands
What are affective outcomes related to in the context of group performance?
A reaction towards other entities or tasks
When does the social facilitation effect occur?
When the audience can watch the participant
Based on the distraction conflict theory, what leads to social facilitation and inhibition?
Attentional conflict caused by the presence of others
What does self-efficacy theory differentiate between?
Efficacy expectancy and outcome expectancy
In self-efficacy theory, what does efficacy expectancy reflect?
Belief in one's capability to perform a required behavior
What did Cottrel et al. find regarding the social facilitation effect?
It only occurred when the audience could watch the participant
How does the distraction conflict theory explain social facilitation and inhibition?
As a result of attentional conflict due to the presence of others
What is one of the main implications of high self-efficacy according to Sanna?
Expectation to succeed at tasks
'Trying to divide attention leads to facilitation of simple responses and impairment of ________.'
Complex responses
'Self-efficacy theory distinguishes between efficacy expectancy, which reflects belief in one's capability, and ________ expectancy.'
'Outcome'
What is the Köhler effect?
Working harder because of the fear of group failure
In a disjunctive task, why might members with low ability believe their contribution is not needed?
Due to the sucker effect
What does the social compensation phenomenon involve?
Working hard when others are perceived to perform poorly
Which factor in the expectancy-value theory refers to the belief that effort will result in performance?
Expectancy
When is the sucker effect likely to occur?
When another group member fails to contribute enough despite being capable
What happens in a conjunctive task according to the text?
Members work harder fearing group failure
'Value' in the expectancy-value theory refers to:
The value attached to outcomes on a positive-negative dimension
What is the relationship between low self-efficacy and performance decrements?
Low self-efficacy leads to negative outcome expectancies and decreases motivation.
According to social comparison theory, why do people prefer comparing their performance with similar others?
Comparisons with similar others are more informative.
What type of social comparisons are individuals motivated to perform according to the social comparison theory?
Upward social comparisons
What does the Ringelmann effect represent?
Process loss
When do motivation losses occur in a group according to the text?
When group members exert less effort in a group than when working alone
What is coordination loss in the context of group performance?
Input of group members not optimally transformed into output
What does social loafing refer to?
Reduction of effort when working in a group
'Social loafing' most likely occurs when:
'Ringelmann effect' is present
'Upward social comparisons' involve comparing oneself with others who are:
Slightly better than oneself
What can eliminate social loafing according to the text?
Making individual contributions identifiable
In what scenario do participants who could be evaluated perform worse on a difficult task?
When evaluating performance is not possible
Which theory predicts that people will work hard and perform well when expecting favorable outcomes such as praise?
Self-efficacy theory
What type of motivation loss occurs when group members perceive their contribution as dispensable?
Free riding
In self-efficacy theory, what leads to performance decrements according to the text?
Low self-efficacy
What does the self-efficacy theory predict regarding individual willingness to work hard?
Willingness increases with group evaluation
When can social loafing be attenuated or eliminated?
When the task is attractive, involving, or interesting
Which theory focuses on how groups can recognize expert members and their influence on group decisions?
Expert influence approach
According to the transactive memory approach, how does shared knowledge in a group enhance task performance?
By utilizing expertise efficiently
What is the primary focus of the distributive knowledge approach?
Pooling unshared knowledge
Why do groups often struggle to identify experts, according to the text?
Groups rely on dominance as an indicator of expertise
Which theory explains the group expertise processes in the context of recognizing expert members?
Status characteristics theory
In what conditions does the integration of everyone's information become better, as per the distributive knowledge approach?
When groups give cues of who might know what
How do groups improve at identifying experts, based on the text?
When experts receive performance feedback
What leads to higher-quality decisions in a group, according to the text?
Pooling shared knowledge efficiently
What is the main difference between disjunctive and conjunctive tasks in a group setting?
Members with high ability in disjunctive tasks believe their performance is dispensable.
Which theory suggests that motivation is a result of the multiplicative function of expectancy, instrumentality, and value?
Expectancy-Value Theory
When does the 'Sucker effect' occur in a group?
When a member fails to contribute despite being capable.
