Item Analysis in Psychology
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Questions and Answers

What does item discrimination measure?

  • How well an item separates high scorers from low scorers (correct)
  • The average score on an item
  • The difficulty level of an item
  • The time taken to answer an item

    • Which group in item discrimination possesses the target ability?

  • Average group
  • Middle group
  • Lower group
  • Upper group (correct)

    • What is another name for the upper group in the context of item discrimination?

  • Neutral group
  • Masters (correct)
  • Non-Masters
  • Intermediate group

    • How does item discrimination compare performance?

    <p>It compares performance in the upper and lower regions of a distribution of continuous test scores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who are referred to as Non-Masters in item discrimination?

    <p>Individuals who do not possess the target ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the essence of item discrimination?

    <p>It compares performance on a particular item with overall test performance in distinct regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe individuals in the upper region of test scores?

    <p>High scorers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Item discrimination is an estimate that compares item performance with which aspects?

    <p>Performance in the upper and lower regions of overall test scores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is most likely to answer an item correctly if it has high discrimination?

    <p>The upper group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes high scorers from low scorers in the context of item discrimination?

    <p>Their performance on particular items correlated with overall test scores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a higher item discrimination index indicate?

    <p>More high scorers answering the item correctly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What minimum value should the item discrimination index have?

    <p>0.30</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of item performance is measured by the item discrimination index?

    <p>How adequately an item separates high scorers from low scorers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the item discrimination index (d) affect the reliability of a test?

    <p>It enhances how well the test distinguishes between different levels of ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following indicates an adequately discriminating item?

    <p>An item where high scorers significantly outperform low scorers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an item difficulty index of 0.20 indicate?

    <p>The item is very difficult.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the item difficulty (p)?

    <p>It is the percentage of test takers who answered the item correctly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If an item on a test is answered correctly by 70% of the test takers, what is its difficulty index?

    <p>0.70</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should item difficulty (p) be interpreted when designing a test?

    <p>As an index of item easiness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a high item difficulty index indicate about a test item?

    <p>The item is very easy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an item difficulty index measure?

    <p>The proportion of examinees answering correctly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which item difficulty index indicates a well-balanced item?

    <p>0.50</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an item difficulty index lower than 0.30 signify?

    <p>The item is too difficult</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the difficulty of an item related to the item difficulty index?

    <p>Higher index means easier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the ideal range for item difficulty index?

    <p>0.30 - 0.70</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective of using participants' responses in test items during factor analysis?

    <p>To measure the constructs that are not directly observable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of factor analysis, what does a higher loading for a test item indicate?

    <p>The item is more related to the factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT true about constructs in factor analysis?

    <p>They are directly observable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does each item’s contribution to the overall score of the factor indicate in factor analysis?

    <p>The item reflects an aspect of the underlying construct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the diagram in the provided image primarily illustrate?

    <p>The relationship between test items and their loadings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a factor loading represent in the context of item validity?

    <p>The relationship between the item and the variable being measured</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum acceptable value for a standardized factor loading or indicator loading?

    <p>0.50</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with indicators that do not meet the minimum standardized factor loading criteria?

    <p>They may be removed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are factor loadings important in the context of item validity?

    <p>They represent the relationship between the item and the variable being measured</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the item-validity index provide an indication of?

    <p>The degree to which a test measures what it purports to measure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the item-validity index?

    <p>To indicate the validity of test items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the item-validity index?

    <p>A statistic indicating how well a test measures what it intends to measure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of educational assessments, what does the item-validity index help to evaluate?

    <p>Test item validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is defined as a statistic designed to measure the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure?

    <p>Item-validity index</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of performing an item-total/item-rest correlation test?

    <p>To assess the consistency of an individual item with other items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a correlation value less than 0.2 or 0.3 indicate in the context of item-total/item-rest correlation?

    <p>The corresponding item does not correlate very well</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statistic is used in item-total/item-rest correlation to evaluate item consistency?

    <p>Correlation value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is checked by item-total/item-rest correlation in the context of test items?

    <p>The individual item performance against the total score</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed the guideline that a correlation value less than 0.2 or 0.3 indicates poor correlation?