What is the Köhler effect based on?
Fear of failure in a group setting.
What does the expectancy factor in the Expectancy-Value Theory refer to?
Belief that effort will lead to performance.
'Social compensation' occurs when individuals:
Work hard on a task expecting others to perform poorly.
'Coordination loss' in group processes refers to:
Inefficiencies or errors due to lack of coordination.
'Value' in the Expectancy-Value Theory is related to:
'Positive-negative dimension' attached to certain outcomes.
What is the main contribution of the study by Lam, Van der Vegt, Walter, & Huang mentioned in the text?
Investigating interpersonal harming in co-worker dyads
How does the study by Lam, Van der Vegt, Walter, & Huang challenge existing perspectives on group influence dynamics?
By linking intragroup influence to perceived expertise
What distinguishes recent research on interpersonal harming from earlier research, according to the text?
It views interpersonal harming as a dyadic phenomenon
In what way does the study by Lam, Van der Vegt, Walter, & Huang use social comparison theory?
To examine why harmful behavior is directed towards specific teammates
What is a significant aspect of the study by Lam, Van der Vegt, Walter, & Huang regarding interpersonal harming?
It examines why harmful behavior is directed towards specific teammates
What does the study suggest about the relationship between intragroup influence and harmful behavior?
Intragroup influence is linked to harmful behavior directed at specific individuals
'Harming high performers' mentioned in the text refers to:
'Interpersonal harming' against certain co-workers
'Interpersonal comparison processes' as discussed in the text primarily relate to:
'Social comparison theory' and its implications in group settings
What combination of social comparison strategies leads to positive effects?
Downwards contrasting and upwards assimilating
Which combination of social comparison strategies is expected to result in interpersonal harming?
Downwards assimilating and upwards contrasting
What team-level construct reflects members' shared belief that their individual goals are positively interdependent?
Cooperative goals
Which type of comparisons are likely triggered by highly cooperative team goals according to the text?
Assimilative comparisons
Why is it mentioned that harming a target that is superior to oneself may decrease their performance?
To compensate for the difference in performance
'Cooperative goals' as a moderator in social comparison is intended to lead to what type of comparisons?
Assimilative comparisons
'Interpersonal harming' mentioned in the text primarily refers to:
Psychological harm
'Identity threat' in the context of social comparison refers to:
A threat to one's personal identity
What is the primary difference between a disjunctive and conjunctive task in a group setting?
In disjunctive tasks, low-ability members believe their contribution is needed; in conjunctive tasks, high-ability members think their performance is dispensable.
What drives the reduction of effort to prevent being exploited by free-riding group members?
Sucker effect
Which theory proposes that motivation is influenced by expectancy, instrumentality, and value factors?
Expectancy-Value Theory
When does the Köhler effect occur within a group?
When group members fear their individual failure may lead to overall group failure.
What does the term 'social compensation' refer to in a group setting?
Individuals working hard when other group members might underperform.
'Instrumentality' in the Expectancy-Value Theory refers to:
Belief in belief that performance leads to outcomes.
'Expectancy' factor in the Expectancy-Value Theory is closely related to:
'Self-efficacy.'
'Value' in the Expectancy-Value Theory refers to:
'Outcome' value on a positive-negative dimension.
What additional steps are involved in group motivation, beyond the three factors of expectancy, instrumentality, and value?
The relation between own performance and group performance
What does the expectancy-value account assume about people's motivation?
Motivation arises only from receiving valued outcomes
In recent research on group expertise, what were the key themes that emerged?
The need to identify expert members in a group and allow them to influence the process
What is the focus of the paper by Bunderson: Recognizing and utilizing expertise in work groups: A status characteristics perspective?
Examining how groups recognize their expert members and leverage their influence
What does the study mentioned in the text examine regarding the cues group members rely on?
Cues used by groups to recognize expert members and their influence on group processes
Why is identifying and utilizing members' expertise in a group considered a non-trivial process?
It involves several social and interpersonal processes that complicate the task
What is one significant aspect that recent research on group expertise focused on?
Recognizing and allowing expert members to influence the group process
What critical issue do work groups face due to the heterogeneity of distributed knowledge and expertise?
Recognizing experts and giving weight to their advice and suggestions
What is the main focus of the hypothesis mentioned in the text?
The impact of social comparison on interpersonal harming
When does the relationship between upwards comparison and interpersonal harming become negative?
When there are fewer cooperative goals in the team
What did the study find in relation to team performance and interpersonally harmful behavior?
They are negatively related
What theoretical implications did the study reveal according to the text?
A significant portion of variance in harming behavior lies in members' dyadic relations
How much of the variance in interpersonal harming behavior was attributed to members' dyadic relations?
45%
What is one unique result mentioned in the text regarding the relationship between upwards comparison and interpersonal harming?
The relationship becomes negative under specific conditions
How does the text suggest future performance similarity influences harming behavior?
It moderates the effect of social comparison on harming
In what type of teams did the relationship between upwards comparison and harming become negative?
Teams with contrasting cooperative goals and low expected future performance similarity
What aspect of team dynamics significantly impacts the relationship between social comparison and interpersonal harming?
Cooperative team goals
What conclusion can be drawn about members' dyadic relations from the study results?
A significant portion of harmful behavior variance stems from members' dyadic interactions
What are the two extra steps involved in group motivation, beyond the three factors of expectancy, instrumentality, and value?
Relation between own performance and group performance, and between group outcomes and own outcomes
According to Bunderson's perspective, why is it challenging for work groups to identify their experts?
Heterogeneity of distributed knowledge and expertise
What are the two key themes that emerged in recent research on group expertise?
- Groups perform better when they identify expert members and let them influence the group process, 2) Identifying and utilizing expertise is complicated by social and interpersonal processes
What is the primary focus of the study examining cues group members rely on to identify their experts?
To determine how group members identify their group's experts and if those experts influence group processes
What is the main concept associated with the expectancy-value account in motivation?
Motivation is driven by the reception of valued outcomes
Why is identifying and utilizing members' expertise considered a non-trivial process?
Due to several social and interpersonal processes complicating the identification and utilization
What is the impact of recognizing and utilizing expert members in work groups?
It leads to higher-quality solutions and decisions
What does the Expectancy-Value Theory assume about individuals' motivation?
Motivation is high when expectancy, instrumentality, and value are favorable
What is the relationship between effort and performance according to the Expectancy-Value Theory?
The belief that effort will result in performance
What is the essence of the relationship between group performance and individual motivation in the Expectancy-Value Theory?
Individuals are motivated to the extent that they receive valued outcomes
What is the main purpose of the study by Lam, Van der Vegt, Walter, & Huang?
To examine interpersonal harming in co-worker dyads by looking at the role of interpersonal comparison processes.
How does recent research on interpersonal harming differ from earlier studies?
Recent research views interpersonal harming as a dyadic phenomenon resulting from a relationship between two co-workers.
What are the two contributions of the study by Lam, Van der Vegt, Walter, & Huang?
- Investigating why harmful behavior is directed more towards specific teammates, 2) Using social comparison theory to examine workplace phenomena.
What is the boundary condition outlined by the study regarding the role of social comparison processes in interpersonal harming?
Taking the team's cooperative goals into account as a moderator.
According to the study, what role does social comparison theory play in understanding workplace phenomena?
It helps examine workplace phenomena, which is considered rare.
What is the primary behavior involved in interpersonal harming as defined in the text?
Behavior that goes against the interests of other individuals.
What does the study aim to investigate regarding interpersonal harming in work teams?
Why members direct harmful behavior more towards specific teammates.
In the study, what is the role of intragroup influence in expert recognition?
It is linked to perceived expertise rather than dominance in a group.
What is the significance of examining interpersonal harming as a dyadic phenomenon according to recent research?
It highlights the role of the relationship between two co-workers in causing harmful behavior.
How does the study contribute to understanding interpersonal harming in work teams?
By focusing on interpersonal comparison processes and specific teammate targeting.
Learn about how low self-efficacy can lead to negative outcome expectancies and decreased motivation, as well as the assumptions behind the social comparison theory that drives people to compare their performance with similar others.
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