    <p>Field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Item Validity

    • Item validity index measures how well a test measures what it claims to measure

    Item Discrimination (d)

    • High item discrimination index: item is easy for upper group and difficult for lower group
    • Low item discrimination index: both groups answer correctly
    • Negative item discrimination index: item is difficult for upper group and easy for lower group
    • Item discrimination index indicates how well an item separates high scorers from low scorers
    • Higher the d, more high scorers answer the item correctly
    • Item discrimination index should be at least 0.30

    Basics of Factor Analysis

    • Constructs are not directly observable, but can be quantified through test items
    • Factor analysis model: latent variable connected to observed variables through loadings
    • Higher the loading, stronger the relationship between observed variable and latent variable

    Item Reliability

    • Item-total/item-rest correlation test checks if an item is inconsistent with others
    • Correlation value less than 0.2 or 0.3 indicates poor correlation

    Item Difficulty (p)

    • Item difficulty index measures the proportion of examinees who answered correctly
    • Higher the difficulty, the easier the item
    • Item difficulty index should range from 0.30 to 0.70
    • Higher than 0.70: too easy, lower than 0.30: too difficult
    • Item difficulty (p) is also known as the item easiness index

    Item Validity Using Factor Analysis

    • Factor loadings represent the relationship between the item and the variable being measured
    • Standardized factor loading/indicator loading should be at least 0.50
    • Indicators not meeting this criterion may be removed

    Item Discrimination (d)

    • Measures how well an individual test item distinguishes between high and low scorers on the entire test
    • High 'd' values indicate that a large proportion of high scorers (masters) answer the item correctly
    • The item discrimination index should have a minimum value of at least 0.30

    Item Difficulty (p)

    • Item difficulty (p) is a measure of how well test takers perform on a particular item (question) on a test.
    • It's calculated as the proportion of test takers who answered the item correctly.
    • For instance, if 84% of test takers answered item number 1 correctly, the item difficulty (p) would be 0.84.
    • Note that this definition actually measures the easiness of the item rather than its difficulty, so it's more accurate to think of item difficulty (p) as the item easiness index.

    Item Difficulty (p)

    • Item difficulty (p) measures the proportion of examinees who answered the item correctly.
    • Higher difficulty values indicate easier items.
    • The ideal range for item difficulty index is between 0.30 and 0.70.
    • Items with a difficulty index above 0.70 are considered too easy.
    • Items with a difficulty index below 0.30 are considered too difficult.

    Factor Analysis Basics

    • Constructs are abstract and cannot be directly observed.
    • Researchers believe that participants' responses to test items can help quantify the construct being measured.

    Factor Analysis Diagram

    • A factor or construct is represented by a diagram, showing its relationship with individual test items (e.g., SWL1 to SWL5).
    • Each test item has a loading, indicating its relationship strength with the factor.
    • A higher loading indicates a closer relationship between the item and the factor.
    • Each item contributes to the overall score of the factor, in this case, SWL.

    Factor Analysis for Item Validity

    • Factor loadings (λ) are used to measure the relationship between an item and the variable being measured, as referenced in Hair et al. (1987, 2009) and Kock (2015)
    • The standardized factor loading/indicator loading should be at least 0.50
    • Items that do not meet this criteria may be removed

    Factor Analysis for Item Validity

    • Factor loadings (λ) are used to measure the relationship between an item and the variable being measured, as referenced in Hair et al. (1987, 2009) and Kock (2015)
    • The standardized factor loading/indicator loading should be at least 0.50
    • Items that do not meet this criteria may be removed

    Item Discrimination (d)

    • Measures how adequately an item separates high scorers from low scorers on the entire test
    • A high item discrimination index indicates that the item is easy for the upper group and difficult for the lower group
    • A low item discrimination index indicates that both the lower group and the upper group are getting the correct answer to the item
    • A negative item discrimination index indicates that the item is difficult for the upper group but easy for the lower group
    • The item-discrimination index should be at least 0.30

    Item Difficulty (p)

    • Measures the proportion of examinees who answered the item correctly
    • Higher difficulty index indicates an easier item
    • Item difficulty index should range from 0.30 to 0.70
    • Indices higher than 0.70 are too easy, and those lower than 0.30 are too difficult
    • Example: if 84% of test takers answered an item correctly, the difficulty index is 0.84

    Basics of Factor Analysis

    • Constructs are not directly observable, but participants' responses to test items can quantify the construct
    • Factor analysis model shows the relationship between observed variables and a latent variable

    Item Validity Using Factor Analysis

    • Factor loadings (λ) represent the relationship between the item and the variable being measured
    • Standardized Factor loading/Indicator Loading should be at least 0.50
    • Indicators that do not meet this criteria may be removed

    Item Validity

    • Item-validity index indicates the degree to which a test measures what it purports to measure

    Item Reliability

    • Item-total/item-rest correlation test checks if an item is inconsistent with other items
    • Correlation values less than 0.2 or 0.3 indicate that the item does not correlate well with others

    Item Reliability

    • Item-total/item-rest correlation test is used to identify inconsistent items
    • Correlation value less than 0.2 or 0.3 indicates poor correlation between an item and the other items (Field, 2009)

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    Item Reliability, Item Validity, Item Discrimination

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